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69-534: Trillium ( trillium , wakerobin , toadshade , tri flower , birthroot , birthwort , and sometimes "wood lily" ) is a genus of about fifty flowering plant species in the family Melanthiaceae . Trillium species are native to temperate regions of North America and Asia , with the greatest diversity of species found in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the southeastern United States . Plants of this genus are perennial herbs growing from rhizomes . There are three large leaf-like bracts arranged in

138-534: A 1918 publication, Joseph E. Meyer called it "beth root", probably a corruption of "birthroot". He claimed that an astringent tonic derived from the root was useful in controlling bleeding and diarrhea. The white trillium ( Trillium grandiflorum ) serves as the official flower and emblem of the Canadian province of Ontario . It is an official symbol of the Government of Ontario . The large white trillium

207-430: A description, the name was declared invalid in 2014. At that time, the correct name was thought to be Trillium subgen.  Sessilium , which was described by Rafinesque in 1830. However, that name was later found to be incorrect as well. As of July 2022, the correct name of the subgenus is Trillium L. subgen.  Sessilia Raf. Its type species is Trillium sessile L. In 1819, Rafinesque described and named

276-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

345-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

414-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

483-409: A ripe fruit has a white fleshy appendage called an elaiosome . Ants are attracted to the elaiosome, so much so they often bore holes into the fruit instead of waiting for it to drop off on its own. The ants carry the seeds back to their nest where they eat the elaiosomes and discard the seeds. Here the seeds eventually germinate, an average of about 1 meter away from the parent plant. For example,

552-481: A stalk) with three distinct stigmas (no style ) and solid green leaves (not mottled). They are distributed across North America and Asia. Hybrids are common within this subgenus (the only group of pedicellate-flowered trilliums with natural hybrids). Trillium subgen.  Callipetalon , the Grandiflorum group , is a group of pedicellate-flowered trilliums that includes Trillium grandiflorum . The subgenus

621-537: A synonym for Trillium L. , while others recognize the taxon Trillidium govanianum (Wall. ex D.Don) Kunth based on morphological differences (with other Trillium species) and molecular evidence. Still others support the segregation of Trillium undulatum Willd. into genus Trillidium alongside Trillidium govanianum . All names used in this section are taken from the International Plant Names Index . As of February 2022, Plants of

690-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

759-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

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828-402: A whorl about a scape that rises directly from the rhizome. There are no true aboveground leaves but sometimes there are scale-like leaves on the underground rhizome. The bracts are photosynthetic and are sometimes called leaves. The inflorescence is a single flower with three green or reddish sepals and three petals in shades of red, purple, pink, white, yellow, or green. At the center of

897-558: Is Trillium catesbaei . Historically, the subgenus has been known as the Catesbaei group. The word Delostylis means "with a small but conspicuous style". Based on morphology and molecular evidence , a few taxa in genus Trillium have been segregated into other genera: Phylogenetic analysis places Trillidium govanianum and Trillidium undulatum together in a clade with high support. However, since Trillium and Trillidium are both individually and collectively monophyletic, it

966-469: Is Trillium erectum L. Historically, the subgenus has been known as the Erectum group. Trillium subgen.  Callipetalon was described by Jayne A. Lampley and Edward E. Schilling in 2022. The word Callipetalon means "beautiful petal", a reference to "the famously beautiful flowers" of its type species, Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Historically, the subgenus has been known as

1035-422: Is a matter of choice whether or not to recognize genus Trillidium . Excluding the segregate taxa listed above, the remaining taxa separate into four clades with the following names: Traditionally, Trillium subgen.  Trillium has included all pedicellate-flowered species (which is a paraphyletic group), but in 2022, the subgenus was circumscribed as a clade of fourteen (14) species. Its type species

1104-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

1173-490: Is emblazoned with an emblem of a trillium. Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

1242-415: Is expected to fill 30 volumes when completed and will be the first work to treat all of the known flora north of Mexico ; in 2015 it was expected that the series would conclude in 2017. Twenty-nine of the volumes have been published as of 2022. Soon after publication, the contents are made available online. FNA is a collaboration of about 1,000 authors, artists, reviewers, and editors from throughout

1311-707: Is known about the Asian hybrid T. × komarovii . One of its parents is T. camschatcense but the other parent is unknown. The only named hybrid in North America is T. × crockerianum whose type specimen was collected in Del Norte County, California . As originally described, its parents are Trillium ovatum and Trillium rivale , but the latter species is now a member of genus Pseudotrillium , and so T. × crockerianum has become an intergeneric hybrid . In 1982, Haga and Channell crossed

1380-413: Is not in bloom.) Identification proceeds based on flower parts, leaves, and other characteristics. A combination of characteristics is usually required to identify the plant. Identification of a non-flowering, non-fruiting plant with bare leaves may be difficult. Although some species of Trillium have petioles (leaf stalks) and/or distinctive leaf shapes, these features are seldom sufficient to identify

1449-492: Is pedicellate-flowered. Trillium species are found across Canada , from Newfoundland to southern British Columbia. The greatest diversity of species are found in Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia. Except for the desert regions of the southwestern United States , Trillium species are found throughout the contiguous U.S. states. In the western United States , species are found from Washington to central California, east to

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1518-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

1587-399: Is the literary magazine of Ramapo College of New Jersey , which features poetry, fiction, photography, and other visual arts created by Ramapo students. In the 1990s, the activist Michael Page established the use of the trillium as a symbol of bisexuality , and in 2001, Francisco Javier Lagunes Gaitán and Miguel Angel Corona designed a Mexican variant of the bisexual pride flag , which

1656-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

1725-620: Is the official wildflower of Ohio. In light of their shared connection to the flower, the Major League Soccer teams in Toronto and Columbus compete with each other for the Trillium Cup . Citizen scientists regularly report observations of Trillium species from around the world. T. grandiflorum , T. erectum , and T. ovatum (in that order) are the most often observed Trillium species. Trillium

1794-516: The Catesbaei group , is a group of pedicellate-flowered trilliums that includes Trillium catesbaei . The subgenus was circumscribed as a clade of seven (7) species in 2022. Species in this subgenus have pedicellate flowers (except for one variety of T. pusillum ) with a definite style and solid green leaves (not mottled). Distribution is restricted to the southeastern and south central United States. Trillium subgen.  Sessilia ,

1863-539: The Himalayas across China, Korea, Japan, and eastern Russia to the Kuril Islands. The greatest diversity of Trillium species is found on the islands of Japan and Sakhalin. A fully general dichotomous key requires a mature, flowering plant. The first step is to determine whether or not the flower sits on a pedicel , which determines the subgenus. (Any mature plant may be identified to this extent, even if it

1932-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

2001-738: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

2070-590: The Rocky Mountains . In the eastern United States , species range from Maine to northern Florida, west to the Mississippi River valley. Trillium species are especially diverse in the southeastern United States , in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, and South Carolina. The state of Georgia is home to 21 species of trillium. In Asia, the range of Trillium species extends from

2139-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

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2208-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

2277-452: The sessile-flowered trilliums , is a group of species that includes Trillium sessile . The subgenus was circumscribed as a clade of twenty-six (26) species in 2022. Species in this subgenus have sessile flowers (no flower stalk), erect petals (except in T. stamineum ), and mottled leaves (except in T. petiolatum and occasionally in plants of other sessile-flowered species). The following pair of taxa do not fit into any of

2346-498: The Asiatic species Trillium camschatcense with several North American species. Of those, the crosses with T. erectum , T. flexipes , and T. vaseyi produced solid, seemingly viable seed. Seeds of the cross between T. camschatcense and T. erectum flowered in 9 to 10 years. Various Trillium species are susceptible to a greening disorder caused by bacterial organisms called phytoplasmas that alter

2415-568: The Grandiflorum group. This leads to a four-part concept of Trillium that sharply contrasts with the traditional pedicellate vs. sessile dichotomy outlined previously. Trillium subgen.  Trillium , the Erectum group , is a group of pedicellate-flowered trilliums that includes Trillium erectum . The subgenus was circumscribed as a clade of fourteen (14) species in 2022. Species in this subgenus have pedicellate flowers (on

2484-528: The World Online (POWO) accepts 49 species and 5 named hybrids, all of which are listed below. The geographical locations are taken from POWO and the Flora of North America , except where noted. The Trillium genus has traditionally been divided into two subgenera , Trillium subgenus Trillium and Trillium subgenus Phyllantherum , based on whether the flower is pedicellate or sessile . At

2553-745: The above groups since they are markedly different from other Trillium species. There is evidence to support the segregation of these species into a separate genus ( Trillidium ) but the proposal is controversial. As of April 2023, Plants of the World Online does not accept these taxa: The following taxa are of historical interest: Trillium species are native to North America and Asia. More than three dozen Trillium species are found in North America, most of which are native to eastern North America. Just six species are native to western North America: T. albidum , T. angustipetalum , T. chloropetalum , T. kurabayashii , T. ovatum , and T. petiolatum . Of these, only T. ovatum

2622-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

2691-593: The commercial exploitation of trilliums and prohibit collection without the landowner's permission. In the US states of Michigan and Minnesota it is illegal to pick trilliums. In New York it is illegal to pick the red trillium . In 2009, the Ontario Trillium Protection Act , a Private Members Bill, was proposed in the Ontario legislature that would have made it illegal to in any way injure

2760-589: The common Trillium grandiflorum (white trillium) in the province (with some exceptions), however the bill was never passed. The rare Trillium flexipes (drooping trillium) is also protected by law in Ontario, because of its decreasing Canadian population. High white-tailed deer population density has been shown to decrease or eliminate trillium in an area, particularly white trillium. As such height of trillium can be used as an indicator for white-tailed deer population density within forested and urban areas to help forest regeneration. Some species are harvested from

2829-525: The elaiosomes an average of about 1.4 meters away from the parent plant. Yellow jackets are documented seed dispersers for at least three species of Trillium ( T. catesbaei , T. cuneatum , T. undulatum ). As of February 2022, Plants of the World Online recognizes five named hybrids, four in Asia and one in North America. Three of the Asian hybrids, T. × hagae , T. × miyabeanum , and T. × yezoense , are well studied, but little

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2898-588: The flower there are six stamens and three stigmas borne on a very short style, if any. The fruit is fleshy and capsule-like or berrylike. The seeds have large, oily elaiosomes . Occasionally individuals have four-fold symmetry, with four bracts (leaves), four sepals, and four petals in the blossom.. The tetramerous condition has been described for several species of Trillium including T. chloropetalum , T. erectum , T. grandiflorum , T. maculatum , T. sessile , and T. undulatum . In 1753, Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus established

2967-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

3036-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

3105-468: The genus Delostylis , and then placed Trillium stylosum Nutt. (now a synonym for Trillium catesbaei Elliott ) into the new genus. Reversing himself a decade later, Rafinesque instead placed Trillium stylosum into a new subgenus Delostylium in 1830. Presumably Rafinesque had intended the subgeneric name to replace the earlier generic name, and so the correct name of the former is Trillium L. subgen.  Delostylis (Raf.) Raf. . Its type species

3174-482: The genus Trillium by recognizing three species, Trillium cernuum , Trillium erectum , and Trillium sessile . The type specimen Trillium cernuum described by Linnaeus was actually Trillium catesbaei , an oversight that subsequently led to much confusion regarding the type species of this genus. Initially the Trillium genus was placed in the family Liliaceae . In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it

3243-564: The grouping of the phytoplasmas isolated from infected plants as a related strain of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni ' (subgroup 16SrIII-F) with 99% sequence identity. This subgroup of phytoplasmas is associated with various other diseases, including milkweed yellows , Vaccinium witches' broom , and potato purple top. Picking parts off a trillium plant can kill it even if the rhizome is left undisturbed. Some species of trillium are listed as threatened or endangered and collecting these species may be illegal. Laws in some jurisdictions may restrict

3312-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

3381-779: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Flora of North America The Flora of North America North of Mexico (usually referred to as FNA ) is a multivolume work describing the native plants and naturalized plants of North America , including the United States, Canada, St. Pierre and Miquelon, and Greenland. It includes bryophytes and vascular plants. All taxa are described and included in dichotomous keys, distributions of all species and infraspecific taxa are mapped, and about 20% of species are illustrated with line drawings prepared specifically for FNA. It

3450-533: The morphology of infected plants. Symptoms of phytoplasma infection include abnormal green markings on the petals (floral virescence ), extra leaves ( phyllody ), and other abnormal characteristics. Infected populations occur throughout the species range but are prevalent in Ontario, Michigan, and New York. For many years, this condition was thought to originate from mutation, and so many of these forms were given taxonomic names now known to be invalid. In 1971, Hooper, Case, and Meyers used electron microscopy to detect

3519-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

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3588-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

3657-411: The plant down to the species level. In eastern North America, jack-in-the-pulpit ( Arisaema triphyllum ) is often mistaken for bare-leaved Trillium . Both species are about the same height with trifoliate leaves but the former lacks 3-way rotational symmetry and has leaf veins unlike those of Trillium . Trilliums are myrmecochorous , that is, ants act as agents of seed dispersal . Each seed of

3726-421: The presence of mycoplasma-like organisms (i.e., phytoplasmas) in T. grandiflorum with virescent petals. The means of transmission was not established but leafhoppers were suspected. As of November 2021, the insect vector for Trillium greening disorder is unknown. Phytoplasmas were positively identified in T. grandiflorum and T. erectum in Ontario in 2016. Phylogenetic analysis supported

3795-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

3864-470: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

3933-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

4002-409: The seeds of Trillium camschatcense and T. tschonoskii are collected by ant species Aphaenogaster smythiesi and Myrmica ruginodis . Sometimes beetles interfere with the dispersal process by eating the elaiosomes, which makes the seeds less attractive to ants. Yellow jackets ( Vespula spp.) and other wasps are similarly attracted to elaiosomes. The wasps carry off the seeds and feed on

4071-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

4140-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

4209-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

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4278-409: The time, the former subgenus was considered to be the more primitive group. Based on molecular systematics , Trillium subgen.  Phyllantherum has been shown to be a monophyletic group, but its segregation renders the remaining Trillium subgen.  Trillium paraphyletic . Trillium subgenus Phyllantherum was named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1820, but since he did not provide

4347-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

4416-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

4485-400: The wild to an unsustainable degree. This is particularly dire in the case of T. govanianum , whose high selling price as a folk medicine has motivated harvesters to destroy swathes of ecologically sensitive Himalayan forests, causing mudslides. Several species contain sapogenins . They have been used traditionally as uterine stimulants , the inspiration for the common name birthwort. In

4554-466: The world. The series has been praised for "the comprehensive treatments [that] allow botanists to examine taxonomic and geographical traits of genera across the North American continent, rather than being limited by keys developed for one's own state or region". Reviewing volume 3, Paula Wolfe found the series worth recommending, and praised it for high standards. This article about

4623-548: Was circumscribed as a clade of three (3) species in 2022. Species in the subgenus have pedicellate flowers (on a stalk) and solid green leaves (except T. ovatum on the west coast of California, which occasionally has mottled leaves). The stigmas are fused together at their bases (basally connate ) but lack a definite style . They are distributed across North America (but not Asia). Flowers were and still are consumed and used by indigenous peoples in various regions of North America. Trillium subgen.  Delostylis ,

4692-658: Was followed in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group , which assigned the genus Trillium , along with its close relative Paris , to the family Melanthiaceae. However, other taxonomists have since preferred to break up the heterogenous Melanthiaceae into several smaller monophyletic families, each with more coherent morphological features, returning Trillium to a resurrected Trilliaceae. In 1850, German botanist Carl Sigismund Kunth segregated Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don into genus Trillidium . Some authorities consider Trillidium Kunth to be

4761-497: Was sometimes placed in a smaller family, Trilliaceae . By 1981 Liliaceae had grown to about 280 genera and 4,000 species. As it became clearer that the very large version of Liliaceae was polyphyletic , some botanists preferred to place Trillium and related genera into that separate family. Others defined a larger family, Melanthiaceae , for a similar purpose, but included several other genera not historically recognized as close relatives of Trillium . This latter approach

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