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49-550: Mount Ida , called by Homer "many-fountain" (πολυπίδαξ), sourced several rivers, including Rhesos, Heptaporos, Caresus , Rhodios , Granicus (Granikos), Aesepus , Skamandros and Simoeis ; these rivers were deified as a source of life by the Greeks, who depicted them on their coins as river-gods reclining by a stream and holding a reed. The Troad is first mentioned by that name in Hittite records as Taruiša . This identification

98-639: A carpet of Cladonia spp. lichens . The proportion of trees to lichen mat increases southwards towards the "forest line", where trees cover 50 percent or more of the landscape. A southern treeline exists in the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands and the Australian Macquarie Island , with places where mean annual temperatures above 5 °C (41 °F) support trees and woody plants, and those below 5 °C (41 °F) do not. Another treeline exists in

147-579: A few mosses, lichens, and species of grass do so. In addition, no trees survive on any of the subantarctic islands near the peninsula. Southern Rata forests exist on Enderby Island and Auckland Islands (both 50°S) and these grow up to an elevation of 370 metres (1,200 ft) in sheltered valleys. These trees seldom grow above 3 m (9.8 ft) in height and they get smaller as one gains altitude, so that by 180 m (600 ft) they are waist-high. These islands have only between 600 and 800 hours of sun annually. Campbell Island (52°S) further south

196-487: A major impact on the ability of trees to place roots into the ground. When roots are too shallow, trees are susceptible to windthrow and erosion. Trees can often grow in river valleys at latitudes where they could not grow on a more exposed site. Maritime influences such as ocean currents also play a major role in determining how far from the equator trees can grow as well as the warm summers experienced in extreme continental climates. In northern inland Scandinavia there

245-431: A more gradual transition. Trees grow shorter and often at lower densities as they approach the tree line, above which they are unable to grow at all. Given a certain latitude, the tree line is approximately 300 to 1000 meters below the permanent snow line and roughly parallel to it. Due to their vertical structure, trees are more susceptible to cold than more ground-hugging forms of plants. Summer warmth generally sets

294-400: A shepherd on Mount Ida. Unbeknownst to all, even to himself, Paris was the son of Priam, king of Troy. He was there on Mount Ida, experiencing the rustic education in exile of many heroes of Greek mythology , for his disastrous future effect on Troy was foretold at his birth, and Priam had him exposed on the sacred slopes. When the good shepherd who was entrusted with the baby returned to bury

343-435: A sufficiency of new growth to support the tree. Wind can mechanically damage tree tissues directly , including blasting with windborne particles, and may also contribute to the desiccation of foliage , especially of shoots that project above the snow cover. The actual tree line is set by the mean temperature, while the realized tree line may be affected by disturbances, such as logging . Most human activities cannot change

392-492: A too-cold summer climate (tundra) that none have any indigenous tree species. The Falkland Islands (51°S) summer temperature is near the limit, but the islands are also treeless, although some planted trees exist. Antarctic Peninsula is the northernmost point in Antarctica (63°S) and has the mildest weather—it is located 1,080 kilometres (670 mi) from Cape Horn on Tierra del Fuego —yet no trees survive there; only

441-526: Is evidence for the following peoples with a reasonable degree of probability: In historical times, Xerxes ' march took him past Mount Ida (Herodotus VII:42). In July 2019, protesters made accusations against Canadian company Alamos Gold for constructing a mine in Mount Ida, despite the fact that the mine was located 40 km away from Mount Ida, within the borders of the Biga Mountains and in

490-434: Is inhibited when excessive snow lingers and shortens the growing season to the point where new growth would not have time to harden before the onset of fall frost. Moderate snowpack, however, may promote tree growth by insulating the trees from extreme cold during the winter, curtailing water loss, and prolonging a supply of moisture through the early part of the growing season. However, snow accumulation in sheltered gullies in

539-605: Is known as "the Olive Riviera." However, the Karamenderes River (the ancient Scamander ) flows from the other side of Mount Ida to the west. Its valley under Kaz Dağları has been called "the Vale of Troy" by English speakers. Currently a modest 2.4 km of Mount Ida are protected by Kaz Dağı National Park, created in 1993. The summit is windswept and bare with a relatively low tree line due to exposure, but

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588-420: Is seldom abrupt: it usually forms a transition zone between closed forest below and treeless alpine zone above. This zone of transition occurs "near the top of the tallest peaks in the northeastern United States, high up on the giant volcanoes in central Mexico, and on mountains in each of the 11 western states and throughout much of Canada and Alaska". Environmentally dwarfed shrubs ( krummholz ) commonly form

637-537: Is substantial maritime influence on high parallels that keep winters relatively mild, but enough inland effect to have summers well above the threshold for the tree line. Here are some typical polar treelines: Trees exist on Tierra del Fuego (55°S) at the southern end of South America, but generally not on subantarctic islands and not in Antarctica. Therefore, there is no explicit Antarctic tree line. Kerguelen Island (49°S), South Georgia (54°S), and other subantarctic islands are all so heavily wind-exposed and with

686-449: The Iliad , Mount Ida plays an essential role for the lives of Trojans in the city of Troy. Part of Troy's water source came from the rivers along Mount Ida, while the city uses the mountain to collect wood as well. Trojans also used the peaks on Mount Ida for religious purposes, while in the Iliad , Zeus stayed on the peak at Gargarus on Mount Ida for a period of time in the poem. Idaea

735-529: The Selkirk Mountains of southeastern British Columbia causes the tree line to be 400 metres (1,300 ft) lower than on exposed intervening shoulders. In some mountainous areas, higher elevations above the condensation line, or on equator-facing and leeward slopes, can result in low rainfall and increased exposure to solar radiation. This dries out the soil, resulting in a localized arid environment unsuitable for trees. Many south-facing ridges of

784-598: The Aegean Islands. Following its conquest by the Ottoman Empire , the Troad formed part of the sanjak of Biga . The apostles Paul and Silas first visited Troas during their journey from Galatia to Macedonia . Paul also referred to Troas when he asked his fellow evangelist Timothy out of Ephesus , to bring the cloak he had left there, a journey of about 500 kilometres (310 mi). The changes from

833-840: The Argives to drive Hektor and the Trojans back from the ships. During the Trojan War , in an episode recorded in Epitome of the fourth book of the Bibliotheca , Achilles with some of the Achaean chiefs laid waste the countryside, and made his way to Ida to rustle the cattle of Aeneas. But Aeneas fled, and Achilles killed the cowherds and Mestor , son of Priam, and drove away the sacred kine ( Epitome 3.32). Achilles briefly refers to this incident as he prepares to duel with Aeneas during

882-545: The Olympian gods. In The Metamorphoses , Ovid writes that Hermaphroditus , the child of Hermes and Aphrodite , was taken after birth to be raised for fifteen years by the Naids of Mount Ida. On the sacred mountain, the nymphs who were the daughter-spirits of the river Cebrenus , had their haunt, and one, Oenone , who had the chthonic gifts of prophetic vision and the curative powers of herb magic, wed Paris , living as

931-472: The actual tree line, unless they affect the climate. The tree line follows the line where the seasonal mean temperature is approximately 6 °C or 43 °F. The seasonal mean temperature is taken over all days whose mean temperature is above 0.9 °C (33.6 °F). A growing season of 94 days above that temperature is required for tree growth. Because of climate change , which leads to earlier snow melt and favorable conditions for tree establishment,

980-548: The birth of Aeneas , the mythological progenitor of Rome's Julio-Claudian dynasty and a founder of Rome . The mountain is the scene of several mythic events in the works of Homer . At its summit, the Olympian gods gathered to watch the progress of the epic fight. But the mountain was the sacred place of the Goddess, and Hera's powers were so magnified on Mount Ida, that she was able to distract Zeus with her seductions, just long enough to permit Poseidon to intercede on behalf of

1029-706: The collection passed to Erythrae, where it became famous as the oracles of the Erythraean Sibyl . It seems to have been this very collection, or so it would appear, which found its way to Cumae (see the Cumaean Sibyl ) and from Cumae to Rome. Mount Ida owes much of its fame to the work of the poet Homer , gaining renown from having been mentioned in his epic poem the Iliad . It is the setting for numerous episodes in Ancient Greek myth. For example, in

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1078-428: The destruction of the natural environment in the area. In 2021, the mining company filed an investment treaty claim exceeding $ 1 billion against Turkey for "unfair and inequitable treatment". Tree line The tree line is the edge of a habitat at which trees are capable of growing and beyond which they are not. It is found at high elevations and high latitudes . Beyond the tree line, trees cannot tolerate

1127-486: The environmental conditions (usually low temperatures, extreme snowpack, or associated lack of available moisture). The tree line is sometimes distinguished from a lower timberline , which is the line below which trees form a forest with a closed canopy . At the tree line, tree growth is often sparse, stunted, and deformed by wind and cold. This is sometimes known as krummholz (German for "crooked wood"). The tree line often appears well-defined, but it can be

1176-452: The exposed child, he discovered that he had been suckled by a she-bear (a totem animal of the archaic goddess Artemis ) and took the child home to be foster-nursed by his wife. When Eris ("discord") cast the Apple of Discord , inscribed "for the fairest", into the wedding festivities of Peleus with Thetis , three great goddesses repaired to Mount Ida to be appraised. By a sacred spring on

1225-404: The general cooling trend. Compared with arctic tree lines, alpine tree lines may receive fewer than half of the number of degree days (above 10 °C (50 °F)) based on air temperature, but because solar radiation intensities are greater at alpine than at arctic tree lines the number of degree days calculated from leaf temperatures may be very similar. At the alpine tree line, tree growth

1274-407: The habitat can be described as the alpine zone . Treelines on north-facing slopes in the northern hemisphere are lower than on south-facing slopes, because the increased shade on north-facing slopes means the snowpack takes longer to melt. This shortens the growing season for trees. In the southern hemisphere, the south-facing slopes have the shorter growing season. The alpine tree line boundary

1323-435: The internal sap of trees, killing them. In addition, permafrost in the soil can prevent trees from getting their roots deep enough for the necessary structural support. Unlike alpine tree lines, the northern tree line occurs at low elevations. The arctic forest–tundra transition zone in northwestern Canada varies in width, perhaps averaging 145 kilometres (90 mi) and widening markedly from west to east, in contrast with

1372-475: The lack of suitable soil, such as along talus slopes or exposed rock formations, prevents trees from gaining an adequate foothold and exposes them to drought and sun. The arctic tree line is the northernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere where trees can grow; farther north, it is too cold all year round to sustain trees. Extremely low temperatures, especially when prolonged, can freeze

1421-399: The limit to which tree growth can occur: while tree line conifers are very frost-hardy during most of the year, they become sensitive to just 1 or 2 degrees of frost in mid-summer. A series of warm summers in the 1940s seems to have permitted the establishment of "significant numbers" of spruce seedlings above the previous treeline in the hills near Fairbanks, Alaska . Survival depends on

1470-526: The mountains of the Western U.S. have a lower treeline than the northern faces because of increased sun exposure and aridity. Hawaii's treeline of about 8,000 ft (2,400 m) is also above the condensation zone and results due to a lack of moisture. On coasts and isolated mountains, the tree line is often much lower than in corresponding altitudes inland and in larger, more complex mountain systems, because strong winds reduce tree growth. In addition,

1519-565: The mountainside, in "the Judgment of Paris ", the grown youth Paris awarded it to Aphrodite , who offered Helen for a bribe, earning the perpetual enmity of the discredited goddesses Hera and Athena to the Trojan cause ( Bibliotheca 3.12.5). Anchises , father of Aeneas , also of the Trojan royal house, was tending sheep on Mount Ida when he was seduced by Aphrodite. Their union led to

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1568-522: The north coast of the Edremit Gulf . It is between Balıkesir Province and Çanakkale Province . Mount Ida is a lightly populated upland massif of about 700 km located to the north of Edremit . A number of small villages in the region are connected by paths. Drainage is mainly to the south, into the Gulf of Edremit  [ tr ] , also known as Edremit Bay, where the coast is rugged and

1617-601: The number of Greek poleis that coined money in their own names. The region was part of the satrapy (province) of Hellespontine Phrygia of the Achaemenid Empire until its conquest by Alexander the Great . After this it fell to the Diadoch Seleucid Empire , and then passed to Rome's ally, the kingdom of Pergamon. The Attalid kings of Pergamon (now Bergama ) later ceded Mysia, including

1666-464: The predominance of conifers ): The alpine tree line at a location is dependent on local variables, such as aspect of slope, rain shadow and proximity to either geographical pole . In addition, in some tropical or island localities, the lack of biogeographical access to species that have evolved in a subalpine environment can result in lower tree lines than one might expect by climate alone. Averaging over many locations and local microclimates ,

1715-569: The siege of Troy. ( Iliad XX) After the Trojan War, the only surviving son of Priam, Helenus , retired to Mount Ida, where he was surprised and became the captive of Neoptolemus . In the Aeneid a shooting star falls onto the mountain in answer to the prayer of Anchises to Jupiter . In the Bronze Age , the region around the mountain complex had a somewhat chequered ethnography. There

1764-538: The skirts of Balaban Hill. The Republic of Turkey prohibits mining in National Parks, Natural Preserves, Archeological Sites and Wildlife Protection Areas. Protesters criticized that thousands of trees were cleared as well as plans to use cyanide to extract gold. The Turkish government and company responded with claims that the mine would not damage the environment. Protesters began a "Water and Conscience Watch" on July 26. A "Great Water and Conscience Meeting"

1813-615: The slopes of this mountain, at the edge of mild Mediterranean and colder central Anatolian climate zones, hold a wealth of endemic flora, marooned here after the Ice Age. The climate at lower altitudes has become increasingly hot and dry in the deforested landscape. The dry period lasts from May to October. Rainfall averages between 631 and 733 mm per year. The mean annual temperature is 15.7 degrees Celsius, with diurnal temperatures as high as 43.7 degrees Celsius in Edremit . The forests on

1862-459: The southwesternmost parts of the Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregion, where the forest merges into the subantarctic tundra (termed Magellanic moorland or Magellanic tundra). For example, the northern halves of Hoste and Navarino Islands have Nothofagus antarctica forests but the southern parts consist of moorlands and tundra. Some typical Arctic and alpine tree line tree species (note

1911-472: The story, being recounted as "they" to "we" in Acts 16 and Acts 20 , imply that Paul was joined by Luke when he went through Troas. Mount Ida (Turkey) Mount Ida (Turkish: Kazdağı , pronounced [kazdaɯ] , meaning "Goose Mountain", Kaz Dağları, or Karataş Tepesi, Greek: Ίδα ) is a mountain in northwestern Turkey , some 20 mi (32 km) southeast of the ruins of Troy , along

1960-454: The telescoped alpine timberlines. North of the arctic tree line lies the low-growing tundra , and southwards lies the boreal forest . Two zones can be distinguished in the arctic tree line: a forest–tundra zone of scattered patches of krummholz or stunted trees, with larger trees along rivers and on sheltered sites set in a matrix of tundra; and "open boreal forest" or "lichen woodland", consisting of open groves of erect trees underlain by

2009-536: The territory of the Troad, to the Roman Republic , on the death of King Attalus III in 133 BC. Under the Roman Empire , the territory of the Troad became part of the province of Asia , and later of the smaller Mysian province Hellespontus; it was important enough to have suffragan bishoprics, including Pionia (now Avcılar). Under the later Byzantine Empire , it was included in the thema of

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2058-505: The tree line in North Cascades National Park has risen more than 400 feet (120 m) in 50 years. Several types of tree lines are defined in ecology and geography : An alpine tree line is the highest elevation that sustains trees; higher up it is too cold, or the snow cover lasts for too much of the year, to sustain trees. The climate above the tree line of mountains is called an alpine climate , and

2107-517: The treeline rises 75 metres (245 ft) when moving 1 degree south from 70 to 50°N, and 130 metres (430 ft) per degree from 50 to 30°N. Between 30°N and 20°S, the treeline is roughly constant, between 3,500 and 4,000 metres (11,500 and 13,100 ft). Here is a list of approximate tree lines from locations around the globe: Like the alpine tree lines shown above, polar tree lines are heavily influenced by local variables such as aspect of slope and degree of shelter. In addition, permafrost has

2156-475: The upper limit. The decrease in air temperature with increasing elevation creates the alpine climate. The rate of decrease can vary in different mountain chains, from 3.5 °F (1.9 °C) per 1,000 feet (300 m) of elevation gain in the dry mountains of the western United States, to 1.4 °F (0.78 °C) per 1,000 feet (300 m) in the moister mountains of the eastern United States. Skin effects and topography can create microclimates that alter

2205-415: The upper slopes consist mainly of Trojan fir ( Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani ; considered by some botanists to be a distinct species Abies equi-trojani ). Deer , wild boar and jackal are common at the area. Wolves , lynx , brown bears and big cats once roamed there, but now disappeared from the mountains due to overhunting. In ancient times of the Greeks, the mountain was dedicated to

2254-562: The worship of Cybele . The Romans gave this goddess the epithet Magna Mater ("Great Mother"), or Magna Mater deorum Idaea ("great Idaean mother of the gods"). The oldest collection of Sibylline utterances, the Sibylline Books , appears to have been made about the time of Cyrus at Gergis on Mount Ida; it was attributed to the Hellespontine Sibyl and was preserved in the temple of Apollo at Gergis. From Gergis

2303-501: Was a nymph , mate of the river god Scamander , and mother of King Teucer the Trojan king. The Scamander River flowed from Mount Ida across the plain beneath the city of Troy, and joined the Hellespont north of the city. At an earlier time, on Mount Ida, Ganymede , the son of Tros or perhaps of Laomedon , both kings of Troy, was desired by Zeus , who descended in the form of an eagle and swept up Ganymede, to be cupbearer to

2352-530: Was first put forth by Emil Forrer , but largely disputed by most Hittite experts until 1983 when Houwink ten Cate showed that two fragments were from the same original cuneiform tablet and in his discussion of the restored letter showed that Taruiša and Wiluša (Troy) were correctly placed in northwestern Anatolia. Greek settlements flourished in Troas during the Archaic and Classical ages, as evidenced by

2401-403: Was then held on August 5, during which protesters entered the mining site and symbolically planted trees in front of the press. Local residents near the village of Kirazlı criticized the protesters who came to the region with misinformation. Images of the land which had been cleared of trees also caused outrage on social media. Artist Zülfü Livaneli wrote an open letter to UNESCO protesting about

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