112-639: Sir Trevor Robert Nunn CBE (born 14 January 1940) is an English theatre director. He has been the artistic director for the Royal Shakespeare Company , the Royal National Theatre , and, currently, the Theatre Royal Haymarket . He has directed dramas for the stage, including Macbeth , as well as opera and musicals, such as Cats (1981) and Les Misérables (1985). Nunn has been nominated for
224-410: A dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal , whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. The order was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V , who created the order to recognise 'such persons, male or female, as may have rendered or shall hereafter render important services to Our Empire'. Equal recognition was to be given for services rendered in
336-767: A 1976 musical adaptation of the Shakespeare play The Comedy of Errors . A director of musicals in the non-subsidised sector, Nunn directed Cats (1981), formerly the longest running musical in Broadway's history, and the first English production of Les Misérables in 1985, also with John Caird , which ran in London until the summer of 2019. Nunn also directed the little-known 1986 Webber–Rice musical Cricket , at Windsor Castle . Besides Cats and Les Misérables , Nunn's other musical credits include Starlight Express and Sunset Boulevard . In September 1997, he became
448-500: A 1996 film version of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night . Nunn has been married three times and has five children. He was married to actress Janet Suzman from 17 October 1969 until their divorce in 1986. They have one son, Joshua. From 1986 until their 1991 divorce, he was married to Sharon Lee-Hill, with whom he has two children, Laurie and Amy. In 1994, he married actress Imogen Stubbs with whom he has two children, Ellie and Jesse. In April 2011 Stubbs announced their separation. Nunn
560-577: A CD of the original live production was released by Deutsche Grammophon in April 2011. Caird directed Puccini 's Tosca for HGO for the 2010 season, with Patricia Racette as Tosca, Alexey Dolgov as Cavaradossi and Raymond Aceto as Scarpia, conducted by Patrick Summers with designs by Bunny Christie. Caird returned to WNO in the autumn of 2011 to direct a new production of Mozart 's Don Giovanni , conducted by Lothar Koenigs with designs by John Napier and lighting by David Hersey. David Kempster sang
672-543: A GBE (in recognition of his role as chairman of the Scottish War Savings Committee) and the award of medal of the order to Lizzie Robinson, a munitions worker. The order had been established primarily as a civilian award; in August 1918, however, not long after its foundation, a number of awards were made to serving naval and military personnel. Four months later, a 'Military Division' was added to
784-404: A broad riband or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip. Knights Commander and male Commanders wear the badge from a ribbon around the neck; male Officers and Members wear the badge from a ribbon on the left chest; female recipients other than Dames Grand Cross (unless in military uniform) normally wear it from a bow on the left shoulder. An oval eight-pointed star is worn, pinned to
896-553: A burning building containing explosives. In December 1922 the statutes of the order were amended; there having been a large number of awards for war work prior to this date, these amended statutes placed the order on more of a peacetime footing. For the first time numbers of appointments were limited, with the stipulation that senior awards in the Civil Division were to outnumber those in the Military Division by
1008-453: A circlet bearing the motto of the Order; the reverse bears George V's Royal and Imperial Cypher. (Prior to 1937 Britannia was shown within the circlet.) The size of the badges varies according to rank: the higher classes have slightly larger badges. The badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross, Knights and Dames Commander, and Commanders are enamelled, with pale blue crosses, crimson circlets and
1120-466: A citizen of a Commonwealth realm can convert their appointment from honorary to substantive, and they then enjoy all privileges of membership of the order, including use of the title of Sir and Dame for the senior two ranks of the Order. (An example of the latter is Irish broadcaster Terry Wogan , who was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order in 2005, and on successful application for British citizenship, held alongside his Irish citizenship,
1232-443: A gold central medallion. Officers' badges are plain silver-gilt, while those of Members are plain silver. From 1917 until 1937, the badge of the order was suspended on a purple ribbon, with a red central stripe being added for the military division in 1918. Since 1937, the ribbon has been rose-pink with pearl-grey edges (with the addition of a pearl-grey central stripe for the military division). Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear it on
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#17327764766921344-603: A new production of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night for the Toho Company at the Nissay Theatre in Tokyo, starring Kei Otozuki, Tomoko Nakajima, Satoshi Hashimoto and Songha. The play was translated by Kazuko Matsuoka, with song lyrics by Maoko Imai, designs by the late Johan Engels, lighting by Ryuichi Nakagawa and music by John Cameron. In 2017 Caird directed Hamlet at Geigeki Theatre in Tokyo with Seiyo Uchino in
1456-492: A proportion of six to one. Furthermore appointments in the civil division were to be divided equally between UK and overseas awards. With regard to the Medal of the Order (but not the order itself), a distinction was made in 1922 between awards 'for gallantry' and awards 'for meritorious service' (each being appropriately inscribed, and the former having laurel leaves decorating the clasp, the latter oak leaves). In 1933 holders of
1568-771: A revival of A Little Night Music at the Menier Chocolate Factory , which transferred to the West End at the Garrick Theatre in 2009. The production transferred to Broadway, opening in November 2009, with Catherine Zeta-Jones as Desiree Armfeldt and Angela Lansbury as Madame Armfeldt. Other members of the original London cast also transferred with the production. The production closed in January 2011 after 425 performances. In 2010, Nunn directed
1680-692: A revival of Fiddler on the Roof at the Menier Chocolate Factory, before transferring to the Playhouse Theatre in London's West End for a limited season in spring 2019. The production starred Andy Nyman as Tevye and Judy Kuhn as Golde. In 2020, he was due to direct a new musical Identical based on The Parent Trap . It was due to have its world premiere at the Nottingham Playhouse before transferring to
1792-1019: A revival of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Aspects of Love from July to September 2010 at the Menier Chocolate Factory and the play Birdsong , which opened in September 2010 at the Comedy Theatre, based on the Sebastian Faulks novel of the same title. Nunn marked his debut as artistic director of the Theatre Royal Haymarket with a revival of Flare Path (as part of the playwright, Terence Rattigan 's, centenary year celebrations). The production, starring Sienna Miller , James Purefoy and Sheridan Smith , opened in March 2011 and closed in June 2011, and
1904-859: A touring music theatre troupe that took musical entertainments around classical music clubs in England and Wales. In 1977 Caird joined the Royal Shakespeare Company as assistant director, becoming a resident director in December 1977 and an associate director in 1980. From 1977 to 1990 Caird directed over 20 productions for the RSC, including Shakespeare's Twelfth Night with Zoë Wanamaker , John Thaw , Daniel Massey and Emrys James , Romeo and Juliet with Daniel Day-Lewis , Amanda Root and Roger Allam , Midsummer Night's Dream with John Carlisle , Clare Higgins and Richard McCabe , Merchant of Venice , As You Like It and Antony and Cleopatra . At
2016-654: A trainee director at the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry . In 1964, Nunn joined the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) and in 1968 he was appointed its artistic director, a position he held until 1986 (latterly with Terry Hands from 1978). Nunn's first wife, Janet Suzman , appeared in many of his productions, such as the 1974 televised version of his Antony and Cleopatra . Nunn directed the RSC production of Macbeth starring Ian McKellen in
2128-1001: Is an English stage director and writer of plays, musicals and operas. He is an honorary associate director of the Royal Shakespeare Company , was for many years a regular director with the Royal National Theatre of Great Britain and is the principal guest director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre , Stockholm (Dramaten). Caird was born in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada, to English parents George Bradford Caird , Oxford theologian and principal of Mansfield College , Oxford and Viola Mary Newport (born 1922 in Reigate , Surrey), poet and librarian. He lived in Montreal and attended Selwyn House School . His family moved back to England in 1959 to Oxford , where he attended Magdalen College School from 1959 to 1967. He studied acting at
2240-516: Is an image of Britannia surrounded by the motto, with the words "For Meritorious Service" at the bottom; on the reverse is George V's Imperial and Royal Cypher, with the words "Instituted by King George V" at the bottom. The name of the recipient is engraved on the rim. This medal is nicknamed "the Gong", and comes in both full-sized and miniature versions – the latter for formal white-tie and semi-formal black-tie occasions. A lapel pin for everyday wear
2352-973: Is not a member of the College of Arms , as are many other heraldic officers; and the Lady Usher of the Purple Rod does not – unlike the Order of the Garter equivalent, the Lady Usher of the Black Rod – perform any duties related to the House of Lords . Since the Second World War, several Commonwealth realms have established their own national system of honours and awards and have created their own unique orders, decorations and medals. A number, though, continue to make recommendations for appointments to
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#17327764766922464-595: Is still running. It opened at The Broadway Theatre in New York in 1987 and thereafter has played all over the world. Caird started directing at London's Royal National Theatre in 1993 under the artistic directorship of Richard Eyre . His first production was Trelawney of the 'Wells' with Helen McCrory and Robin Bailey . Chekhov 's The Seagull followed in 1994 in a new version by Pam Gems with Judi Dench , Helen McCrory and Bill Nighy . In 1996 he directed
2576-783: The Welsh National Opera in Cardiff , conducted by Carlo Rizzi. In the same year, he directed a staged reading of The Screams of Kitty Genovese , a new opera by Will Todd and David Simpatico at the Public Theater in New York. He remounted Don Carlos for the Canadian Opera Company in Toronto in October 2007 and directed a new production of Verdi's Aida for WNO in 2008. In 2007-8 he wrote
2688-844: The Barbican Theatre from 1982 to 1984, with Miles Anderson , Mark Rylance and John McAndrew all playing Peter. Lastly Les Misérables in 1985, a musical by Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil that was a co-production between the RSC and Cameron Mackintosh . It ran for eight weeks at the Barbican Theatre before transferring to the Palace Theatre in the West End, moving to the Queen's Theatre in 2004, where it
2800-802: The Bristol Old Vic Theatre School from 1967 to 1969. Caird worked as an actor and stage manager at various English repertory theatres and in London's West End before embarking on his directorial career at Contact Theatre , in Manchester in 1973. Caird was an associate director of Contact Theatre for two years, from 1973 to 1975, where he directed plays by Shakespeare , Christopher Bond , John Osborne , James Saunders , Samuel Beckett , wrote and acted in Theatre in Education programmes for Manchester's schools and prisons, and
2912-562: The Lyric Opera of Chicago and Houston Grand Opera . The Chicago production was conducted by Dmitri Jurowski with Tatiana Serjan in the title role, Brian Jagde as Cavaradossi and Evgeny Nikitin as Scarpia. In Houston, Patrick Summers conducted and the roles were sung by Liudmyla Monastyrska, Alexey Dolgov and Andrzej Dobber. In 2017, Caird’s productions of Tosca and La Bohème were revived at LA Opera and San Francisco Opera respectively. In LA, Sondra Radvanovsky once again sang
3024-658: The National Theatre was the world première of Humble Boy by Charlotte Jones , with Diana Rigg and Simon Russell Beale . The play transferred to the Gielgud Theatre in the West End where Felicity Kendal joined the cast and it opened in New York in 2003 at Manhattan Theatre Club . Caird's other productions in the West End have included Macbeth at the Almeida Theatre with Simon Russell Beale and Emma Fielding , Anouilh 's Becket at
3136-534: The Nissay Theatre in 2009. In 2010 Caird directed his own version of Bernstein 's Candide at the Imperial Theatre, starring Inoue Yoshio and Ichimura Masachika. He returned to Tokyo in the summer of 2012 to direct the Japanese première of his musical Daddy Long Legs at Theatre Crié, translated by Maoko Imai, designed by David Farley, starring Maaya Sakamoto and Yoshio Inoue. He returned to Tokyo in
3248-620: The Nissay Theatre in Tokyo, starring Seiyo Uchino as Macheath, the production being revived in 2008. His 2007 production of A Midsummer Night's Dream ( Natsu no Yo no Yume ) for the New National Theatre (Shinkokuritsu Gekijo) was revived in 2009. His play Kinshu adapted from Teru Miyamoto 's famous novel opened at the Galaxy Theatre in 2007 and was revived in 2009. He has also directed Coward's Private Lives (Shiseikatsu) at Theatre Crié in 2008 and Jane Eyre at
3360-559: The Order of Canada . On the other hand, the Australian Honours System unilaterally created in 1975 did not achieve bi-partisan support until 1992, which was when Australian federal and state governments agreed to cease Australian recommendations for British honours; the last Australian recommended Order of the British Empire appointments were in the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours . New Zealand continued to use
3472-604: The Palace Theatre in London from 1982 to 1984. Caird adapted and co-directed, with Trevor Nunn , Schönberg and Boublil's Les Misérables for the RSC and Cameron Mackintosh . The show opened at the Barbican Theatre in 1985, transferring to the Palace Theatre in November 1985 and later to the Queen’s Theatre in Shaftebury Avenue, where it is still running after 31 years, the longest running musical in
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3584-701: The Royal National Theatre 's artistic director, a position he retained until 2003. Later London credits include My Fair Lady , South Pacific (at the Royal National Theatre), The Woman in White , Othello and Acorn Antiques: The Musical! (2005), The Royal Hunt of the Sun , Rock 'n' Roll and Porgy and Bess in 2006 at the Savoy Theatre (an abridged version with dialogue instead of recitatives , unlike Nunn's first production of
3696-604: The St James’s Theatre in May starring Steve Wight and Diana Agron and transferred to the Haymarket Theatre in the West End in August, starring Wight and Carly Bawden. McQueen was designed by David Farley, with lighting by David Howe, choreography by Chris Marney and sound by John Leonard. Caird also directed two new Shakespeare productions in 2015: a Japanese language production of Twelfth Night in Tokyo for
3808-657: The Theatre Royal Haymarket with Jasper Britton and Dougray Scott , Charles Dyer's Rattle of a Simple Man with Michelle Collins and Stephen Tompkinson and Michael Weller 's What the Night Is For with Gillian Anderson and Roger Allam , both at the Comedy Theatre and his own musical Daddy Long Legs at the St James Theatre with Megan McGinnis and Rob Hancock. In 2015, Caird directed James Phillips’ new play McQueen , which opened in May at
3920-616: The Theatre Royal, Bath , over the summer of 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom , the production was delayed until August 2022. Nunn has directed opera at Glyndebourne . He re-staged his Glyndebourne production of Gershwin 's Porgy and Bess for television in 1993, and was highly praised. He has directed for film, including Lady Jane (1986), Hedda , an adaptation of Hedda Gabler , and
4032-725: The Toho Company , opening in March at the Nissay Theatre – and Love's Labour's Lost for the Stratford Festival in Canada with designs by Patrick Clark, lighting by Michael Walton and music by Josh Schmidt, opening in August and playing in repertoire for the rest of the season. In spring of 2017 Caird directed Hamlet at Geigeki Theatre in Tokyo with Seiyo Uchino in the title role. In 2022 Caird directed his own theatre adaptation of Hayao Miyazaki ’s animated film Spirited Away for Toho Company in Japan. In 2009, Caird
4144-723: The Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical , the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play , the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Director , and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical , winning Tonys for Cats , Les Misérables , and Nicholas Nickleby and the Olivier Awards for productions of Summerfolk , The Merchant of Venice , Troilus and Cressida , and Nicholas Nickleby . In 2008, The Telegraph named Nunn among
4256-401: The 21st century quotas were introduced to ensure consistent representation among recipients across nine categories of eligibility: with the largest proportion of awards being reserved for community, voluntary and local service. Non-military awards of the British Empire Medal resumed in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee . In 2017 the centenary of
4368-463: The Bible. I'm sorry to say that. But over and over again in the plays there is an understanding of the human condition that doesn't exist in religious books." Source: Internet Broadway Database Source: Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Source: Contemporary British and Irish Film Directors Sources: Internet Broadway Database, Tony Awards Database (broadwayworld.com), Drama Desk History, Olivier Awards: Past Nominees and Winners Commander of
4480-739: The British Empire . Rather than using this chapel, the Order now holds its great services upstairs in the nave of the cathedral. In addition to the Chapel of the Order of the British Empire, St Paul's Cathedral also houses the Chapel of the Order of St Michael and St George . Religious services for the whole Order are held every four years; new Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed at these services. Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir , and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame , to their forenames. Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when
4592-443: The British Empire for Gallantry. Any individual made a member of the order for gallantry after 14 January 1958 wears an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same ribbon as the badge, with a miniature version on the ribbon bar when worn alone. When the ribbon only is worn the emblem is worn in miniature. It could not be awarded posthumously , and was replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal (QGM). If recipients of
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4704-422: The Imperial Theatre in Tokyo in July 2018, starring Koichi Doumoto and Yoshio Inoue. The show was orchestrated by Brad Haak, designed by Jon Baussor, choreographed by David Parsons and lit by Ryuichi Nakagawa. Knights’ Tale was revived in a lockdown concert version in 2020, playing in the Geigeki Concert Hall in Ikebukuro and Opera City Concert Hall in Hatsudai. Caird directed remotely from London. The production
4816-419: The Military Division of the order from the UK and across the Empire. Recommendations for all appointments to the Order of the British Empire were originally made on the nomination of the King's United Kingdom ministers (recommendations for overseas awards were made by the Foreign Office , the Colonial Office , the India Office and the Dominions Office ); but in the early 1940s the system was changed to enable
4928-436: The NT Ensemble season of 1999, Bulwer-Lytton's Money and his own new version of the Voltaire/Bernstein Candide , both with Simon Russell Beale and the late Denis Quilley . In 2000, he again directed Simon Russell Beale , this time in Hamlet , a production that toured the UK and Europe, going to Elsinore , Stockholm and Belgrade, before transferring to the Brooklyn Academy (BAM) in New York. Caird's last production at
5040-418: The Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry , rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations, and public service outside the civil service . It comprises five classes of awards across both civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male or
5152-436: The Order of the British Empire for Gallantry received promotion within the order, whether for gallantry or otherwise, they continued to wear also the insignia of the lower grade with the oak leaves; however, they used only the post-nominal letters of the higher grade. When the order was founded in 1917, badges, ribands and stars were appointed for wear by recipients. In 1929 mantles, hats and collars were added for recipients of
5264-456: The Order of the British Empire. In 2024 appointments to the order were made by the governments of: Most members of the order are citizens of the United Kingdom or Commonwealth realms that use the UK system of honours and awards. In addition, honorary awards may be made to citizens of nations where the monarch is not head of state ; these permit use of post-nominal letters, but not the title of Sir or Dame . Honorary appointees who later become
5376-404: The Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, only wives and children of male recipients are afforded privileges. Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to be granted heraldic supporters . They may, furthermore, encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of
5488-428: The RSC included classic works by Farquhar , Shaw , Strindberg , Gorky and Brecht and world premières of plays by Peter Flannery , Jonathan Gems , Mary O'Malley , John Berger , Nella Bielski , Charles Wood and Richard Nelson . At the RSC Caird also co-directed four productions with Trevor Nunn . The first was Merry Wives of Windsor in 1978 with Ben Kingsley , David Threlfall , and Timothy Spall . Next
5600-438: The RSC productions of King Lear and The Seagull , which played at Stratford before embarking on a world tour (including the Brooklyn Academy of Music ) and then playing at the New London Theatre from November 2007. The two plays both starred Ian McKellen, Romola Garai , Frances Barber , Sylvester McCoy , and William Gaunt . Nunn's television production of King Lear was screened on Boxing Day , 2008 with McKellen in
5712-490: The RSC's Swan Theatre he directed Ben Jonson 's comedies Every Man in His Humour with Simon Russell Beale , Henry Goodman and Pete Postlethwaite and The New Inn with John Carlisle and Fiona Shaw , the first night of this play being the second-ever professional performance since it first appeared in 1629. His last production at the Swan was his own new version of John Gay 's The Beggar's Opera with music composed by Ilona Sekacz . Caird's other productions at
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#17327764766925824-534: The Royal Dramatic Theatre in October 2010 with Orjan Ramberg , Stina Ekblad and Jonas Karlsson . He returned to the Royal Dramatic Theatre in 2011 to direct Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (Romeo och Julia), starring Christoffer Svensson and Sophia Pekkari. In February 2014 Caird worked for the first time in the Royal Dramatic Theatre's intimate stage, Målarsalen, where he directed Hjalmar Söderberg's classic Swedish drama Gertrud with Anna Björk , Jonas Malmsjö, Otto Hargne, Magnus Ehrner, and Mia Benson. The play
5936-485: The UK and overseas. Today the majority of recipients are UK citizens, though a number of Commonwealth realms outside the UK continue to make appointments to the order. Honorary awards may be made to citizens of other nations of which the order's sovereign is not the head of state. The five classes of appointment to the Order are, from highest grade to lowest grade: The senior two ranks of Knight or Dame Grand Cross and Knight or Dame Commander entitle their members to use
6048-414: The United Kingdom; those who would formerly have met the criteria for the medal were instead made eligible for the MBE. In 2004, a report entitled A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System by a Commons select committee recommended phasing out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was "now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of
6160-501: The West End. Caird also wrote and directed Children of Eden with music by Stephen Schwartz , which ran in the West End in 1991. Since being published by Music Theatre International in 1998 Children of Eden has now had over 2000 separate productions worldwide. Caird also wrote and directed Jane Eyre with music by Paul Gordon, which played in La Jolla, Toronto and at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre on Broadway from 1998 to 2000 and Leonard Bernstein 's Candide which he adapted from
6272-450: The addition of a vertical pearl grey stripe in the centre for awards in the military division). From time to time the order was expanded: there was an increase in the maximum permitted number of recipients in 1933, and a further increase in 1937. During the Second World War, as had been the case during and after World War I, the number of military awards was greatly increased; between 1939 and 1946 there were more than 33,000 appointments to
6384-651: The autumn of 2013, conducted by Carlo Rizzi and San Francisco in 2014, conducted by Giuseppe Finzi. In May 2013 Caird's production of Tosca opened in Los Angeles at LA Opera , conducted by Plácido Domingo with Sondra Radvanovsky in the title role, Marco Berti as Cavaradossi and Lado Ataneli as Scarpia. In November 2013 Caird directed a new production of Wagner 's Parsifal at the Lyric Opera of Chicago , conducted by Sir Andrew Davis with sets by Johan Engels. The singers were Paul Groves , Kwangchul Youn , Thomas Hampson , Daveda Karanas and Tomas Tomasson. In 2015 Caird remounted his production of Tosca for both
6496-593: The autumn of 2018 with James Lowe conducting, Nicole Heaston as Mimi, Ivan Magri as Rodolfo, Michael Sumuel as Marcello and Pureum Jo as Musetta. Caird’s adaptation of Bernstein’s musical Candide , originally written and staged for the National Theatre in London in 1999, is increasingly being used by opera companies, most recently in Francesca Zambello ’s production for the Glimmerglass Festival in New York, Bordeaux Opera and Los Angeles Opera and Martin Berger’s production for Weimar Opera in Germany. In February 2018, Caird’s production of Mozart's Don Giovanni
6608-413: The cathedral. That year, Commonwealth awards made up 40% of all OBEs and MBEs awarded (and 35% of all living recipients of the higher awards). Gradually that proportion reduced as independent states within the Commonwealth established their own systems of honours . The last Canadian recommendation for the Order of the British Empire was an MBE for gallantry gazetted in 1966, a year before the creation of
6720-418: The circlet. In 1929, to bring the order into line with the other orders of chivalry, members of the first class of the order (GBE) were provided with mantles, hats and collars. Only Knights/Dames Grand Cross wear these elaborate vestments; the hat is now rarely, if ever, worn. Use of the mantle is limited to important occasions (such as quadrennial services and coronations ). The mantle is always worn with
6832-444: The collar. Although the mantle was introduced in 1929, very few mantles would have been produced prior to the 1937 design changes, as there were few occasions for wearing them in the intervening years. On certain days designated by the sovereign, known as " collar days ", members attending formal events may wear the order's collar over their military uniform, formal day dress, evening wear or robes of office. Collars are returned upon
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#17327764766926944-411: The cost of Nunn staying in Cambridge to take the exam. Nunn's father could not afford it and the headmaster had refused at first so Nunn was close to giving up. At Downing, Nunn began his stage career and first met contemporaries Ian McKellen and Derek Jacobi . In 1962, he directed Macbeth for The Marlowe Society and he directed that year's Footlights . He also won a director's scholarship, becoming
7056-479: The country's population". The committee further suggested changing the name of the award to the Order of British Excellence, and changing the rank of Commander to Companion (as the former was said to have a "militaristic ring"), as well as advocating for the abolition of knighthoods and damehoods; the government, however, was not of the opinion that a case for change had been made, and the aforementioned suggestions and recommendations were not, therefore, pursued. In
7168-403: The death of their owners, but other insignia may be retained. The six office-holders of the order wear pearl-grey mantles lined with rose-pink, having on the right side a purple shield charged with the roundel from the badge. Each of these office-holders wears a unique badge of office, suspended from a gold chain worn around the neck. The British Empire Medal is made of silver. On the obverse
7280-445: The distinction between ranks in military operational gallantry awards will cease'. The reforms affected the order at various levels: for example the automatic award each year of a GBE to the Lord Mayor of London ceased; the OBE replaced the Imperial Service Order as an award for civil servants and the number of MBEs awarded each year was significantly increased. As part of these reforms the British Empire Medal stopped being awarded by
7392-423: The family visited her. In the end, his aunt gave it to him. He was educated at Northgate Grammar School, Ipswich , and Downing College, Cambridge . At Northgate, he had an inspiring English teacher, Peter Hewett, who also directed the school plays. Hewett encouraged him to sit the scholarship exam in Cambridge in the hope of studying under F. R. Leavis at Downing. Hewett also persuaded the headmaster to help with
7504-403: The former was to be responsible for recording all proceedings connected with the order, issuing warrants under the seal of the order and making arrangements for investitures, while the latter (at that time the Permanent Secretary to the Treasury ) was responsible for collecting and tabulating the names of those who were to receive an award. The office of Dean was added in 1957. The King of Arms
7616-401: The governments of overseas dominions to make their own nominations; Canada and South Africa began doing so in 1942, followed by Australia, New Zealand and other Commonwealth realms. In May 1957, forty years after the foundation of the order, it was announced that St Paul's Cathedral was to serve as the church of the order, and in 1960 a chapel was dedicated for its use within the crypt of
7728-450: The highest class of the order (GBE). The designs of all these items underwent major changes in 1937. The badge is worn by all members of the order; the size, colour and design depends on the class of award. The badge for all classes is in the form of a cross patonce (having the arms growing broader and floriated toward the end) with a medallion in the centre, the obverse of which bears a crowned image of George V and Queen Mary within
7840-566: The honours system, calling it "a preposterous charade". The order has attracted some criticism for its naming having connection with the idea of the now-extinct British Empire . Benjamin Zephaniah , a British poet of Jamaican and Barbadian descent, publicly rejected appointment as an Officer in 2003 because, he asserted, it reminded him of "thousands of years of brutality". He also said that "it reminds me of how my foremothers were raped and my forefathers brutalised". John Caird (director) John Newport Caird (born 22 September 1948)
7952-446: The insignia to Buckingham Palace and by ceasing to make reference to their honour, but they still hold the honour unless and until annulled by the monarch. In 2003, The Sunday Times published a list of the people who had rejected the Order of the British Empire, including David Bowie , John Cleese , Nigella Lawson , Elgar Howarth , L. S. Lowry , George Melly , and J. G. Ballard . In addition, Ballard voiced his opposition to
8064-640: The junior post-nominal letters. The British sovereign is the sovereign of the order and appoints all other officers of the order (by convention, on the advice of the governments of the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth realms ). The second-most senior officer is the Grand Master (a 'Prince of the Blood Royal, or other exalted personage' appointed by the sovereign, who, by virtue of their appointment, becomes 'the First or Principal Knight Grand Cross of
8176-528: The latter. Knights and Dames Commander and Commanders may display the circlet, but not the collar, surrounding their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet. See List of current honorary knights and dames of the Order of the British Empire Only the monarch can annul an honour. The Honours Forfeiture Committee considers cases and makes recommendations for forfeiture. An individual can renounce their honour by returning
8288-516: The left breast, by Knights and Dames Grand Cross; Knights and Dames Commander wear a smaller star composed of 'four equal points and four lesser'. The star is not worn by the more junior classes. Prior to 1937 each star had in the centre a gold medallion with a figure of Britannia, surrounded by a crimson circlet inscribed with the motto of the order ('For God and the Empire'); since 1937 the effigies of King George V and Queen Mary have been shown within
8400-506: The libretto for Brief Encounter , a new opera by André Previn based on the play Still Life by Noël Coward and the Brief Encounter screenplay by Coward and David Lean . The opera had its world première performance at Houston Grand Opera in 2009 conducted by Patrick Summers and starring Elizabeth Futral and Nathan Gunn with designs by Bunny Christie . Brief Encounter is published by G. Schirmer 's in New York and
8512-588: The medal 'for gallantry', which had come to be known as the Empire Gallantry Medal , were given permission to use the postnominal letters EGM (and at the same time to add a laurel branch emblem to the ribbon of the medal); however, in 1940, awards of the EGM ceased and all holders of the medal were instructed to exchange it for a new and more prestigious gallantry award: the George Cross . In 1941,
8624-559: The medal of the order 'for meritorious service' was renamed the British Empire Medal , and the following year its recipients were granted the right to use the postnominal letters BEM. During the war, the BEM came to be used to recognise acts of bravery which did not merit the award of a George Cross or George Medal , a use which continued until the introduction of the Queen's Gallantry Medal in 1974. The designs of insignia of
8736-449: The medal. The colour of the riband was also changed: twenty years earlier, prior to the order's establishment, Queen Mary had made it known that pink would be her preferred colour for the riband of the proposed new order, but, in the event, purple was chosen. Following her appointment as Grand Master of the order in 1936 a change was duly made and since 9 March 1937 the riband of the order has been 'rose pink edged with pearl grey’ (with
8848-521: The most influential people in British culture . He has also directed works for film and television. Trevor Nunn was born on 14 January 1940 in Ipswich , England, to Dorothy May Piper and Robert Alexander Nunn, a cabinetmaker. As a small boy, Trevor loved reading but his parents had little money for books. However, an aunt had more books, including the complete works of Shakespeare which he read whenever
8960-473: The names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Male clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland do not use the title Sir (unless they were knighted before being ordained) as they do not receive the accolade (they are not dubbed "knight" with a sword), although they do append the post-nominal letters ; dames do not receive the accolade, and therefore female clergy are free to use
9072-454: The numbers restricted to the order as full members do. Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British orders of chivalry, with more than 100,000 living members worldwide, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders. From time to time, individuals may be promoted to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of
9184-401: The opera). He directed We Happy Few , a play by his third wife Imogen Stubbs , in 2004. Stubbs often appears in his productions, including the 1996 Twelfth Night film . Nunn directed a modern production of Shakespeare's Hamlet in 2004, which starred Ben Whishaw in the title role, and Imogen Stubbs as Gertrude, and was staged at The Old Vic theatre in London. In 2007, he directed
9296-620: The order alongside its own honours until the establishment of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 1996. Other Commonwealth realms have continued to use the Order of the British Empire alongside their own honours. In 1993 the Prime Minister, John Major , instituted a reform of the honours system with the aim 'that exceptional service or achievement will be more widely recognised; that greater importance will be given to voluntary service; that automatic honours will end; that
9408-408: The order and medal were altered in 1937, prior to the coronation of King George VI , 'in commemoration of the reign of King George V and Queen Mary, during which the Order was founded'. The figure of Britannia at the centre of the badge of the order was replaced with an image of the crowned heads of the late King and Queen Mary, and the words 'Instituted by King George V' were added to the reverse of
9520-409: The order was celebrated with a service at St Paul's Cathedral. The order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 officers and 1,464 members may be appointed per year. Foreign appointees, as honorary members, do not contribute to
9632-426: The order, to which serving personnel would in future be appointed. The classes were the same as for the Civil Division (as it was now termed), but military awards were distinguished by the addition of a central vertical red stripe to the purple riband of the civil awards. In 1920 appointment as an MBE 'for an act of gallantry' was granted for the first time, to Sydney Frank Blanck Esq, who had rescued an injured man from
9744-645: The part of Jerusha and Yoshio Inoue continuing in the role of Jervis. His revival of the Shochiku production of Jane Eyre opened at the Nissay Theatre in the autumn of 2012 and toured to Hakata-za in Kyushu. Daddy Long Legs was revived at Theatre Crié in January 2013 and again in 2014 and 2015. Further revivals are to be programmed for 2019 and beyond. A CD of the songs and a DVD of the show were both released by Toho in 2014. In spring 2015, Caird directed
9856-588: The puppets. Brad Haak arranged and orchestrated Joe Hisaishi ’s musical score and Jiro Katsushiba directed the lighting. The play starred Kanna Hashimoto and Mone Kamishiraishi , both playing the role of Chihiro. In opera, Caird has directed Mozart's Zaide with a new libretto by Italo Calvino at Musica nel Chiostro, the Batignano Opera Festival in Tuscany , in 1991, conducted by Paul McGrath. In 2005 he directed Verdi 's Don Carlos at
9968-654: The same Order'). The position of Grand Master has been held by the following people: In addition to the sovereign and the grand master , the order has six further officers: At its foundation the order was served by three officers: the King of Arms, the Registrar & Secretary and the Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod. In 1922 the Prelate was added, and the office of Registrar was separated from that of Secretary:
10080-656: The spring of 2022, Caird directed Monteverdi ’s Orfeo for Garsington Opera in the UK. Laurence Cummings conducted the English Concert, Rob Jones designed the set and costumes, Arielle Smith was the choreographer and Paul Pyant was the lighting designer. Ed Lyon sung the role of Orfeo and Diana Montague was the Messenger . Caird's introduction to musical theatre was directing the world première production of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Song and Dance , which ran at
10192-461: The standard of the George Medal (even though, as appointments to an order of chivalry, they were listed before it on the Order of Wear . In contrast to awards for meritorious service, which usually appear without a citation, there were often citations for gallantry awards, some detailed and graphic. From 14 January 1958, these awards were designated Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of
10304-406: The summer of 2012 to direct the Japanese première of his musical Daddy Long Legs at Theatre Crié, translated by Maoko Imai, designed by David Farley, starring Maaya Sakamoto and Yoshio Inoue. The production has been revived since then on numerous occasions, with the same cast and was filmed by Wowow Television. In the summer of 2022, the same production will open with Mone Kamishiraishi playing
10416-578: The title Dame . Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal GBE; Knights Commander, KBE; Dames Commander, DBE; Commanders, CBE; Officers, OBE; and Members, MBE. The post-nominal for the British Empire Medal is BEM. Members of all classes of the order are assigned positions in the order of precedence . Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of
10528-509: The title role and Judi Dench as Lady Macbeth in 1976. Nunn staged the action of the drama with not only the paying audience, but also the audience of all of the actors in the production not in the ongoing scene—they sat on wooden crates just beyond the main playing space. Nunn became a leading figure in theatrical circles, and was responsible for many significant productions, such as the RSC's version of Dickens 's The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby , co-directed with John Caird , and
10640-453: The title role in Tosca with Russell Thomas as Cavaradossi and Ambrogio Maestri as Scarpia. James Conlon conducted. In San Francsisco, Carlo Montanaro conducted Bohème with Erika Grimaldi and Julie Adams sharing the role of Mimi, Ellie Dehn as Musetta, Arturo Chacón-Cruz as Rodolfo and Audun Iversen as Marcello. The same production of Bohème will be revived at Houston Grand Opera in
10752-602: The title role with David Soar as Leporello, Nuccia Focile as Elvira and Canilla Roberts as Anna. He returned to Houston Grand Opera in April 2012 to direct Verdi 's Don Carlos , conducted by Patrick Summers. This was the third leg of a co-production with Welsh National Opera and Canadian Opera Company . In October 2012 Caird mounted a new production of Puccini's La Bohème for Houston Grand Opera , conducted by Evan Rogister with designs by David Farley and lighting by Michael Clark. This co-production with Canadian Opera Company and San Francisco Opera opened in Toronto in
10864-426: The title role, Jun Kunimura as Claudius, Yuko Asano as Gertrude and Shihori Kanjiya as Ophelia. The play was translated by Kazuko Matsuoka and Maoko Imai, Yukio Horio designed the sets, Nobuko Miyamoto designed the costumes, the lighting was by Ryuichi Nakagawa and Dozan Fujiwara composed and performed the music. Caird directed the world première of his new musical Knights' Tale , with music by Paul Gordon, at
10976-750: The title role. In 2008, he returned to the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry (the theatre where he started his career) to direct Joanna Murray-Smith 's adaptation of Ingmar Bergman 's film Scenes from a Marriage , starring Imogen Stubbs and Iain Glen . Nunn's musical adaptation of Gone with the Wind opened at the New London Theatre in April 2008 and, after poor reviews, closed on 14 June 2008 after 79 performances. In December 2008, he directed
11088-535: The titles Sir for men and Dame for women before their forenames, except with honorary awards. King George V founded the order to fill gaps in the British honours system : In particular, George V wished to create an order to honour the many thousands of individuals from across the Empire who had served in a variety of non-combat roles during the First World War . From its foundation the order consisted of five classes (GBE, KBE/DBE, CBE, OBE and MBE) and
11200-712: The world premiere of Pam Gems ' play Stanley based on the life of the English painter Stanley Spencer , with Antony Sher in the title role. Stanley later transferred to the Circle in the Square Theatre on Broadway. He continued to direct plays at the National under the Artistic Directorship of Trevor Nunn with Peter Pan in 1997 starring Daniel Evans as Pan and Ian McKellen as Hook and, in
11312-553: Was Nicholas Nickleby in 1980, a nine-hour adaption from Dickens by David Edgar that ran for three separate seasons at the Aldwych Theatre and then transferred to the Plymouth Theatre on Broadway. Caird and Nunn then collaborated on a new version of J. M. Barrie 's Peter Pan , the first-ever production of the play to use a male actor in the title role. The production ran for three consecutive seasons at
11424-530: Was an actor and musician in plays by Brecht , Goldoni and Jellicoe . He then worked as a freelance director for various fringe theatre companies. For Sidewalk Theatre he directed Last Resort by Peter Flannery . For Avon Touring he directed Regina versus Stephens by the late David Illingworth. Caird also taught for one semester at Ottawa University Drama Department, Canada, where he directed The Changeling by Middleton and Rowley . In 1975, he founded, with Stephen Barlow and others, Circle of Muses –
11536-455: Was designed by Jan Lundberg, costumes by Ann-Margret Fyregård, lighting by Hans-Åke Sjöquist and music by William Stenhammer. Caird's Japanese productions started with Les Misérables , which opened at the Imperial Theatre (Teikoku Gekijo) in 1987 and has been running in repertoire with other works at the same location ever since, as well as touring extensively throughout Japan. In 2006, he directed his own version of The Beggar's Opera for
11648-402: Was first announced at the end of December 2006, and is available to recipients of all levels of the order, as well as to holders of the British Empire Medal . The pin design is not unique to any level. The pin features the badge of the order, enclosed in a circle of ribbon of its colours of pink and grey. Lapel pins must be purchased separately by a member of the order. The creation of such a pin
11760-532: Was followed by productions of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead , (June–August 2011) and The Tempest , starring Ralph Fiennes (September–October 2011). His final production at the Haymarket, The Lion in Winter (November 2011 – January 2012), starred Joanna Lumley and Robert Lindsay . Nunn returned to the Haymarket in 2014 to direct the play Fatal Attraction . For Christmas 2018, Nunn directed
11872-528: Was in a brief relationship with Nancy Dell'Olio in 2011. In 1998, Nunn was named in a list of the biggest private financial donors to the Labour Party . In 2002, he was knighted. In 2014, Nunn told The Telegraph that Shakespeare was his religion. "Shakespeare has more wisdom and insight about our lives, about how to live and how not to live, how to forgive and how to understand our fellow creatures, than any religious tract. One hundred times more than
11984-469: Was made a substantive member and subsequently styled as Sir Terry Wogan). Although initially intended to recognise meritorious service, the order began to also be awarded for gallantry. There were an increased number of cases in the Second World War for service personnel and civilians including the merchant navy, police, emergency services and civil defence, mostly MBEs but with a small number of OBEs and CBEs. Such awards were for gallantry that did not reach
12096-863: Was made principal guest director at Sweden's national stage, the Royal Dramatic Theatre of Stockholm . His first production in Sweden was As You Like It (Som ni vill ha det) for Stadsteatern ( Stockholm City Theatre ) in 1984, with Stina Ekblad and Mats Bergman. Since then he has directed exclusively for the Royal Dramatic Theatre with A Midsummer Night's Dream (En midsommarnattsdröm) in 2000, Twelfth Night ( Trettondagsafton ) in 2002, Strindberg's Dödsdansen ( The Dance of Death ) in 2007 with Stina Ekblad and Örjan Ramberg and The Merry Wives of Windsor ( Muntra fruarna i Windsor ) with Börje Ahlstedt as Falstaff in 2009. Caird's production of Shakespeare 's The Tempest (Stormen) opened at
12208-513: Was open to both women and men; provision was also made for conferring honorary awards on foreign recipients. At the same time, alongside the order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. The first investiture took place at Ibrox Stadium , as part of a royal visit to the Glasgow shipyards, with the appointment of Alexander Ure, 1st Baron Strathclyde as
12320-585: Was recommended in Sir Hayden Phillips ' review of the honours system in 2004. The Chapel of the Order of the British Empire is in St Paul's Cathedral . It occupies the far eastern end of the cathedral crypt and was dedicated in 1960. The only heraldic banners normally on display in the chapel are those of the Sovereign of the Order of the British Empire and of the Grand Master of the Order of
12432-550: Was revived at Welsh National Opera , where it was staged by Caroline Chaney, with James Southall conducting. In 2019, Caird directed the world première of his new opera The Phoenix, with music by Tarik O’Regan , at Houston Grand Opera. The story was derived from the life of Mozart’s librettist, Lorenzo Da Ponte. Patrick Summers conducted the opera with Thomas Hampson and Luca Pisaroni playing Da Ponte at different stages of his life. The designs were by David Farley with lighting by Michael Clarke and choreography by Tim Claydon. In
12544-628: Was revived in full in the autumn of 2021 at Umegei Theatre in Osaka and subsequently played at the Imperial Theatre in Tokyo and at Hakata-za in Fukuoka. Caird wrote and directed a new theatre adaptation of Hayao Miyazaki ’s Studio Ghibli anime, Spirited Away , produced by Toho. It opened in Tokyo in February 2022, subsequently touring to Osaka, Hakata, Sapporo and Nagoya. The production was designed by Jon Bausor, with Toby Olié designing and directing
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