Imperial China
45-460: Constitution Party , Constitutional Party , or Constitutionalist Party may refer to one of several political parties. Active parties [ edit ] Progressive Party (China) or Constitutionalist Party, a political party in the Republic of China Constitution Party (Egypt) Constitution Party (Estonia) National Constitution Party ,
90-552: A complaining party than an opposition party . The only time they were effective was when they abandoned reform in favor of revolution in the National Protection War . Rikken Minseit%C5%8D Rikken Minseitō ( 立憲民政党 , Constitutional Democratic Party) was one of the main political parties in pre-war Empire of Japan . It was commonly known as the Minseitō . The Minseitō was founded on 1 June 1927, by
135-638: A former party in the United States Constitutional Party (Malta) Constitutional Party (Peru) Constitutionalist Party (South Africa) , see 1910 South African Senate election Alternate names [ edit ] Kenseitō or Constitutional Party, a political party in Japan Kenseikai or Constitutional Association, a political party in Japan Junimea , a Romanian movement briefly active as
180-623: A hung parliament. The Minseitō dropped back down to 179 seats in the 1937 General Election , while the Seiyūkai retained all of its 175 seats, which continued the paralysis in the Diet of Japan. On 15 August 1940, the Minseitō voted to dissolve itself into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association as part of Fumimaro Konoe 's efforts to create a one-party state , and thereafter ceased to exist. The first article
225-791: A merger of the Kenseikai and the Seiyu Hontō political parties. Its leadership included Osachi Hamaguchi , Wakatsuki Reijirō , Yamamoto Tatsuo , Takejirō Tokonami , Adachi Kenzō , Koizumi Matajirō and Saitō Takao . The party platform was politically and economically more liberal than its major rival, the Rikken Seiyūkai , calling for rule by the Diet of Japan rather than bureaucrats or genrō , elimination of disparities in wealth, international cooperation, and protection of personal liberties. The Minseitō fielded many candidates in
270-622: A political party in Hungary Democratic Party (Indonesia) , a political party now-represented in lower chamber Constitutionalist Party of Iran , a now-banned Iranian political party Constitutional Party (Spain) Constitution Party (United States) American Constitution Party (Colorado) Constitution Party of Oregon Constitutional Party (Uruguay) Historical parties [ edit ] Constitutional Party (Austria) Constitutional Party (Costa Rica) Constitution Party (United States, 1952) ,
315-794: A political party in Japan Rikken Kaishintō or Constitutional Reform Party, a political party in Japan Rikken Kokumintō or Constitutional Nationalist Party, a political party in Japan Rikken Minseitō or Constitutional Democratic Party, a political party in Japan Rikken Seiyūkai or Constitutional Association of Political Friendship, a political party in Japan Rikken Teiseitō or Constitutional Imperial Rule Party,
360-765: A political party in Japan Zhi Xian Party (Constitution-Foremost Party of China), a political party in the People's Republic of China Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Constitution Party . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Party&oldid=1140073000 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Political party disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
405-874: A political party in Nicaragua Destour or the Constitutional Liberal Party, a political party in Tunisia Kensei Hontō or Constitutional Main Party, a political party in Japan New Constitution Party of Canada , an unregistered party in Canada Progressive Constitutionalist Party (Malta) Progressive Constitutionalist Party (Mexico) Rikken Dōshikai or Constitutional Association of Allies,
450-480: A progressive party aiming for freedom and equality in the course of fighting with the Seiyūkai . The Minseitō aimed to establish a two-party system , and the party has advocated "Parliament-centric politics" ( 議会中心政治 , Gikai Chūshin Seiji ) . This is due to the influence of former members of the Kenseikai legislators who have gained experience as politicians of party politics, and it's an idea to oppose
495-510: Is a text that provides for the politics centered on the House of Representatives so it shows the superiority of the lower house over the upper house . While both the Minseitō and their rivals Rikken Seiyūkai advocated for a constitutional monarchy, the Minseitō held onto a more liberal and progressive platform than their conservative opposition the Seiyūkai . The Minseitō was established as an anti- Seiyūkai on 1 June 1927. However,
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#1732773352078540-931: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Progressive Party (China) Republic of China (before 1949) People's Republic of China (Mainland) Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) Macau (pro-Beijing) Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue) Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) Hong Kong (centrist) Hong Kong (pro-ROC) Macau (pro-Beijing) Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue) Republic of China (Taiwan, pro-Beijing) Republic of China (Taiwan, other) Hong Kong (pro-Beijing) Hong Kong (pro-ROC) Republic of China (Taiwan, pan-Blue) Republic of China (Taiwan, other) People's Republic of China (Mainland) Hong Kong Republic of China (Taiwan) Overseas Former The Progressive Party ( traditional Chinese : 進步黨 ; simplified Chinese : 进步党 ; pinyin : jìnbùdǎng ; Wade–Giles : Chin-pu tang )
585-850: The 1911 Revolution , one noticeable exception was Kang Youwei who remained loyal to Emperor Puyi . In 1912, Liang returned to China and the party renamed itself as the Democratic Party . It came in fourth in the National Assembly elections behind the Nationalist, Republican , and Unity Parties. The Democrats merged with the Republican Party and the Unity Party to form the Progressive Party (進步黨) on 29 May 1913; together they had 223 seats in
630-546: The China Democratic League continues to exist as part of the United Front . Since their initial founding in 1899, the constitutionalists were constantly ineffective in their effort to reform authoritarian governments. Their soft reformist approach was criticized for giving dictatorships the appearance of a legitimate multi-party democracy. Because of their anti-confrontational nature, they were more of
675-838: The China Democratic League . The CDL pushed for the long delayed constitution and reconciliation between the Communists and Nationalists especially after the New Fourth Army Incident . When the CDL became increasingly pro-Communist, the National Socialists withdrew and merged with the Democratic Constitutionalists on 15 August 1946 to form the China Democratic Socialist Party . They fled to Taiwan at
720-468: The Manchu Restoration (of which Kang Youwei took part) some ex-Progressives joined Sun Yat-sen's Constitutional Protection Movement . Liang and his followers refused to join because they felt a rival government was harmful to China's national integrity and that the movement was itself unconstitutional because it was a military government. After reuniting with Tang's faction, Liang ran what
765-471: The Seiyūkai which advocates Kōshitsu Chūshinshugi ( lit. ' Imperial family centrism ' ). Seigō Nakano , the head of policymaking and public relations, declared that "The Minseitō will implement strong 'Parliament-centric politics' through good operation of the universal suffrage." The Minseitō was the first political party in Japan to self-styled the "Democratic Party." The Minseitō
810-804: The "Baohuanghui" or "Protect the Emperor Society" in Chinese) was formed in Victoria , Canada on 20 July 1899 by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao , the Hundred Days' Reformers who were exiled after the palace coup by Empress Dowager Cixi . The Emperor they referred to was the Guangxu Emperor . In August 1900, they sponsored Tang Caichang 's uprising in Hankou which failed disastrously and forced them to rethink their strategy. Also known as
855-510: The Assembly. The Republicans were largely financed by Provisional President Yuan Shikai , who was not an actual party member. They were an ultranationalist and militarist party. Unity was led by Zhang Binglin and represented the interests of the civil service and gentry . All three parties had advocated a strong, centralized national government, with some wanting to abolish provincial and local divisions altogether. Vice President Li Yuanhong
900-585: The Constitutional Party See also [ edit ] Constitutional Bloc (disambiguation) Constitutional Democratic Party , a political party in the Russian Empire Constitutional Democratic Party (disambiguation) Constitutional Union Party (disambiguation) Constitutionalism , a political ideology marked by adherence to a constitution Constitutionalist Liberal Party ,
945-699: The February 1928 General Election , (the first to be held after the General Election Law ), winning 217 seats in the Lower House , as opposed to 218 seats for the Seiyūkai . This resulted in a hung parliament . In the following 1930 General Election , the Minseitō took 273 seats, as opposed to 174 seats for the Seiyūkai , which gave it an absolute majority. Minseitō president Osachi Hamaguchi , Herbert Bix referred to him as Hamaguchi Yūkō, became Prime Minister . Hamaguchi's first priority
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#1732773352078990-710: The Friends of the Constitution (憲友會). The Constitutionalist party was the first legally registered political party in China. During the Wuchang Uprising , the first politician to side with the mutineers was Tang Hualong , a Constitutionalist and leader of the Hubei provincial assembly, who took over the civilian administrative side of the revolution. Fed up with years of frustration, many Constitutionalists joined
1035-689: The National Assembly convened again. The party split into two factions: the Constitution Research Clique led by Liang and the Constitution Discussions Clique led by Tang Hualong . Liang supported Premier Duan Qirui 's plan to push China into World War I on the Allied side against the wishes of President Li in hopes of regaining lost territories. When the Assembly was dissolved again during
1080-595: The Nationalist Party since only some of its members took part. The expulsion of the Nationalists led to the Assembly losing its quorum so Yuan disbanded it altogether which was also fiercely opposed by the Progressives. When Yuan tried to crown himself emperor , Liang convinced Yunnan 's military governor, Cai E , to lead the National Protection War against Yuan. Liang reconciled the war with
1125-792: The Reform Association, they had to compete with their fellow outlaws, the Tongmenghui ("Revolutionary Alliance") led by Sun Yat-sen for influence and money in the Overseas Chinese community. The Baohuanghui's platform was constitutional monarchy and peaceful reform while the Tongmenghui wanted republic and revolution. In this respect, the Baohuanghui was more popular due to the traditional cultural mindset that abhorred disorder. Liang's support for peaceful reform
1170-598: The assemblies existed to give advice only. In addition, the Qing court's draft constitution was a near word for word copy of Japan's Meiji Constitution with the exception that the Emperor was given significantly more power. The new cabinet system consisted of members from the Aisin Gioro clan, making it more nepotistic than before. After a brief period as the "Empire Unity Party" (帝国统一党), on 4 June 1911 they became known as
1215-438: The center of the Minseitō . They had an overwhelming ability to raise political funds because they were well-known in business community such as Mitsubishi zaibatsu . They also had a strong connections to genrō and other privileged classes, so they had high policy-making ability. And they were a collection of human resources that could rationalization administration, financial, and tax policies. One more faction, Tōjinha
1260-686: The end of the Chinese Civil War and along with the Nationalists and the Chinese Youth Party , were the only legal parties for decades. In Taiwan, they offered the same soft criticisms they have been giving since their earliest incarnations. The Democratic Socialists lost all their seats in the Legislative Yuan and National Assembly after free and fair elections began in the 1980s. Within the People's Republic of China ,
1305-660: The exact number of the Minseitō is unknown. Some members who not legislators had formed an organization called Ingaidan ( lit. ' Corps outside the parliament ' ). They essentially worked unpaid for campaigns, escorts, communications, anti-government movements, and election struggles. It's said that there were around 1,300 Ingaidan members in Tokyo Prefecture . In the Minseitō , factions called Kanryōha ( lit. ' Bureaucrat faction ' ) and Tōjinha ( lit. ' Partisan faction ' ) were in conflict. Kanryōha members were at
1350-491: The following 1932 General Election , some right-wing members defected to the Rikken Seiyūkai , which won an absolute majority of 301 seats. Seiyūkai president Inukai Tsuyoshi became prime minister. The Minseitō was able to recover a very slight majority of 205 seats versus 175 seats for the Seiyūkai in the 1936 General Election only by adopting a more pro-military stance. However, the narrow margin again resulted in
1395-513: The land and building owners of the headquarters were not political parties. The owner of the Minseitō Headquarters was Minoura Katsundo , Onimaru Gisai. The intraparty management of the Minseitō was autocracy by executives. The Minseitō legislators had almost monopolized the management positions and the political activities of the party were centered on legislators. The party rules stipulate that executives are publicly elected, but
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1440-473: The party had become autocracy by executives because there was a motion at the convention that "It should be left to the president". The Minseitō had professed that it had 2 or 3 million members, however leaders did not know the exact number of members. The party left the certificate for join/leave the party in the warehouse and did not neatly organize the membership list. Additionally, there were also many dual membership and floating members. For that reason,
1485-406: The party was really more of a motley collection of politicians who wished to prevent the Seiyūkai from taking power. Under these circumstances, The Minseitō under the party's first president Hamaguchi . came to advocate 'liberty' and 'progress'. He defined the Minseitō as a progressive party that respected individual liberty and originality. In fact, over time, the Minseitō had grown into
1530-514: The party's antirevolutionary stance by arguing that the war was not a revolution but an effort to put down Yuan's rebellion against the constitutional republic. Progressive Party branches across the country agitated for the overthrow of Yuan and the party's membership expanded greatly. Yuan's government became paralyzed and he abandoned his scheme. The party's leadership, however, was split into pro- and anti-Yuan factions, thus causing its collapse. After Yuan's death, Li Yuanhong became President and
1575-598: The recent rise of new powers such as Germany, Italy, and Japan coincide with their adoption of constitutions. By having a constitution as the basis for social and political organization, they surmise that all of China's ills could be repaired. Like the Chinese Nationalists , these constitutionalists underwent many name changes after they first coalesced following the end of the Hundred Days' Reform in 1898. The Chinese Empire Reform Association (known as
1620-610: Was a political party in the Republic of China from 1913 to 1916. Chinese constitutionalism was a movement that originated after the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). A young group of intellectuals in China led by Kang Youwei argued that China's defeat was due to its lack of modern institutions and legal framework which the Self-Strengthening Movement had failed to deliver. They saw
1665-476: Was aimed at incremental democratization in cooperation with bureaucracy organization. Because this party had many party members who were once bureaucrats. The headquarters of the Minseitō was in Sakurada-cho, Shiba-ku, Tokyo City . In 1947, Shiba-ku became the current Minato, Tokyo due to the merger with Akasaka-ku and Azabu-ku. Since the political parties at the time were not given corporate status,
1710-631: Was left of his party as the Research Clique (研究系) in the 1918 elections for a new assembly but placed a distant third behind Duan's Anfu Club and Liang Shiyi 's Communications Clique . Tang was assassinated in Victoria, British Columbia on 1 September by a rogue member of the Chinese Revolutionary Party . Shortly after the Paris Peace Conference , Liang retired from politics but the Research Clique
1755-410: Was made party chairman but real leadership was in the hands of Liang Qichao. The party's platform was nationalism with strong central government, liberty through the rule of law , and peaceful foreign policy. As the second largest party, it portrayed the rival Nationalists as supporters of mob rule . The Progressives supported Yuan against the failed Second Revolution but objected to the outlawing of
1800-657: Was not consistent, he vacillated between violence and reform often. In 1908, both the Emperor and Cixi had died. The group renamed itself in Chinese as the "Empire Constitutionalist Association" (帝國憲政會) (the English name was not changed), often referred to as the Constitutionalist Party (憲政黨), and was allowed to operate in China. They helped the Qing court set up provincial assemblies and a National Assembly in 1910. They were, however, deeply disappointed that
1845-435: Was rallying under Adachi Kenzō who had a good reputation for astute skills in election campaign. Tōjinha members had many politicians who were active in the democratic movements. The younger age group of Tōjinha had a deep connection with a civil groups based on the middle class such as a youth political organization, and formed the left-wing of the party that demanded executives to implement populist policies. However,
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1890-761: Was shot in Tokyo Station by a member of an ultranationalist secret society . Wakatsuki Reijirō became acting Prime Minister, also from the Minseitō. In 1931, the Minseitō strongly opposed the Mukden Incident which was engineered by the Imperial Japanese Army . The anti-war Foreign Minister Kijūrō Shidehara and Prime Minister Reijirō came under strong criticism for their intervention in military affairs and were accused of "serious corruption", and his government collapsed in 1931. In
1935-425: Was still influential in Beiyang government politics until the Beijing coup in 1924. Mao Zedong called them "non-revolutionary democrats". Minus Liang, several members in 1927 created the Democratic Constitutionalist Party (民主憲政黨) but they were based in the United States so they had very little influence in Chinese politics. Within China, Carsun Chang started the 1931 National Renaissance Society (再生社) which
1980-487: Was succeeded by the 1932 China National Socialist Party (中國國家社會黨) which mixed Liang's reformism with Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People . They were upset that Chiang Kai-shek 's rule was a personalistic dictatorship and that the Nationalists had ignored their democratic principles. Opposing both the Nationalists and the Chinese Communist Party , they aimed to be the third force in Chinese politics, so they created an umbrella group of small democratic parties called
2025-451: Was to address the effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash through retrenchment of government spending, tightening the money supply and encouraging exports while stabilizing foreign investments through returning to a fixed exchange rate. During its tenure, the Minseitō also advocated a conciliatory foreign policy and ratified the London Naval Agreement of 1930. However, Hamaguchi fell victim to assassination on 14 November 1930 when he
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