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58-473: Tugu Yogyakarta is located right in the middle of the intersection between Mangkubumi Street, Sudirman Street, A.M Sangaji street, and Dipenogoro street of the city. The name Tugu is also an alternative name for the Yogyakarta railway station . The monument was built by Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I in 1755. It was known as Tugu Golong-Gilig (Golong-Gilig Monument), and was built in the spirit of unity of

116-425: A 10 km (6.2 mi) zone were told to evacuate. The evacuation orders affected at least 19,000 people; however, the number that complied at the time remained unclear to authorities. Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about 1 km (3,300 ft) below the surface due to the seismic activity After

174-456: A column of hot cloud rising up to 100 meters high were observed. Local authorities advised residents living in Merapi's slope to stay at least 7 kilometers away from the crater. An eruption occurred on 19 January starting at 6:59 a.m. local time, with six pyroclastic flows reaching up to 2 kilometers being recorded. On 21 January, the volcano emitted a lava flow up to 2 kilometers long and

232-493: A column of hot cloud rising up to 100 meters. Authorities advised residents living in Merapi's slope to stay at least 7 kilometers away from the crater. Mount Merapi is the site of a very active volcano monitoring program. Seismic monitoring began in 1924, with some of the volcano monitoring stations lasting until the present. The Babadan (northwest location), Selo (in the saddle between Merbabu and Merapi), and Plawangan monitoring stations have been updated with equipment over

290-481: A detected bulge in the volcano's cone indicated that fresh eruptions were imminent. Authorities put the volcano's neighboring villages on high alert and local residents prepared for a likely evacuation. On 19 April smoke from the crater reached a height of 400 m (1,300 ft), compared to 75 m (246 ft) the previous day. On 23 April, after nine surface tremors and some 156 multifaced quakes signalled movements of magma, some 600 elderly and infant residents of

348-433: A height of 2,000 m (6,562 ft). There have been several small eruptions since the beginning of 2020, which are of great interest to volcanologists. The name Merapi is a compound of Sanskrit Meru meaning "mountain" with Javanese api which means "fire". Thus Merapi can be loosely translated as "Mountain of Fire" or "Fire Mountain". Merapi is the youngest in a group of volcanoes in southern Java . It

406-468: A location that was located southeast of Mt. Merapi. The pyroclastic flows are known locally as "wedhus gembel" (Javanese for "shaggy goat"). There were two fatalities as the result of the eruption. In late October, the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency (CVGHM), ( Indonesian language —Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Badan Geologi-PVMBG), reported that

464-566: A mountain there, and that they should leave; Empu Rama and Empu Permadi ignored that warning. In anger, the gods buried Empu Rama and Empu Permadi under Mount Jamurdipo; their spirits later became the rulers of all mystical beings in the area. In memory of them, Mount Jamurdipo was later renamed Mount Merapi, which means "fire of Rama and Permadi." The Javanese believe that the Earth is not only populated by human beings, but also by spirits ( makhluk halus ). Villages near Merapi believe that one of

522-495: A pattern of increasing seismicity from Merapi had begun to emerge in early September. Observers at Babadan 7 km (4.3 mi) west and Kaliurang 8 km (5.0 mi) south of the mountain reported hearing an avalanche on 12 September. On 13 September, white plumes were observed rising 800 m (2,600 ft) above the crater. Lava dome inflation, detected since March, increased from background levels of 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) to 0.3 mm (0.012 in) per day to

580-468: A period of multiple eruptions considered to exceed the intensity and duration of those in 1872 on 10 November 2010 the intensity and frequency of eruptions was noticed to subside. By this time, 153 people had been reported to have been killed and 320,000 were displaced. Later the eruptive activities again increased requiring a continuation of the Level 4 alert and continued provision of exclusion zones around

638-765: A rate of 11 mm (0.43 in) per day on 16 September. On 19 September, earthquakes continued to be numerous, and the next day CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1–4). Lava from Mount Merapi in Central Java began flowing down the Gendol River on 23–24 October signalling the likelihood of an imminent eruption . On 25 October, the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount Merapi to its highest level (4) and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground. People living within

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696-518: A response to the threat of danger to the volcanological personnel at the higher point. This volcano is monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project . The eruption of 1930 was found to have been preceded by a large earthquake swarm. The network of 8 seismographs currently around the volcano allow volcanologists to accurately pinpoint the hypocentres of tremors and quakes. A zone in which no quakes originate

754-643: A sacred north–south axis line between Merapi's peak and the Indian Ocean , referred by locals as the Southern Ocean. The sacred axis is signified by Merapi peak in the north, the Tugu Yogyakarta monument near Yogyakarta main train station, the axis runs along Malioboro street to Northern Alun-alun (square) across Keraton Yogyakarta (sultan's palace), Southern Alun-alun, all the way to Bantul and finally reaching Samas and Parangkusumo beach on

812-443: A straight track to and from Kutoarjo. In addition, a high platform was added to track 3 — overlapping the old track 3 — and track 5. Currently, track 3 is used as a straight track towards Surakarta and turning track from Kutoarjo, track 4 is used as a straight track from Kutoarjo, and track 5 is used as a straight track towards Kutoarjo. In the station area there is a locomotive depot and a train depot which are respectively located to

870-410: A straight track and the north yard has six train tracks with (possibly) track 6 is a straight track. But in 1999, the platform on line 2 was built to accommodate the doors height of the executive train at the time. Before the double track construction which was started around 2004, the old track 3 was a straight track towards Surakarta , while track 4 was a straight track towards Kutoarjo . During

928-597: Is Lempuyangan railway station . The station is designated as a cultural heritage by the Government of the Special Region of Yogyakarta . The station and its railway tracks, stretching from west to east, becomes the border of Jetis and Gedongtengen district. The station serves the departure and arrival of all commercial classes (executive, business, and non-subsidized economy class) train from Jakarta , Bandung , and Surabaya . Staatsspoorwegen (SS) built

986-633: Is a railway station located in Yogyakarta , Special Region of Yogyakarta , in Indonesia. The altitude of this station is +113 m (371 ft) amsl . It is currently operated by the Operational Area VI Yogyakarta of Kereta Api Indonesia . It is the biggest and most important station in Yogyakarta, located in the heart of the city. This station is adjacent to Jalan Malioboro . The city's other most important station

1044-615: Is also known at the time as De Witte Paal (The White Monument). In 2012, the renovation of the monument was done. The ornamental yellow painting was done including the ball at the tip. The ornamental paint was made of 22 carat gold. At present there is a small park surrounding the monument. Yogyakarta railway station Yogyakarta Station ( Indonesian : Stasiun Yogyakarta , Javanese : ꦱꦼꦠꦱꦶꦪꦸꦤ꧀ꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ , romanized:  Setasiyun Yogyakarta ), commonly known as Tugu Station ( Javanese : ꦱꦼꦠꦱꦶꦪꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦒꦸ , romanized:  Setasiyun Tugu ; abbreviation YK , number 3020 )

1102-437: Is filling up. Lahars (a type of mudflow of pyroclastic material and water) are an important hazard on the mountain, and are caused by rain remobilizing pyroclastic flow deposits. Lahars can be detected seismically, as they cause a high- frequency seismic signal. Observations have found that about 50 mm of rain per hour is the threshold above which lahars are often generated. There are about 90 units (30 percent) from

1160-415: Is found about 1.5 km below the summit, and is thought to be the location of the magma reservoir which feeds the eruptions. Other measurements taken on the volcano include magnetic measurements and tilt measurements. Small changes in the local magnetic field have been found to coincide with eruptions, and tilt measurements reveal the inflation of the volcano caused when the magma chambers beneath it

1218-834: Is situated at a subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian plate is subducting under the Sunda plate . It is one of at least 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia, part of the volcano is located in the Southeastern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire—a section of fault lines stretching from the Western Hemisphere through Japan and South East Asia. Stratigraphic analysis reveals that eruptions in the Merapi area began about 400,000 years ago, and from then until about 10,000 years ago, eruptions were typically effusive, and

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1276-469: The border between the province of Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta , Indonesia . It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. It is located approximately 28 km (17 mi) north of Yogyakarta city which has a population of 2.4 million. Thousands of people live on the flanks of the volcano, with villages as high as 1,700 m (5,577 ft) above sea level . Smoke can often be seen rising from

1334-516: The Indonesian capital moving during the national revolution symbolized by a train from Jakarta to Yogyakarta . The song was arranged by kroncong YouTuber Purwaka Music. The following is a list of train services at the Yogyakarta Station: Executive class Executive and Business class Executive and Premium Economy class Executive and Economy Plus class There are a number of Trans Jogja bus stops nearby

1392-503: The KAI. Yogyakarta Station has an executive waiting room, Anggrek Executive Lounge, which is operated by KAI Wisata and utilizes the pavilion building behind the station. To upgrade the train's electrical signaling system at the station, as of April 2021 a new electrical signaling system produced by Len Industri has been installed which will replace the old system produced by Siemens . This signaling has been active since September 2021. At

1450-486: The Kewek Bridge, which crosses Jalan Abu Bakar Ali. The station often undergone renovation and rearrangement, including high platform and canopy roof construction. The parking system has also undergone changes: the east and south gates are now only used for pick-up and pedicab parking, while the parking lot is located southwest of the station complex. In order to realize a large international standard train station,

1508-578: The Palbapang route was decommissioned in the 1973–1980s, but traces of the route can still be seen in several places, one of which is in the parking lot on the northwest side of the Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat complex. Yogyakarta Station is divided into two railway yards in the north and south. It also has two gates: the main east gate facing Jalan Margo Utomo—Jalan Pangeran Mangkubumi for intercity train departures, and

1566-466: The Yogyakarta region. The geological authority had invoked the second-highest alert level in November after sensors picked up increasing activity warning the situation could become more unstable. On 27 March, another small eruption occurred, spewing lava and creating pyroclastic flows. Merapi began erupting once again on 8 August 2021, sending new lava flows down the slope of the volcano. On 16 August,

1624-401: The afternoon of 25 October 2010, Merapi erupted on its southern and southeastern slopes. A total of 353 people were killed over the next month, while 350,000 were forced to flee their homes; most of the damage was done by pyroclastic flows , while heavy rain on 4 November created lahars which caused further damage. Most of the fissures had ceased erupting by 30 November, and four days later

1682-541: The construction until its operation on the Yogyakarta–Maguwo segment as of 8 January 2007 and then the Yogyakarta–Kutoarjo segment in November 2007 until it was inaugurated on 22 January 2008, the station layout underwent some changes: a still intact shunting track — even though it had been demolished — was changed to track 1, the old track 1 was changed to track 2, and the old track 2 was changed to track 3 as

1740-665: The death toll had risen to 353. On 3 December, the head of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), Dr. Syamsul Maarif, M. Si, accompanied by the head of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation CVGHM (PVMBG), Dr. Surono made a joint press release at the BNPB Command Post in Yogyakarta. At 09.00 am that day, the CVGHM (PVMBG) lowered the status of Mount Merapi to

1798-476: The decades since establishment. During the 1950s and early 1960s some of the stations were starved of equipment and funds, but after the 1970s considerable improvement occurred with the supply of new equipment. Some of the pre-1930 observation posts were destroyed by the 1930 eruption, and newer posts were re-located. Similarly after the 1994 eruption, the Plawangan post and equipment were moved into Kaliurang as

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1856-455: The general public. In addition to the locomotive monument, near the east entrance, there is the words "Yogyakarta Station" in Javanese script , made in large raised letters. The station has a train arrival song in the form of an instrumental kroncong song "Sepasang Mata Bola" by Ismail Marzuki as a train arrival bell at all major stations in the Special Region of Yogyakarta , recounting

1914-469: The latter one, and 1,400 people were killed by pyroclastic flows. The very large eruption in 1006 is claimed to have covered all of central Java with ash . The volcanic devastation is claimed to have led to the collapse of the Hindu Kingdom of Mataram ; however, the evidence from that era is insufficient for this to be substantiated. In April, increased seismicity at more regular intervals and

1972-408: The level of Caution Alert (Level III). They clarified that with this alert level the potential of hot ash clouds and projected incandescent material remained. The Geological Agency provided several recommendations including that there would be no community activities in the disaster prone areas and proclaimed an ongoing exclusion zone of 2.5 km (1.6 mi) radius. A phreatic eruption began on

2030-560: The middle of May. On 27 May, a 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck roughly 50 km (31 mi) southwest of Merapi, killing at least 5,000 and leaving at least 200,000 people homeless in the Yogyakarta region, heightening fears that Merapi would "blow". The quake did not appear to be a long-period oscillation, a seismic disturbance class that is increasingly associated with major volcanic eruptions. A further 11,000 villagers were evacuated on 6 June as lava and superheated clouds of gas poured repeatedly down its upper slopes towards Kaliadem,

2088-434: The morning of 11 May, prompting the evacuation of areas within a 5 km (3.1 mi) radius of the volcano. Adisutjipto International Airport in Yogyakarta was closed due to the eruption's ash plume. This eruption initiated a new phase of dome growth. It led to new evacuations at Merapi in November 2020. The danger of pyroclastic flows was increasing and expanding. Eruptions started on 4 January causing evacuations of

2146-618: The mountaintop, and several eruptions have caused fatalities. A pyroclastic flow from a large explosion killed 27 people on 22 November 1994, mostly in the town of Muntilan , west of the volcano. Another large eruption occurred in 2006, shortly before the Yogyakarta earthquake . In light of the hazards that Merapi poses to populated areas, it was designated as one of the Decade Volcanoes , which are considered worthy of particular study in light of their history of large, destructive eruptions and proximity to densely populated areas. On

2204-406: The national park, meaning they would not have a house. Merapi is very important to the Javanese people , especially those living around its crater. As such, there are many myths and beliefs attached to Merapi. Although most nearby villages have their own myths about the creation of Mount Merapi, they have numerous commonalities. It is believed that when the gods had just created the Earth, Java

2262-524: The northwest and west. The rail turntable is to the west of the locomotive depot, which is located northwest of the station. To the east there is a level crossing in the form of a sliding gate which is specifically for pedestrians (and, until 2023, for bicycles, rickshaws, and andong) passing around the Jalan Malioboro area. In addition, there is a bridge that spans the Code River , known as

2320-455: The official threat level was lowered. Merapi's characteristic shape was changed during the eruptions, with its height lowered 38 m (125 ft) to 2,930 m (9,613 ft). Since 2010, Merapi had experienced several smaller eruptions, most noticeably two phreatic eruptions which occurred on 18 November 2013 and 11 May 2018. The first and larger of these, caused by a combination of rainfall and internal activity, saw smoke issued up to

2378-578: The out flowing lava emitted was basaltic . Since then, eruptions have become more explosive, with viscous andesitic lavas often generating lava domes . Dome collapse has often generated pyroclastic flows , and larger explosions, which have resulted in eruption columns , have also generated pyroclastic flows through column collapse. Typically, small eruptions occur every two to three years, and larger ones every 10–15 years or so. Notable eruptions, often causing many deaths, have occurred in 1006, 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. Thirteen villages were destroyed in

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2436-527: The palace as royal servants ( abdi dalem ), occasionally visiting their descendants in dreams to give prophecies or warnings. To keep the volcano quiet and to appease the spirits of the mountain, the Javanese regularly take offerings on the anniversary of the sultan of Yogyakarta's coronation. For the Yogyakarta Sultanate, Merapi holds a significant cosmological symbolism, because it forms

2494-535: The palaces (in Javanese kraton ) used by the rulers of the spirit kingdom lies inside Merapi, ruled by Empu Rama and Empu Permadi. This palace is said to be a spiritual counterpart to the Yogyakarta Sultanate , complete with roads, soldiers, princes, vehicles, and domesticated animals. Besides the rulers, the palace is said to also be populated by the spirits of ancestors who died as righteous people. The spirits of these ancestors are said to live in

2552-409: The people. The top of the monument was shaped round ( golong ) and the pole was cylindric ( gilig ) shaped, hence its name. The height of the monument is 25 meters. It was built in the shape of a cylindrical pole conical to the top, the bottom as a circular fence, while the top round. It was built line connecting the southern sea , the Yogyakarta palace and Mount Merapi . At the time of meditation, it

2610-679: The railway line from Cilacap towards Yogyakarta as a part of developing Javanese southern line. Yogyakarta Station was opened along with the line opening on 20 July 1887. The southern platform was owned by the first company of Javanese railway system, the Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS) with 1,435-millimetre (56.5 in) gauge, while the northern part was owned by Staatsspoorwegen (SS) with 1,067-millimetre (42.0 in) gauge. There are two currently abandoned tracks that branched from Yogyakarta Station, each to Bantul and Magelang . To

2668-419: The same time, the track between Yogyakarta and Lempuyangan stations is used as a double track railroad. Straight tracks from Kutoarjo Straight tracks from and towards Solo Balapan Yogyakarta Station has two locomotive monuments on the east and south sides of the station area. The monument located at the east entrance is a portable steam engine made by Marshall Britannia, United Kingdom . Its location which

2726-516: The slopes were evacuated. By early May, active lava flows had begun. On 11 May, with lava flow beginning to be constant, some 17,000 people were ordered to be evacuated from the area and on 13 May, Indonesian authorities raised the alert status to the highest level, ordering the immediate evacuation of all residents on the mountain. Many villagers defied the dangers posed by the volcano and returned to their villages, fearing that their livestock and crops would be vulnerable to theft. Activity calmed by

2784-460: The south gate facing Jalan Pasar Kembang for departures and arrivals of Yogyakarta International Airport Rail Link services, local trains, KAI Commuter trains, and intercity train passengers. It also has a special building for the counter at the south gate. In the 1970s, the number of Yogyakarta Station tracks probably reached eleven lines — not including the shunting line north of the station. The south yard has five train tracks with track 5 being

2842-416: The station has been thoroughly renovated since the 2016 Eid al-Fitr mudik season, including remodeling the station counter at the south gate, as well as installing granite floors and repainting. To the south of the station were many crowded kiosks, freight forwarders, and kiosks selling airplane and train tickets, which were demolished in 2017 because they did not have permits and were considered as slum by

2900-399: The station. Near the southern entrance is a bus stop for Corridor K2-Teman Bus. The Malioboro 1 bus stop located at Malioboro Street serves Line 1A, 2A, 3A, 8, and 10. Mount Merapi Mount Merapi ( Javanese : ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁ​ꦩꦼꦫꦥꦶ , romanized:  gunung měrapi , Indonesian : Gunung Merapi , lit.   'Fire Mountain') is an active stratovolcano located on

2958-558: The total 258 units of sand barriers (sabo) were damaged. The cost for recovery is about Rp 1 trillion ($ 116 million). Following the 2010 eruption, three Indonesian government departments declared a prohibited zone in which nobody can permanently stay and no infrastructure is allowed in 9 villages (dusun): Palemsari, Pangukrejo, Kaliadem, Jambu, Kopeng, Petung, Kalitengah Lor, Kalitengah Kidul and Srunen, all in Cangkringan district. In 2004, an area of 6,410 hectares around Mount Merapi

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3016-621: The volcano erupted again, belching a cloud of ash into the air as lava flowed down its crater. The explosions spewed clouds as far as 3.5 kilometres (2 miles) from the rumbling volcano, blanketing local communities in grey ash. On 9 December, a pyroclastic flow traveled along the Bebeng River for a distance of 2.2 km. This comes just as Mount Semeru erupted in an unrelated event, killing at least 43 people. An eruption started on 11 March at around 12 p.m. local time ( Western Indonesia Time , GMT+7). A lava flow up to 7 kilometers long and

3074-842: The volcano. By 18 November the death toll had increased to 275. The toll had risen to 324 by 24 November and Syamsul Maarif, head of the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) explained that the death toll had risen after a number of victims succumbed to severe burns and more bodies were found on the volcano's slopes. In the aftermath of the more intensive eruptive activities in late November, Yogyakarta's Disaster Management Agency reported that there were about 500 reported cases of eruption survivors in Sleman district suffering from minor to severe psychological problems, and about 300 cases in Magelang. By 3 December

3132-479: The west of the station were two branch tracks which have all been deactivated, namely the route to Magelang –Parakan and to Palbapang, Bantul . The Magelang route was decommissioned between 1972 and 1976 due to the eruption of Mount Merapi , but traces of this route can still be seen in several places on Jalan Tentara Pelajar, Yogyakarta. The line was linked to the now Ambarawa Railway Museum and ends at Kedungjati, which has also been decommissioned. Apart from that,

3190-472: Was established as a national park . The decision of the Ministry of Forestry to declare the park has been subsequently challenged in court by The Indonesian Forum for Environment , on grounds of lack of consultation with local residents. During the 2006 eruption of the volcano it was reported that many residents were reluctant to leave because they feared their residences would be confiscated for expansion of

3248-452: Was originally in the middle of the station entrance has now been moved to the north wing of the road. Meanwhile, the monument located on the south entrance is the D301 22 hydraulic diesel locomotive which has been on display since 12 December 2018. The locomotive display was carried out after all parts of the station underwent an overhaul, including adding toilets from used cars and can be used by

3306-580: Was said that the Sultan of Yogyakarta at that time used this monument as a benchmark to face the peak of Mount Merapi. The monument collapsed during a major earthquake on June 10, 1867. In 1889, the Dutch colonial government renovated the monument with a square shape. The top of the monument was built as conical instead of previous round shape, with a small ball at the tip. The height of the monument also reduced from 25 meters to 15 meters. Since then, this monument

3364-411: Was unbalanced because of the placement of Mount Jamurdipo on the west end of the island. In order to assure balance, the gods (generally represented by Batara Guru ) ordered the mountain to be moved to the centre of Java. However, two armourers, Empu Rama and Empu Permadi, were already forging a sacred keris at the site where Mount Jamurdipo was to be moved. The gods warned them that they would be moving

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