A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject and its conclusions. A monograph is a treatise on a specialized topic.
21-542: Tractatus is Latin for " treatise ". It may refer to: Tractatus de amore by Andreas Capellanus Tractatus Astrologico Magicus , also known as the Aldaraia and the Book of Soyga , a 16th-century Latin treatise on magic Tractatus coislinianus , an ancient manuscript on comedy in the tradition of Aristotle Tractatus Eboracenses (Tractates of York), dealing with
42-469: A Latin text of c. 1180–84 Tractatus de Sphaera , or De sphaera mundi , the basic elements of astronomy written by Johannes de Sacrobosco c. 1230 Tractatus de superstitionibus (disambiguation) , a title shared by two medieval tractates on superstition By Baruch Spinoza [ edit ] Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione (On The Improvement Of The Understanding), an unfinished work by Baruch Spinoza Tractatus Theologico-Politicus ,
63-452: A connotation of engaging with or discussing a subject in depth, which aligns with the modern understanding of a treatise as a formal and systematic written discourse on a specific topic. The works presented here have been identified as influential by scholars on the development of human civilization. Euclid's Elements has appeared in more editions than any other books except the Bible and
84-471: A philosophical work by Spinoza Tractatus Politicus See also [ edit ] Tractate (disambiguation) Wittgenstein Tractatus (film) , a film by Peter Forgacs Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tractatus . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
105-670: Is known that Theon edited the Elements of Euclid . He may also have edited some other works by Euclid and Ptolemy , although here the evidence is less certain. The editions ascribed to Theon are: Of his commentaries, those which are extant are: Among Theon's lost works, the Suda mentions On Signs and Observation of Birds and the Sound of Crows ; On the Rising of the Dog[-Star] ; and On
126-635: Is one of the most important mathematical treatises ever. It has been translated to numerous languages and remains continuously in print since the beginning of printing. Before the invention of the printing press, it was manually copied and widely circulated. When scholars recognized its excellence, they removed inferior works from circulation in its favor. Many subsequent authors, such as Theon of Alexandria , made their own editions, with alterations, comments, and new theorems or lemmas. Many mathematicians were influenced and inspired by Euclid's masterpiece. For example, Archimedes of Syracuse and Apollonius of Perga ,
147-531: Is said to have lived during the reign of Theodosius I (379–395). The Suda , a tenth-century Byzantine encyclopedia, calls Theon a "man of the Mouseion ". However, both the Library of Alexandria and the original Mouseion were destroyed in the first century BC and according to classical historian Edward J. Watts, Theon was probably the head of a school called the "Mouseion", which was named in emulation of
168-605: The Hellenistic Mouseion that had once included the Library of Alexandria, but which had little other connection to it. Theon's school was exclusive, highly prestigious, and doctrinally conservative. Neither Theon nor his daughter Hypatia seems to have had any connections to the militant Iamblichean Neoplatonists who taught in the Serapeum of Alexandria and instead preferred Plotinian neoplatonism . Theon
189-613: The Anglo-French term tretiz , which itself comes from the Old French traitis , meaning "treatise" or "account." This Old French term is rooted in the verb traitier , which means "to deal with" or "to set forth in speech or writing". The etymological lineage can be traced further back to the Latin word tractatus , which is a form of the verb tractare , meaning "to handle," "to manage," or "to deal with". The Latin roots suggest
210-517: The geometry of three-dimensional objects such as polyhedra), number theory, and the theory of proportions. It was essentially a compilation of all mathematics known to the Greeks up until Euclid's time. Drawing on the work of his predecessors, especially the experimental research of Michael Faraday , the analogy with heat flow by William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and the mathematical analysis of George Green , James Clerk Maxwell synthesized all that
231-427: The greatest mathematicians of their time, received their training from Euclid's students and his Elements and were able to solve many open problems at the time of Euclid. It is a prime example of how to write a text in pure mathematics, featuring simple and logical axioms, precise definitions, clearly stated theorems, and logical deductive proofs. The Elements consists of thirteen books dealing with geometry (including
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#1732764830901252-405: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tractatus&oldid=1219445731 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Treatise The word "treatise" has its origins in the early 14th century, derived from
273-461: The phenomenon of light dispersion where other models failed. John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) and Josiah Willard Gibbs then proved that the optical equations derived from Maxwell's theory are the only self-consistent description of the reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light consistent with experimental results. Optics thus found a new foundation in electromagnetism . Hertz's experimental work in electromagnetism stimulated interest in
294-522: The possibility of wireless communication, which did not require long and expensive cables and was faster than even the telegraph. Guglielmo Marconi adapted Hertz's equipment for this purpose in the 1890s. He achieved the first international wireless transmission between England and France in 1900 and by the following year, he succeeded in sending messages in Morse code across the Atlantic. Seeing its value,
315-710: The relationship between kings and the Catholic Church, c. 1100 Tractatus of Glanvill , the Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Angliae (Treatise on the laws and customs of the Kingdom of England), the book of authority on English common law, written c. 1188 and attributed to Ranulf de Glanvill Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus , a philosophical work by Ludwig Wittgenstein Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii (Treatise on Saint Patrick's Purgatory),
336-473: The shipping industry adopted this technology at once. Radio broadcasting became extremely popular in the twentieth century and remains in common use in the early twenty-first. But it was Oliver Heaviside , an enthusiastic supporter of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, who deserves most of the credit for shaping how people understood and applied Maxwell's work for decades to come; he was responsible for considerable progress in electrical telegraphy, telephony, and
357-451: The study of the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Independent of Gibbs, Heaviside assembled a set of mathematical tools known as vector calculus to replace the quaternions , which were in vogue at the time but which Heaviside dismissed as "antiphysical and unnatural." Theon of Alexandria Theon of Alexandria ( / ˌ θ iː ə n , - ɒ n / ; Ancient Greek : Θέων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς ; c. AD 335 – c. 405 )
378-466: Was a Greek scholar and mathematician who lived in Alexandria , Egypt . He edited and arranged Euclid 's Elements and wrote commentaries on works by Euclid and Ptolemy . His daughter Hypatia also won fame as a mathematician. Little is known about the life of Theon. He made predictions and observations of solar and lunar eclipses in 364 which show he was active at that time, and he
399-423: Was confirmed by Heinrich Hertz . In the process, Hertz generated and detected what are now called radio waves and built crude radio antennas and the predecessors of satellite dishes. Hendrik Lorentz derived, using suitable boundary conditions, Fresnel's equations for the reflection and transmission of light in different media from Maxwell's equations. He also showed that Maxwell's theory succeeded in illuminating
420-553: Was known about electricity and magnetism into a single mathematical framework, Maxwell's equations . Originally, there were 20 equations in total. In his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (1873), Maxwell reduced them to eight. Maxwell used his equations to predict the existence of electromagnetic waves, which travel at the speed of light. In other words, light is but one kind of electromagnetic wave. Maxwell's theory predicted there ought to be other types, with different frequencies. After some ingenious experiments, Maxwell's prediction
441-570: Was the father of the mathematician Hypatia , who succeeded him as head of his school Theon dedicated his commentary on the Almagest to a boy named Epiphanius, who may have been his son. Also, in his commentary on the Almagest he states that his daughter Hypatia contributed to Book III of the Almagest stating "the edition having been prepared by the philosopher, my daughter Hypatia." A lunar crater, Theon Junior , now bears Theon's name. It
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