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76-528: Tupi may refer to: Tupi people of Brazil Tupi or Tupian languages , spoken in South America Tupi language , a dead Tupian language spoken by the Tupi people Tupi oil field off the coast of Brazil Tupi Paulista , a Brazilian municipality Tupi, South Cotabato , a Philippine municipality Tupi National High School Tupi class,

152-796: A Brazilian Navy version of the Type 209 submarine Tupi (submarine) , the lead submarine of the class, commissioned in 1989 Tupi Football Club , a Brazilian football (soccer) club Brazil national rugby union team , nicknamed Os Tupis Rede Tupi , the first Brazilian TV network (1950–1980) The tupi blackberry , a Mexican hybrid of the Comanche and Uruguai varieties Tupi (software) , free and open source 2D animation software Tupí fermented cheese See also [ edit ] Tupiniquim , an Amerindian tribe who live in Brazil Tupy (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

228-665: A Spanish conquistador , arrived in Santa Catarina in 1541, for instance, he attempted to ban cannibalistic practices in the name of the King of Spain . Because our understanding of Tupi cannibalism relies mostly on primary source accounts of primarily European writers, the very existence of cannibalism has been disputed by some in academic circles. William Arens seeks to discredit Staden's and other writers' accounts of cannibalism in his book The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology & Anthropophagy , where he claims that when concerning

304-996: A defined rainy season, where seeds are sown in May and June. C. ficifolia and C. moschata were originally thought to be Asiatic in origin, but this has been disproven. The origin of C. ficifolia is Latin America, most likely southern Mexico, Central America, or the Andes. It grows at elevations ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 meters (3,300 to 9,800 ft) in areas with heavy rainfall. It does not hybridize well with other cultivated species as it has significantly different enzymes and chromosomes. C. maxima originated in South America over 4,000 years ago, probably in Argentina and Uruguay. The plants are sensitive to frost , and they prefer both bright sunlight and soil with

380-763: A different native group that inhabits southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and northern Argentina and speaks the distinct Guaraní languages , but these are in the same language family as Tupi. The Tupi people had a great cultural influence on the countries they inhabited. Innumerable people, streets, neighborhoods, cities, rivers, animals, fruits, plants, football clubs, companies in Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay are named in Guarani. Tupi-Guarani placenames in other countries : The Tupi people were present in almost all of South America , excluding Chile . Cabure , Aracua Ara kua ("the hole of

456-640: A fleshy interior composed of mesocarp and endocarp . The term "pepo" is used primarily for Cucurbitaceae fruits, where this fruit type is common, but the fruits of Passiflora and Carica are sometimes also pepos. The seeds, which are attached to the ovary wall (parietal placentation) and not to the center, are large and fairly flat with a large embryo that consists almost entirely of two cotyledons . Fruit size varies considerably: wild fruit specimens can be as small as 4 centimeters ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches) and some domesticated specimens can weigh well over 300 kilograms (660 pounds). The current world record

532-469: A fortune, who was captured by the Tupi in 1552. In his account published in 1557, he tells that the Tupi carried him to their village where it was claimed he was to be devoured at the next festivity. There, he allegedly won the friendship of a powerful chief, whom he cured of a disease, and his life was spared. Cannibalistic rituals among Tupi and other tribes in Brazil decreased steadily after European contact and religious intervention. When Cabeza de Vaca ,

608-866: A high degree of similarity, which often results in laboratory investigation being needed to differentiate which one is affecting plants. The genus was part of the culture of almost every native peoples group from southern South America to southern Canada. Modern-day cultivated Cucurbita are not found in the wild. Genetic studies of the mitochondrial gene nad1 show there were at least six independent domestication events of Cucurbita separating domestic species from their wild ancestors. Species native to North America include C. digitata (calabazilla), and C. foetidissima (buffalo gourd), C. palmata (coyote melon), and C. pepo . Some species, such as C. digitata and C. ficifolia, are referred to as gourds . Gourds, also called bottle-gourds, which are used as utensils or vessels, belong to

684-432: A more or less continuous water supply. The second group are perennials growing in arid zones which are xerophytic , meaning they tolerate dry conditions. Cultivated Cucurbita species were derived from the first group. Growing 5 to 15 meters (15 to 50 feet) in height or length, the plant stem produces tendrils to help it climb adjacent plants and structures or extend along the ground. Most species do not readily root from

760-469: A pH of 6.0 to 7.0. C. maxima did not start to spread into North America until after the arrival of Columbus. Varieties were in use by native peoples of the United States by the 16th century. Types of C. maxima include triloba , zapallito , zipinka , Banana, Delicious, Hubbard, Marrow ( C. maxima Marrow), Show, and Turban. C. moschata is native to Latin America, but

836-458: A planting depth of 12 millimeters ( 1 ⁄ 2  in). Seeds planted deeper than 125 millimeters (5 in) are not likely to germinate. In C. foetidissima , a weedy species, plants younger than 19 days old are not able to sprout from the roots after removing the shoots. In a seed batch with 90 percent germination rate, over 90 percent of the plants had sprouted after 29 days from planting. Experiments have shown that when more pollen

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912-689: A series of excavations in the 1960s and 1970s, possibly beginning in 1959. Solid evidence of domesticated C. pepo was found in the Guilá Naquitz cave in the form of increasing rind thickness and larger peduncles in the newer stratification layers of the cave. By c. 8,000 years BP the C. pepo peduncles found are consistently more than 10 millimeters ( 3 ⁄ 8  in) thick. Wild Cucurbita peduncles are always below this 10 mm barrier. Changes in fruit shape and color indicate that intentional breeding of C. pepo had occurred by no later than 8,000 years BP. During

988-656: A single plant and these grow singly, appearing from the leaf axils . Flowers have five fused yellow to orange petals (the corolla ) and a green bell-shaped calyx . Male flowers in Cucurbitaceae generally have five stamens, but in Cucurbita there are only three, and their anthers are joined so that there appears to be one. Female flowers have thick pedicels , and an inferior ovary with 3–5 stigmas that each have two lobes. The female flowers of C. argyrosperma and C. ficifolia have larger corollas than

1064-418: A somewhat wider area stretching from Panama to the southeastern United States. It was probably bred for its seeds, which are large and high in oil and protein , but its flesh is of poorer quality than that of C. moschata and C. pepo . It is grown in a wide altitudinal range: from sea level to as high as 1,800 meters (5,900 ft) in dry areas, usually with the use of irrigation, or in areas with

1140-598: A word from the Narragansett language , which was documented by Roger Williams , the founder of Rhode Island , in his 1643 publication A Key Into the Language of America . Similar words for squash exist in related languages of the Algonquian family . In 2021, world production of squashes (including gourds and pumpkins) was 23.4 million tonnes, led by China with 32% of the total (table). Ukraine, Russia, and

1216-439: Is a plant steroid present in wild Cucurbita and in each member of the family Cucurbitaceae . Poisonous to mammals, it is found in quantities sufficient to discourage herbivores. It makes wild Cucurbita and most ornamental gourds, with the exception of an occasional C. fraterna and C. sororia , bitter to taste. Ingesting too much cucurbitacin can cause stomach cramps, diarrhea and even collapse. This bitterness

1292-477: Is a direct descendant of C. texana and 2) that C. texana is merely feral C. pepo . A more recent theory by botanist Thomas Andres in 1987 is that descendants of C. fraterna hybridized with C. texana , resulting in two distinct domestication events in two different areas: one in Mexico and one in the eastern United States, with C. fraterna and C. texana , respectively, as

1368-459: Is a serious pest of cucurbits, especially the pumpkin, which it can defoliate. Cucurbits are susceptible to diseases such as bacterial wilt ( Erwinia tracheiphila ), anthracnose ( Colletotrichum spp.), fusarium wilt ( Fusarium spp.), phytophthora blight ( Phytophthora spp. water molds ), and powdery mildew ( Erysiphe spp.). Defensive responses to viral, fungal, and bacterial leaf pathogens do not involve cucurbitacin. Species in

1444-589: Is applied to the stigma, as well as the fruit containing more seeds and being larger (the xenia effect mentioned above), the germination of the seeds is also faster and more likely, and the seedlings are larger. Various combinations of mineral nutrients and light have a significant effect during the various stages of plant growth. These effects vary significantly between the different species of Cucurbita . A type of stored phosphorus called phytate forms in seed tissues as spherical crystalline intrusions in protein bodies called globoids . Along with other nutrients, phytate

1520-466: Is debate about the taxonomy of the genus and the number of accepted species varies from 13 to 30. The five domesticated species are Cucurbita argyrosperma , C. ficifolia , C. maxima , C. moschata , and C. pepo , all of which can be treated as winter squash because the full-grown fruits can be stored for months. However, C. pepo includes some cultivars that are better used only as summer squash . The fruits of

1596-569: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Tupi people Many Tupi people today are merged with the Guaraní people , forming the Tupi–Guarani languages . Guarani languages are linguistically different from the Tupian languages . The Tupi people inhabited 3/4 of all of Brazil's coast when

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1672-412: Is especially prevalent in wild Cucurbita ; in parts of Mexico, the flesh of the fruits is rubbed on a woman's breast to wean children. While the process of domestication has largely removed the bitterness from cultivated varieties, there are occasional reports of cucurbitacin causing illness in humans. Cucurbitacin is also used as a lure in insect traps. As an example of Cucurbita , raw summer squash

1748-472: Is fictitiously portrayed in Nelson Pereira dos Santos ' satirical 1971 film How Tasty Was My Little Frenchman ( Como Era Gostoso o Meu Francês ). Its name is also adapted by science: Tupinambis is a genus of tegus , arguably the best-known lizards of Brazil. The large offshore Tupi oil field discovered off the coast of Brazil in 2006 was named in honor of the Tupi people. The Guaraní are

1824-525: Is more pollen applied to the stigma, more seeds are produced in the fruits and the fruits are larger with greater likelihood of maturation, an effect called xenia . Competitively grown specimens are therefore often hand-pollinated to maximize the number of seeds in the fruit, which increases the fruit size; this pollination requires skilled technique. Seedlessness is known to occur in certain cultivars of C. pepo . The most critical factors in flowering and fruit set are physiological, having to do with

1900-507: Is one of the oldest, if not the oldest, domesticated species with the oldest known locations being Oaxaca , Mexico, 8,000–10,000 years ago, and Ocampo, Tamaulipas , Mexico, about 7,000 years ago. It is known to have appeared in Missouri , United States, at least 4,000 years ago. Debates about the origin of C. pepo have been on-going since at least 1857. There have traditionally been two opposing theories about its origin: 1) that it

1976-570: Is unknown, and research was ongoing in 2014. The following cladogram of Cucurbita phylogeny is based upon a 2002 study of mitochondrial DNA by Sanjur and colleagues. Sechium edule C. ficifolia C. foetidissima C. maxima and C. andreana C. ecuadorensis C. martinezii C. pepo subspp. fraterna and ovifera C. pepo subsp. pepo C. sororia , in part C. moschata C. sororia , in part and C. argyrosperma The ancestral species of

2052-436: Is used completely during seedling growth. Heavy metal contamination, including cadmium , has a significant negative impact on plant growth. Cucurbita plants grown in the spring tend to grow larger than those grown in the autumn. Cucurbita was formally described in a way that meets the requirements of modern botanical nomenclature by Linnaeus in his Genera Plantarum , the fifth edition of 1754 in conjunction with

2128-509: The Andes and Mesoamerica . Five edible species are grown and consumed for their flesh and seeds. They are variously known as squash , pumpkin , or gourd , depending on species, variety , and local parlance. Other kinds of gourd, also called bottle-gourds, are native to Africa and belong to the genus Lagenaria , which is in the same family and subfamily as Cucurbita , but in a different tribe , their young fruits are eaten much like those of

2204-697: The Ara (bird) ") , Cagua , Maracay Mbarakaja'y (" kitten "), Aragua, Taguay, Yaguaratal, Caigua, Carapita, Yaguaracual, Taguapire, Carupano, Yaguaraparo , Carupe, Irapa Yrapa ("all streams"), Tabay Táva'í ("small town"), Uracoa, Aragüita, Tucupita Tuku pytã (" red lobster "), Guarapo, Chaguaramas Jaguaráma ("land of jaguars"), Tuja, Cuyagua, Chivacoa, Urucure Urukure'a (" Burrowing owl "), Mucuragua, Cuara, Tucani Tukã'í ("small toucan"), Jacuque, Churuguara , Tacuato Taguato ("Falcon"), Aguay, Paraguaná Peninsula Paragua na ("crown-like or crown-shaped"). Arakaka , Kariakay Karia'y kaysa ("barrier of

2280-569: The Cucurbita species. Most Cucurbita species are herbaceous vines that grow several meters in length and have tendrils , but non-vining "bush" cultivars of C. pepo and C. maxima have also been developed. The yellow or orange flowers on a Cucurbita plant are of two types: female and male. The female flowers produce the fruit and the male flowers produce pollen . Many North and Central American species are visited by specialist bee pollinators , but other insects with more general feeding habits, such as honey bees , also visit. There

2356-582: The Portuguese first arrived there. In 1500, their population was estimated at 1 million people, nearly equal to the population of Portugal at the time. They were divided into tribes , each tribe numbering from 300 to 2,000 people. Some examples of these tribes are: Tupiniquim , Tupinambá , Potiguara , Tabajara , Caetés , Temiminó , Tamoios . The Tupi were adept agriculturalists ; they grew cassava , corn , sweet potatoes , beans , peanuts , tobacco , squash , cotton and many others. There

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2432-466: The Yí "), Balneario Iporá ("beautiful watering place"), El Ombú , Yacuy (Salto), Sarandí del Arapey Sarãndy del Árape'y (" bushes of the daily tasks river "), Sarandí Grande , Ituzaingó and Aiguá Squash (plant) Cucurbita ( Latin for ' gourd ') is a genus of herbaceous fruits in the gourd family , Cucurbitaceae (also known as cucurbits or cucurbi ), native to

2508-721: The market economy , Brazilian society gradually started to lose its Tupi characteristics. The Portuguese language became dominant and Língua Geral virtually disappeared. The rustic indigenous techniques of production were replaced by European ones, in order to elevate the capacity of exportation . Brazilian Portuguese absorbed many words from Tupi. Some examples of Portuguese words that came from Tupi are: mingau, mirim, soco, cutucar, tiquinho, perereca, tatu . The names of several local fauna – such as arara (" macaw "), jacaré ("South American alligator "), tucano (" toucan ") – and flora – e.g. mandioca (" manioc ") and abacaxi (" pineapple ") – are also derived from

2584-404: The 1753 first edition of Species Plantarum . Cucurbita pepo is the type species of the genus. Linnaeus initially included the species C. pepo , C. verrucosa and C. melopepo (both now included in C. pepo ), as well as C. citrullus (watermelon, now Citrullus lanatus ) and C. lagenaria (now Lagenaria siceraria ) (both are not Cucurbita but are in

2660-406: The Tupi language. A number of places and cities in modern Brazil are named in Tupi ( Itaquaquecetuba , Pindamonhangaba , Caruaru , Ipanema ). Anthroponyms include Ubirajara , Ubiratã , Moema , Jussara , Jurema , Janaína . Tupi surnames do exist, but they do not imply any real Tupi ancestry; rather they were adopted as a manner to display Brazilian nationalism. The Tupinambá tribe

2736-411: The Tupi population largely disappeared because of European diseases to which they had no resistance or because of slavery, a large population of maternal Tupi ancestry occupied much of Brazilian territory, taking the ancient traditions to several points of the country. Darcy Ribeiro wrote that the features of the first Brazilians were much more Tupi than Portuguese, and even the language that they spoke

2812-476: The Tupi warriors, even when prisoners, it was a great honor to die valiantly during battle or to display courage during the festivities leading to the sacrifice. The Tupi have also been documented to eat the remains of dead relatives as a form of honoring them. The practice of cannibalism among the Tupi was made famous in Europe by Hans Staden , a German soldier, mariner, and mercenary, traveling to Brazil to seek

2888-563: The Tupi were found to be of use to the Portuguese, who required laborers for cultivating and shipping their exports. This use in harvesting resources led to their eventual enslavement and in turn, the spread of fatal European diseases on the plantations they worked at. This combination of factors nearly led to their complete annihilation, with the exception of a few isolated communities. The remnants of these tribes are today confined to indigenous territories or acculturated to some degree into

2964-537: The Tupinambá, "rather than dealing with an instance of serial documentation of cannibalism, we are more likely confronting only one source of dubious testimony which has been incorporated almost verbatim into the written reports of others claiming to be eyewitnesses". Most Brazilian scholars, however, attest to the cultural centrality of cannibalism in Tupian culture. Anthropologist Darcy Ribeiro who had deeply studied

3040-472: The United States were secondary producers. Cucurbitin is an amino acid and a carboxy pyrrolidine that is found in raw Cucurbita seeds. It retards the development of parasitic flukes when administered to infected host mice, although the effect is seen only if administration begins immediately after infection. Cucurmosin is a ribosome inactivating protein found in the flesh and seed of Cucurbita , notably Cucurbita moschata . Cucurbitacin

3116-467: The age of the plant and whether it already has developing fruit. The plant hormones ethylene and auxin are key in fruit set and development. Ethylene promotes the production of female flowers. When a plant already has a fruit developing, subsequent female flowers on the plant are less likely to mature, a phenomenon called "first-fruit dominance", and male flowers are more frequent, an effect that appears due to reduced natural ethylene production within

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3192-493: The ancestral species. C. pepo may have appeared in the Old World before moving from Mexico into South America. It is found from sea level to slightly above 2,000 meters (6,600 ft). Leaves have 3–5 lobes and are 20–35 centimeters (8–14 in) wide. All the subspecies, varieties, and cultivars are interfertile . In 1986 Paris proposed a revised taxonomy of the edible cultivated C. pepo based primarily on

3268-758: The brave") Iguapa Yguapa ("all coves") Cayenne , the francization of the name Kỹiña ("mean chili pepper" ) Paramaribo Parama ývo ("down the sea"). (Referring to the Caribbean Sea , since although Suriname is part of the Caribbean , it is near the Amazon Delta , in the South Atlantic Ocean). Buriticá Mburiti ka ("from Mauritia flexuosa "), Ituango , Apía , Ibagué yvakue ("fallen fruit or fruit peel"), Acuata, Arauca , Tibacuy, Mocoa, El Jagua, Iguambi, Itagüí ("from

3344-457: The direction of anthropophagy being well established as a social and cultural practice. He was particularly criticized for trying to discredit the association of the Tupi with savagery, not by realizing that the Europeans failed to comprehend the meaning of traditional practices such as cannibalism, but by promptly negating their existence altogether. Many indigenous peoples were important for

3420-564: The dominant society. According to primary source accounts by primarily European writers, the Tupi were divided into several tribes which would constantly engage in war with each other. In these wars the Tupi would normally try to capture their enemies to kill later in cannibalistic rituals. The warriors captured from other Tupi tribes were eaten as it was believed by them that this would lead to their strength being absorbed and digested; thus, in fear of absorbing weakness, they chose only to sacrifice warriors perceived to be strong and brave. For

3496-569: The family Cucurbitaceae, represented in Bryonia -like seeds, dates to the Paleocene . Recent genomic studies support the idea that the Cucurbita genus underwent a whole-genome duplication event, increasing the number of chromosomes and accelerating the rate at which their genomes evolve relative to other cucurbits. No species within the genus is entirely genetically isolated. C. moschata can intercross with all Cucurbita species, though

3572-668: The family Cucurbitaceae. The Cucurbita digitata , C. foetidissima , C. galeotti , and C. pedatifolia species groups are xerophytes , arid zone perennials with storage roots; the remainder, including the five domesticated species, are all mesophytic annuals or short-life perennials with no storage roots. The five domesticated species are mostly isolated from each other by sterility barriers and have different physiological characteristics. Some cross pollinations can occur: C. pepo with C. argyrosperma and C. moschata ; and C. maxima with C. moschata . Cross pollination does occur readily within

3648-484: The family Cucurbitaceae. The buffalo gourd ( C. foetidissima ) has been used as an intermediary, as it can be crossed with all the common Cucurbita . Various taxonomic treatments have been proposed for Cucurbita , ranging from 13 to 30 species. In 1990, Cucurbita expert Michael Nee classified them into the following oft-cited 13 species groups (27 species total), listed by group and alphabetically, with geographic origin: The taxonomy by Nee closely matches

3724-465: The fifth, C. maxima , originated and was domesticated in South America. Within C. pepo , the pumpkins, the scallops , and possibly the crooknecks are ancient and were domesticated at different times and places. The domesticated forms of C. pepo have larger fruits than non-domesticated forms and seeds that are larger but fewer in number. In a 1989 study on the origins and development of C. pepo , botanist Harry Paris suggested that

3800-493: The first Europeans arrived, the phenomenon of " cunhadismo " (from Portuguese cunhado , "brother in law") began to spread by the colony. Cunhadismo was an old native tradition of incorporating strangers to their community. The Natives offered the Portuguese an Indigenous girl as wife. Once he agreed, he formed a bond of kinship with all the Natives of the tribe. Polygyny , a common practice among South American Indigenous people,

3876-473: The formation of the Brazilian people, but the main group was the Tupi. When the Portuguese explorers arrived in Brazil in the 16th century, the Tupi were the first indigenous group to have contact with them. Soon, a process of mixing between Portuguese settlers and indigenous women started. The Portuguese colonists rarely brought women, making the native women the "breeding matrix of the Brazilian people". When

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3952-549: The genus Lagenaria and are native to Africa. Lagenaria are in the same family and subfamily as Cucurbita but in a different tribe . The earliest known evidence of the domestication of Cucurbita dates back at least 8,000 years ago, predating the domestication of other crops such as maize and beans in the region by about 4,000 years. This evidence was found in the Guilá Naquitz cave in Oaxaca, Mexico, during

4028-676: The genus Cucurbita are good sources of nutrients , such as vitamin A and vitamin C , among other nutrients according to species. The fruits have many culinary uses including pumpkin pie , biscuits , bread , desserts , puddings , beverages , and soups ; they are now cultivated worldwide . Although botanical fruits, Cucurbita gourds such as squash are typically cooked and eaten as vegetables . Pumpkins see more varied use, and are eaten both as vegetables and as desserts such as pumpkin pie. Cucurbita species fall into two main groups. The first group consists of annual or short-lived perennial vines which are mesophytic , meaning they require

4104-470: The genus Cucurbita are susceptible to some types of mosaic virus including: cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), papaya ringspot virus -cucurbit strain (PRSV), squash mosaic virus (SqMV), tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). PRSV is the only one of these viruses that does not affect all cucurbits. SqMV and CMV are the most common viruses among cucurbits. Symptoms of these viruses show

4180-574: The genus Cucurbita were present in the Americas before the arrival of humans , and are native to the Americas . The likely center of origin is southern Mexico, spreading south through what is now known as Mesoamerica, into South America, and north to what is now the southwestern United States. Evolutionarily speaking, the genus is relatively recent in origin, dating back to the Holocene , whereas

4256-699: The historical accounts about the Tupi, reported that the Ka'apor people of the Tupi-Guaraní linguistic and cultural family confirmed that their ancestors had practiced anthropophagical rituals similar to the ones described in the 16th century. Other Brazilian scholars have criticized Arens for what they perceived as historical negationism , and for ignoring important sources ( Jesuit letters) and historical and anthropological studies ( Viveiros de Castro , Florestan Fernandes , Estevão Pinto, Hélène Clastres), many of them dealing directly with indigenous peoples, that point to

4332-707: The hybrid offspring may not be fertile unless they become polyploid . Evidence of domestication of Cucurbita goes back over 8,000 years from the southernmost parts of Canada down to Argentina and Chile. Centers of domestication stretch from the Mississippi River watershed and Texas down through Mexico and Central America to northern and western South America. Of the 27 species that Nee delineates, five are domesticated. Four of these, C. argyrosperma , C. ficifolia , C. moschata , and C. pepo , originated and were domesticated in Mesoamerica ;

4408-528: The interior of Brazil. They acculturated the indigenous tribes who lived in isolation, and took the language of the colonizer, which was not Portuguese yet, but Nheengatu itself, to the most inhospitable corners of the colony. Nheengatu is still spoken in certain regions of the Amazon, although the Tupi-speaking Natives did not live there. The Nheengatu language, as in other regions of the country,

4484-410: The male flowers. Female flowers of C. pepo have a small calyx, but the calyx of C. moschata male flowers is comparatively short. Cucurbita fruits are large and fleshy. Botanists classify the Cucurbita fruit as a pepo , which is a special type of berry derived from an inferior ovary, with a thick outer wall or rind with hypanthium tissue forming an exocarp around the ovary, and

4560-416: The nodes; a notable exception is C. ficifolia , and the four other cultivated mesophytes do this to a lesser extent. The vine of the perennial Cucurbita can become semiwoody if left to grow. There is wide variation in size, shape, and color among Cucurbita fruits, and even within a single species. C. ficifolia is an exception, being highly uniform in appearance. The morphological variation in

4636-440: The original wild specimen had a small round fruit and that the modern pumpkin is its direct descendant. He suggested that the crookneck, ornamental gourd, and scallop are early variants and that the acorn squash is a cross between the scallop and the pumpkin. C. argyrosperma is not as widespread as the other species. The wild form C. a. subsp. sororia is found from Mexico to Nicaragua , and cultivated forms are used in

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4712-449: The pest Bemisia argentifolii ( silverleaf whitefly ) as well as aphids ( Aphididae ), cucumber beetles ( Acalymma vittatum and Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi ), squash bug ( Anasa tristis ), the squash vine borer ( Melittia cucurbitae ), and the two-spotted spidermite ( Tetranychus urticae ). The squash bug causes major damage to plants because of its very toxic saliva. The red pumpkin beetle ( Aulacophora foveicollis )

4788-718: The plant stem. Ethephon , a plant growth regulator product that is converted to ethylene after metabolism by the plant, can be used to increase fruit and seed production. The plant hormone gibberellin , produced in the stamens, is essential for the development of all parts of the male flowers. The development of female flowers is not yet understood. Gibberellin is also involved in other developmental processes of plants, such as seed and stem growth. Seeds with maximum germination potential develop (in C. moschata ) by 45 days after anthesis , and seed weight reaches its maximum 70 days after anthesis. Some varieties of C. pepo germinate best with eight hours of sunlight daily and

4864-798: The precise location of origin is uncertain. It has been present in Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Peru for 4,000–6,000 years and has spread to Bolivia, Ecuador, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. This species is closely related to C. argyrosperma . A variety known as the Seminole Pumpkin has been cultivated in Florida since before the arrival of Columbus. Its leaves are 20 to 30 centimeters (8 to 12 in) wide. It generally grows at low elevations in hot climates with heavy rainfall, but some varieties have been found above 2,200 meters (7,200 ft). Groups of C. moschata include Cheese, Crookneck ( C. moschata ), and Bell. C. pepo

4940-561: The rocks"), Yacare, Teranguara, Chachagüí, Puente Aranda , Catambuco, Aguayo Ipetí ypetĩ ("duck's beak") El Aguay Aguai ("fruit tree") Urcuqui, Timbuyacu, Ambuquí, Timbiré Aguaytía Aguai'ty ("plantation of aguai"), Curiyaca, Imambari Yacuiba , Paraimiri, Itaimbeguasu , Tatarenda, Saipurú, Capirenda, Itay, Ibamiragera, Carandaytí, Ipaguasú, Abapó , Timboy, Caraparí , Urubichá , Kuruguakua , Guanay , Yaguarú and Rogagua . Tacuarembó , Pa'i Sandu , Chapicuy ("worn out"), Sarandí del Yí Sarãndy del Y (" bushes of

5016-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tupi . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tupi&oldid=1204300393 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

5092-580: The same time frame, average rind thickness increased from 0.84–1.15 millimeters ( 1 ⁄ 32 – 3 ⁄ 64  in). Recent genomic studies suggest that Cucurbita argyrosperma was domesticated in Mexico, in the region that is currently known as the state of Jalisco . Squash was domesticated first, followed by maize and then beans, becoming part of the Three Sisters agricultural system of companion planting . The English word "squash" derives from askutasquash (a green thing eaten raw),

5168-440: The shape of the fruit, with eight groups. All but a few C. pepo cultivars can be included in these groups. There is one non-edible cultivated variety: C. pepo var. ovifera . Cucurbita species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the cabbage moth ( Mamestra brassicae ), Hypercompe indecisa , and the turnip moth ( Agrotis segetum ). Cucurbita can be susceptible to

5244-995: The species C. pepo and C. maxima is so vast that its various subspecies and cultivars have been misidentified as totally separate species. The typical cultivated Cucurbita species has five-lobed or palmately divided leaves with long petioles , with the leaves alternately arranged on the stem. The stems in some species are angular. All of the above-ground parts may be hairy with various types of trichomes , which are often hardened and sharp. Spring-like tendrils grow from each node and are branching in some species. C. argyrosperma has ovate-cordate (egg-shaped to heart-shaped) leaves. The shape of C. pepo leaves varies widely. C. moschata plants can have light or dense pubescence . C. ficifolia leaves are slightly angular and have light pubescence. The leaves of all four of these species may or may not have white spots. The species are monoecious , with unisexual male ( staminate ) and female ( pistillate ) flowers on

5320-405: The species groupings reported in a pair of studies by a botanical team led by Rhodes and Bemis in 1968 and 1970 based on statistical groupings of several phenotypic traits of 21 species. Seeds for studying additional species members were not available. Sixteen of the 21 species were grouped into five clusters with the remaining five being classified separately: The full phylogeny of this genus

5396-527: Was a Tupi-based language, named Nheengatu or Língua Geral , a lingua franca in Brazil until the 18th century. The region of São Paulo was the biggest in the proliferation of Mamelucos, who in the 17th century under the name of Bandeirantes , spread throughout the Brazilian territory, from the Amazon rainforest to the extreme South . They were responsible for the major expansion of the Iberian culture in

5472-420: Was formed, which in fact occupied Brazil. Without the practice of cunhadismo , the Portuguese colonization was impractical. The number of Portuguese men in Brazil was very small and Portuguese women were even fewer in number. The proliferation of mixed-race people in the wombs of indigenous women provided for the occupation of the territory and the consolidation of the Portuguese presence in the region. Although

5548-629: Was introduced there by Bandeirantes from São Paulo in the 17th century. The way of life of the Old Paulistas could almost be confused with the Natives. Within the family, only Nheengatu was spoken. Agriculture, hunting, fishing and gathering of fruits were also based on indigenous traditions. What differentiated the Old Paulistas from the Tupi was the use of clothes, salt, metal tools, weapons and other European items. When these areas of large Tupi influence started to be integrated into

5624-496: Was not a unified Tupi identity despite the fact that they spoke a common language. Upon discovering the existence of the Tupi people, it was assumed by Portuguese settlers that they lacked any sort of religion, a belief that began the process of assimilating the Tupi to Christianity. The settlers began erecting villages for the Tupi, known as aldeias, with the intention of more disciplined religious conversion and institutionalization of European customs. Aside from being assimilated,

5700-430: Was quickly adopted by European settlers. This way, a single European man could have dozens of indigenous wives ( temericós ). Cunhadismo was used as recruitment of labour. The Portuguese could have many temericós and thus a huge number of Indigenous relatives who were induced to work for him, especially to cut pau-brasil and take it to the ships on the coast. In the process, a large mixed-race ( mameluco ) population

5776-430: Was set in 2014 by Beni Meier of Switzerland with a 1,054 kg (2,323.7 lb) pumpkin. All species of Cucurbita have 20 pairs of chromosomes . Many North and Central American species are visited by specialist pollinators in the apid tribe Eucerini , especially the genera Peponapis and Xenoglossa , and these squash bees can be crucial to the flowers producing fruit after pollination. When there

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