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64-521: Founded in 1985, the organization is committed to honoring and preserving Tucson 's unique architectural treasures and public spaces . During the early 1980s, a growing concern over the continual demolition of historic buildings sparked the conception of a non-profit organization that could actively protect and advocate for Tucson's historic built environment. In March 1985, the Tucson Historic Preservation Foundation

128-498: A biennial election. With the tricolor scheme, some observers complain the shape of the A is hard to distinguish from the background of the peak. Since 1993, the A has been painted green for St. Patrick's Day. It has also been given other color schemes for different causes. North Tucson includes the urban neighborhoods of Amphitheater and Flowing Wells . Usually considered the area north of Fort Lowell Road, North Tucson includes some of Tucson's primary commercial zones ( Tucson Mall and

192-473: A desert environment. Similar to Southern California , the urban area extends into Mexico, reaching the communities of Heroica Nogales and Agua Prieta . Its population is composed of five metropolitan areas: Phoenix , Tucson , Prescott , Sierra Vista-Douglas and Nogales . Of these, two are metropolitan areas with over 1,000,000 residents: the Phoenix metropolitan area with 4.85 million residents and

256-539: A special agent and future Pima County sheriff, to investigate. The US Army established Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, to help protect settlers and travelers from Apache attacks. In 1882, Morgan Earp was fatally shot, in what was later referred to in the press as the "Earp–Clanton Tragedy". Marietta Spence, wife of Pete Spence , one of the Cochise County Cowboys , testified at the coroner's inquest on Earp's killing and implicated Frank Stilwell in

320-532: A week, connecting Maricopa, Arizona and Tucson. There is no other intercity rail in the region; however Phoenix–Tucson passenger rail is in the planning phase. Intracity rail systems include the Valley Metro Rail , which operates within the Phoenix metropolitan area, connecting Uptown and Downtown Phoenix with Tempe and Mesa, and Tucson's Sun Link streetcar system, which links Downtown Tucson and

384-596: Is 116 mi (187 km) southeast of Phoenix and 69 mi (111 km) north of the United States–Mexico border . The 2020 United States census puts the city's population at 542,629 with a metropolitan area population at 1,043,433. In 2020, Tucson ranked as the 33rd-largest city and 53rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is

448-570: Is a city in and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona , United States, and is home to the University of Arizona . It is the second-largest city in Arizona behind Phoenix , with a population of 542,629 in the 2020 United States census , while the population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is 1,043,433. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area . Both Tucson and Phoenix anchor

512-715: Is a stative verb meaning "(be) black, (be) dark". Ṣon is (in this usage) a noun referring to the base or foundation of something. The name is commonly translated into English as "the base [of the hill] is black", a reference to a basalt-covered hill now known as Sentinel Peak . Tucson is sometimes referred to as the Old Pueblo and Optics Valley, the latter referring to its optical science and telescopes known worldwide. [REDACTED] Spanish Empire 1775–1821 [REDACTED] First Mexican Empire 1821–1823 [REDACTED] United Mexican States 1823–1854 [REDACTED]   United States 1854–present The Tucson area

576-618: Is also in the Foothills. The DeGrazia Gallery of the Sun is near the intersection of Swan Road and Skyline Drive. Built by artist Ted DeGrazia starting in 1951, the 10-acre (4.0 ha) property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and features an eclectic chapel, an art gallery, and a museum. The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of

640-509: Is also on the Northwest side, with the distinction of being Tucson's first suburb, established in the late 1940s. Casas Adobes is centered on the historic Casas Adobes Plaza (built in 1948). Casas Adobes is also home to Tohono Chul Park , which is now within the town of Oro Valley, (a nature preserve) near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road. The attempted assassination of Representative Gabby Giffords , which resulted in

704-555: Is in midtown and includes Arizona Stadium and McKale Center (named for J.F. "Pop" McKale , a prominent coach and athletics administrator at the university). The historic Tucson High School (designed by Roy Place in 1924) was featured in the 1987 film Can't Buy Me Love . The Arizona Inn (built in 1930) and the Tucson Botanical Gardens are also in Central Tucson. Tucson's largest park, Reid Park ,

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768-526: Is in midtown and includes Reid Park Zoo and Hi Corbett Field . Speedway Boulevard, a major east–west arterial road in central Tucson, was named the "ugliest street in America" by Life in the early 1970s, quoting Tucson Mayor James Corbett . In the late 1990s, Speedway Boulevard was awarded "Street of the Year" by Arizona Highways . Speedway Boulevard was named after an historic horse racetrack, known as

832-481: Is surrounded by the City of Tucson and was incorporated in 1936 and reincorporated in 1940. The population is about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American, as residents self-identify in the census. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and architectural styles. Bright murals have been painted on some walls, but city policy discourages this and many have been painted over. The south side of

896-593: The Altar Valley , rural residential development predominates. Attractions include Saguaro National Park West , and movie set/theme park developed at the Old Tucson Studios . On Sentinel Peak, just west of downtown, a giant "A" was installed in honor of the University of Arizona, resulting in the nickname "A" Mountain. Starting in about 1915, an annual tradition developed for freshmen to whitewash

960-475: The Arizona Sun Corridor . The city is 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (100 km) north of the United States–Mexico border . Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city, Sahuarita south of the city, and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or overlapping

1024-690: The California Gold Rush of 1849. The US acquired those portions of modern-day Arizona that lay south of the Gila River by treaty from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8, 1854. Under this treaty and purchase, Tucsón became a part of the United States of America. The American military did not formally take over control until March 1856. In time, the name of the town became standardized in English in its current form, where

1088-541: The Harlem River Speedway , and more commonly called "The Speedway", in New York City. The Tucson street was called "The Speedway" from 1904 to about 1906, when "The" was removed from the title. As of the early 21st century, Central Tucson is considered bicycle-friendly . To the east of the University of Arizona, Third Street is bike-only except for local traffic; it passes by the historic homes of

1152-608: The Mexican–American War in 1846–1848, Tucsón was captured by Philip St. George Cooke with the Mormon Battalion , but it soon returned to Mexican control as Cooke proceeded to the west, establishing Cooke's Wagon Road to California. Tucsón was not included in the Mexican Cession to the United States following the war. Cooke's road through Tucsón became one of the important routes into California during

1216-466: The National Register of Historic Places and as Local Historic Landmarks. The Tucson Historic Preservation Foundation launched Tucson Modernism Week in 2011 and continues to manage the annual educational program. The foundation has worked to save southern Arizona's early silent film heritage including restoration and screenings of silent films shot in Tucson and southern Arizona including The Mine with

1280-646: The Rialto Theatre opened in 1920, and St. Augustine Cathedral completed in 1896. Included on the National Register of Historic Places is the old Pima County Courthouse , designed by Roy Place in 1928. El Charro Café , Tucson's oldest restaurant, operates its main location downtown. As one of the oldest parts of town, Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center, designed by local architect Josias Joesler at

1344-823: The Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the south, the Rincon Mountains to the east, and the Tucson Mountains to the west. Tucson Mountains include 4,687 ft (1,429 m) Wasson Peak. The highest point in the area is Mount Wrightson , found in the Santa Rita Mountains at 9,453 ft (2,881 m) above sea level. Tucson

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1408-537: The Tucson metropolitan area with over 1 million residents. The Arizona Sun Corridor is made up of all of Maricopa , Pinal and Pima counties, along with parts of Yavapai , Santa Cruz and Cochise counties. It is home to over 86 percent of Arizona's population. Most of the Arizona Sun Corridor is in the Sonoran Desert . To the south of the region is the border between the United States and Mexico, and to

1472-564: The Tucson Convention Center (TCC), include: Other historical neighborhoods near downtown include: At the end of the 2010s, city planners and the business community worked to redevelop downtown Tucson. The primary project was Rio Nuevo, a large retail and community center that had been stalled in planning for more than a decade. One Rio Nuevo project that was successful is Mission Garden . Related to Tucson's City of Gastronomy designation, this living agricultural museum at

1536-557: The A, which was visible for miles. After the September 11 terrorist attacks, the A was painted red, white, and blue. At the beginning of the Iraq War in 2003, antiwar activists painted the A black. Competition ensued, with various sides repainting the A in different colors until the city council intervened and made the red, white, and blue colors official. In 2013, the color scheme changed back to white. Another color may be decided by

1600-491: The Arizona Sun Corridor with a population of at least 10,000 residents. Intercity in the region is provided by the I-8 , I-10 , I-17 , and I-19 freeways, as well as US 60 , SR 87 , SR 90 , and SR 77 , among other surface highways. Phoenix area arterials are set up in a grid pattern, which helps simplify transportation within the region. Tucson's streets have a similar system. Amtrak 's Sunset Limited operates three times

1664-949: The Iron Door and Ridin' Wild (1925 film) . As of 2016, Demion Clinco serves as the Executive Director and Suzy Gershman as the President of the Board. In 2016 the Foundation purchased and saved the Hirsh's Shoes building, located at 2934 E Broadway Blvd in Tucson and in 2019, saved, purchased and restored the Ball-Paylore House . Each year the Foundation presents awards to recognize the individuals, organizations and projects that work to preserve Tucson's heritage : The organization's Archives exist to sustain

1728-508: The Mercado district to the University of Arizona . Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and Tucson International Airport provide air transportation to the region, from both within the country and from a few foreign countries, among other smaller airports, which focus on regional air traffic from nearby. Recently, Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport , previously being a military base, has also become an option for low-cost carriers to fly into

1792-740: The Mexican border, but after hearing of Leavy's exploits as a gunfighter, Murphy decided to ambush Leavy instead. Together with two of his friends, Murphy ambushed Leavy as he was leaving the Palace Hotel, killing him. According to Wright, the three co-defendants in Leavy's murder later escaped from the Pima County Jail, but were later recaptured. Murphy and Gibson were found in Fenner, California, living under assumed names; they were retried for

1856-637: The Oracle Road Corridor). Many of the city's most upscale boutiques , restaurants, and art galleries are also on the north side, including St. Philip's Plaza. The plaza is directly adjacent to the historic St. Philip's in the Hills Episcopal Church (built in 1936). The north side also is home to the suburban community of Catalina Foothills , in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains just north of

1920-882: The Sam Hughes neighborhood. To the west, East University Boulevard leads to the Fourth Avenue Shopping District. To the North, North Mountain Avenue has a full bike-only lane for half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park bike and walk multi-use path. To the south, North Highland Avenue leads to the Barraza-Aviation Parkway bicycle path. South Tucson is the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km ) south of downtown. It

1984-404: The Tucson station and killed Stilwell on the tracks. After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and conducted a vendetta , killing three more cowboys over the next few days before leaving the territory. Jim Leavy had built a reputation of having fought in at least 16 gunfights. On June 5, 1882, Leavy had an argument with faro dealer John Murphy in Tucson. The two agreed to have a duel on

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2048-668: The Western US, Tucson was developed by European Americans on a grid plan starting in the late 19th century, with the city center at Stone Avenue and Broadway Boulevard. While this intersection was initially near the geographic center of Tucson, the center has shifted as the city has expanded far to the east. Development to the west was effectively blocked by the Tucson Mountains. Covering a large geographic area, Tucson has many distinct neighborhoods. Tucson's earliest neighborhoods, some of which were redeveloped and covered by

2112-606: The area west of I-10. Western Tucson encompasses the banks of the Santa Cruz River and the foothills of the Tucson Mountains . Area attractions include the International Wildlife Museum and Sentinel Peak. The Marriott Starr Pass Resort and Spa serves travelers and residents. As travelers pass the Tucson Mountains, they enter the area commonly referred to as "west of" Tucson or "Old West Tucson". In this large, undulating plain extending south into

2176-472: The base of Sentinel Peak west of downtown grows heritage crops and heirloom trees that represent people who have lived in the area for thousands of years. Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south, I-10 to the west, and 6th Street to the north, and Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific (formerly Southern Pacific ) railroad tracks, site of the historic train depot on

2240-508: The city limits) include Casas Adobes , Catalina Foothills , Flowing Wells , Midvale Park , Tanque Verde , Tortolita , and Vail . Towns outside the Tucson metropolitan area include Three Points , Benson to the southeast, Catalina and Oracle to the north, and Green Valley to the south. Tucson was founded as a military fort by the Spanish when Hugo O'Conor authorized the construction of Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón in 1775. It

2304-592: The city limits. This community includes many of the area's most expensive homes, sometimes multimillion-dollar estates. The Foothills area is generally defined as north of River Road, east of Oracle Road and west of Sabino Creek . Some of the Tucson area's major resorts are in the Catalina Foothills, including Hacienda Del Sol , Westin La Paloma Resort, Loews Ventana Canyon Resort and Canyon Ranch Resort . La Encantada , an outdoor shopping mall,

2368-410: The city of Tucson is generally considered to be the area around 25 sq mi (65 km ) south of 22nd Street, east of I-19, west of Davis Monthan Air Force Base and southwest of Aviation Parkway, and north of Los Reales Road. The Tucson International Airport and Tucson Electric Park are located here. The West Side has areas of both urban and suburban development. It is generally defined as

2432-582: The city's population. They were predominantly Chinese men who had been recruited as workers on the railroads. By 1900, 7,531 people lived in Tucson. By 1910, the population increased to 13,913. About this time, the U.S. Veterans Administration had begun construction of the present Veterans Hospital. The city's clean, dry air made it a destination for many veterans who had been gassed in World War I and needed respiratory therapy . In addition, these dry and high-altitude conditions were thought to be ideal for

2496-821: The east side. Downtown is divided into the Presidio District, the Barrio Viejo, and the Congress Street Arts and Entertainment District. Some authorities include the 4th Avenue shopping district, northeast of the rest of downtown and connected by an underpass beneath the UPRR tracks. Historic attractions downtown with rich architecture include the Hotel Congress designed in 1919, the Art Deco Fox Theatre designed in 1929,

2560-556: The first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery. Italian Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino first visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692. He founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700, about 7 mi (11 km) upstream from

2624-594: The foundation never fulfilled it intended mission, it did influence the protection and stabilization of many Tucson Historic Properties. Funds from the Foundation were loaned to Fort Lowell Neighborhood Association to preserve the Historic San Pedro Chapel. In the early 1990s, the Foundation became dormant. In 2008 under the leadership of Demion Clinco the organization was restructured and a new board established. The organization has been able to save Tucson's neon signs , listed numerous building on

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2688-590: The highest growth rates of any jurisdiction in the United States. According to the United States Census Bureau , as of 2010, the City of Tucson has a land area of 226.71 square miles (587.2 km ). The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport). Tucson is on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran Desert , surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains:

2752-644: The intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road. The 4th Avenue Shopping District between downtown, the university, and the Lost Barrio just east of downtown, also has many unique and popular stores. Local retail business in Central Tucson is densely concentrated along Fourth Avenue and the Main Gate Square on University Boulevard near the UA campus. El Con Mall is also in the eastern part of midtown. The University of Arizona , chartered in 1885,

2816-635: The largest city in southern Arizona, and the second-largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the historic Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, the Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million. The city is built along the Santa Cruz River , formerly a perennial river. Now a dry riverbed for much of the year, it regularly floods during significant seasonal rains. Interstate 10 runs northwest through town, connecting Tucson to Phoenix to

2880-520: The mission of the foundation by collecting, preserving, organizing, and encouraging use of its historical documents and research materials. Maintained are a collection of books, historic documents, resource materials and photographs dealing with architecture , Tucson, Arizona history , historic preservation , as well as horticulture and landscape architecture . Tucson This is an accepted version of this page Tucson ( / ˈ t uː s ɒ n / ; O'odham : Cuk Ṣon ; Spanish : Tucsón )

2944-539: The murder before being found not guilty. Moyer was captured in Denver and sentenced to life in Yuma Territorial Prison, but was pardoned in 1888. As other settlers tried to overcome violent frontier society, in 1885, the territorial legislature founded the University of Arizona as a land-grant college on what was overgrazed ranchland between Tucson and Fort Lowell. In 1890, Asians made up 4.2% of

3008-413: The murder. The coroner 's jury concluded Pete Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp. Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson to take a train to California. They found Stilwell apparently lying in wait for Virgil Earp at

3072-595: The murders of chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona , John Roll , and five other people on January 8, 2011, occurred at the La Toscana Village in Casas Adobes. The Foothills Mall is also on the northwest side in Casas Adobes. Arizona Sun Corridor The Arizona Sun Corridor , shortened Sun Corridor , is a megaregion , or megapolitan area, in the southern area of the U.S. state of Arizona - comprising approximately 85 percent of

3136-421: The north and east is the Arizona transition zone and the Mountains of Arizona . The Southern California Megaregion is to the west and is the nearest other Megaregion to the Arizona Sun Corridor. The Arizona Sun Corridor lies in the American Southwest , about halfway between the Southern California and Front Range Megaregions. It is shown on the map in deep blue. Below is a table listing all communities of

3200-483: The northwest (on the way to its western terminus in Santa Monica, California ), and to Las Cruces, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas to the southeast. (Its eastern terminus is in Jacksonville, Florida ). I-19 runs south from Tucson toward Nogales and the U.S.–Mexico border. I-19 is the only Interstate highway that uses "kilometer posts" instead of " mileposts ". However, speed limits are marked in miles per hour and kilometers per hour. Similar to many other cities in

3264-583: The number of flags that had been flown over Tucson to five: Spanish, Mexican, United States, Confederate, and the State of Arizona. During the territorial and early statehood periods, Tucson was Arizona's largest city and commercial center, while Phoenix was the seat of state government (beginning in 1889) and agriculture. The development of Tucson Municipal Airport increased the city's prominence. Between 1910 and 1920, though, Phoenix surpassed Tucson in population, and has continued to outpace Tucson in growth. In recent years, both Tucson and Phoenix have had some of

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3328-422: The site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now known as "A" mountain . Hugo Oconór (Hugo O'Conor), the founding father of the city of Tucson, Arizona, authorized the construction of a military fort in that location, Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón , on August 20, 1775 (the present downtown Pima County Courthouse

3392-403: The state's population. The Sun Corridor is comparable to Indiana in both size and population. It is one of the fastest growing conurbations in the country and is speculated to double its population by 2040. The largest metropolitan areas are the Phoenix metropolitan area – Valley of the Sun, and the Tucson metropolitan area – The Old Pueblo. The regions' populace is nestled in the valley of

3456-491: The stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861. Tucson was incorporated in 1877, making it the oldest incorporated city in Arizona. From 1877 to 1878, the area suffered a rash of stagecoach robberies. Most notable were the two holdups committed by masked road agent William Whitney Brazelton . Brazelton held up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station, about 17 mi (27 km) northwest of Tucson. John Clum , of Tombstone, Arizona , fame,

3520-438: The stress is on the first syllable, the "u" is long, and the "c" is silent. In 1857, Tucson was established as a stage station on the San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line . In 1858, it became third division headquarters of the Butterfield Overland Mail and operated until the line was shut down in March 1861. The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running, but following the Bascom Affair , devastating Apache attacks on

3584-464: The territorial period and early statehood, until it was surpassed by Phoenix by 1920. Nevertheless, its population growth remained strong during the late 20th century. Tucson was the first American city to be designated a "City of Gastronomy" by UNESCO in 2015. The Spanish name of the city, Tucsón ( Spanish pronunciation: [tuɣˈson] ), is derived from the O'odham Cuk Ṣon ( O'odham pronunciation: [tʃʊk ʂɔːn] ). Cuk

3648-458: The town of Marana , the small suburb of Picture Rocks , the town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains. Continental Ranch (Marana), Dove Mountain (Marana), and Rancho Vistoso (Oro Valley), and Saddlebrooke (North Oro Valley) are all master planned communities in the northwest that have thousands of residents. The community of Casas Adobes

3712-420: The treatment of tuberculosis, for which no cures were known before antibiotics were developed against it. The city continued to grow, with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920 and 36,818 in 1940. In 2006, the estimated population of Pima County , in which Tucson is located, passed one million, while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000. In 1912, Arizona was admitted as a state. This increased

3776-401: Was built near this site). During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the Second Battle of Tucson were repeatedly mounted by the Apache . Eventually, the town came to be called Tucsón, a Spanish version of the O'odham word for the area. It was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Kingdom of Spain and its Spanish Empire in 1821. During

3840-487: Was established for the purpose of acquiring, maintaining, and preserving endangered historic properties in the Tucson area. The Tucson-Pima County Historical Commission was instrumental in helping organize the Foundation. Judge Norman S. Fenton, the first president of the new non-profit, said: "The Foundation was created by those who felt frustrated at having to stand helplessly by on many occasions and see historical buildings and part of Tucson's heritage destroyed because there

3904-423: Was included in the state of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821. The United States acquired a 29,670 square miles (76,840 km ) region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico from Mexico under the Gadsden Purchase in 1853. Tucson served as the capital of the Arizona Territory from 1867 to 1877. Tucson was Arizona's largest city by population during

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3968-482: Was not an appropriate organization available for their acquisition and preservation." Ironically initial funding for the Foundation came from the sale of salvageable materials donated by Frank McClure and Homes Tuttle Ford from the demolition of the Spanish Revival Mansion "Avalon House" on Oracle Road. The Foundation's primary goal was to establish a solid financial base that would enable THPF to act quickly, if necessary, to save endangered historic buildings. Although

4032-470: Was one of the passengers. Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen posse killed Brazelton on August 19, 1878, in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles (5 km) south of Tucson. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery in the Tucson area, the Prescott region, and the Silver City, New Mexico area. Because of the crimes and threats to his business, John J. Valentine Sr. of Wells, Fargo & Co. had sent Bob Paul ,

4096-537: Was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians , who were known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River found a village site dating from 2100 BC. The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural Period , c. 1200 BC to AD 150. These people hunted, gathered wild plants and nuts, and ate corn, beans, and other crops grown using irrigation canals they constructed. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson had

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