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36-772: Turek is first mentioned in the historical record 1136, when it was listed as belonging to the archbishops of Gniezno . It received its town rights in 1341. It was a private church town , administratively located in the Sieradz County in the Sieradz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. Turek was annexed by Prussia in 1793 in the Second Partition of Poland , regained by Poles and included within

72-595: A diocesan bishop , his diocese does not thereby become an archdiocese. The Canon Law of the Catholic Church defines a diocese as "a portion of the people of God which is entrusted to a bishop for him to shepherd with the cooperation of the presbyterium, so that, adhering to its pastor and gathered by him in the Holy Spirit through the gospel and the Eucharist, it constitutes a particular church in which

108-636: A diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop . In the later organization of the Roman Empire , the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associated in a larger unit, the diocese ( Latin dioecesis , from the Greek term διοίκησις, meaning "administration"). Christianity was given legal status in 313 with the Edict of Milan . Churches began to organize themselves into dioceses based on

144-485: A circuit, and the circuit is overseen by a superintendent minister who has pastoral charge of all the circuit churches (though in practice he or she delegates such charge to other presbyters who each care for a section of the circuit and chair the local church meetings as deputies of the superintendent). This echoes the practice of the early church where the bishop was supported by a bench of presbyters. Circuits are grouped together to form Districts. All of these, combined with

180-704: A higher rank. Archdioceses are often chosen based on their population and historical significance. All dioceses and archdioceses, and their respective bishops or archbishops, are distinct and autonomous. An archdiocese has limited responsibilities within the same ecclesiastical province assigned to it by the Holy See. As of April 2020 , in the Catholic Church there are 2,898 regular dioceses (or eventually eparchies) consisting of: 1 papal see , 9 patriarchates , 4 major archeparchies , 560 metropolitan archdioceses , 76 single archdioceses and 2,248 dioceses in

216-633: Is Archbishop Robert W. Hotes. The Church of God in Christ (COGIC) has dioceses throughout the United States. In the COGIC, most states are divided into at least three or more dioceses that are each led by a bishop (sometimes called a "state bishop"); some states have as many as ten dioceses. These dioceses are called "jurisdictions" within COGIC. In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ,

252-632: Is part of one episcopal area (though that area may contain more than one conference). The African Methodist Episcopal Church has a similar structure to the United Methodist Church, also using the Episcopal Area. The bishops govern the church as a single bench. In the British Methodist Church and Irish Methodist Church , the closest equivalent to a diocese is the 'circuit' . Each local church belongs to

288-599: The Byzantine Empire . In modern times, many dioceses, though later subdivided, have preserved the boundaries of a long-vanished Roman administrative division. For Gaul, Bruce Eagles has observed that "it has long been an academic commonplace in France that the medieval dioceses, and their constituent pagi , were the direct territorial successors of the Roman civitates ." Modern usage of 'diocese' tends to refer to

324-732: The Church of England retained the existing diocesan structure which remains throughout the Anglican Communion . The one change is that the areas administered under the Archbishop of Canterbury and Archbishop of York are properly referred to as dioceses, not archdioceses: they are the metropolitan bishops of their respective provinces and bishops of their own diocese and have the position of archbishop. The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia in its constitution uses

360-616: The Church of Sweden do have individual dioceses similar to Roman Catholics. These dioceses and archdioceses are under the government of a bishop (see Archbishop of Uppsala ). Other Lutheran bodies and synods that have dioceses and bishops include the Church of Denmark , the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , the Evangelical Church in Germany (partially), and the Church of Norway . From about

396-587: The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America have a bishop acting as the head of the synod, but the synod does not have dioceses and archdioceses as the churches listed above. Rather, it is divided into a middle judicatory . The Lutheran Church - International , based in Springfield, Illinois , presently uses a traditional diocesan structure, with four dioceses in North America. Its current president

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432-600: The Konin Voivodeship . The local football club is Tur Turek . It competes in the lower leagues. Turek is twinned with: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno The Archdiocese of Gniezno ( Latin : Archidioecesis Gnesnensis , Polish : Archidiecezja Gnieźnieńska ) is the oldest Latin Catholic archdiocese in Poland , located in the city of Gniezno . The ecclesiastical province comprises

468-774: The Protestant Reformation and more specifically the Swiss Reformation led by John Calvin . Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government , which is governed by representative assemblies of elders. The Church of Scotland is governed solely through presbyteries , at parish and regional level, and therefore has no dioceses or bishops. Congregational churches practice congregationalist church governance , in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. Churches of Christ , being strictly non-denominational , are governed solely at

504-524: The United Methodist Church (the United States and some other countries), a bishop is given oversight over a geographical area called an episcopal area . Each episcopal area contains one or more annual conferences , which is how the churches and clergy under the bishop's supervision are organized. Thus, the use of the term "diocese" referring to geography is the most equivalent in the United Methodist Church, whereas each annual conference

540-485: The civil dioceses , not on the larger regional imperial districts. These dioceses were often smaller than the provinces . Christianity was declared the Empire's official religion by Theodosius I in 380. Constantine I in 318 gave litigants the right to have court cases transferred from the civil courts to the bishops. This situation must have hardly survived Julian , 361–363. Episcopal courts are not heard of again in

576-587: The suffragan dioceses of Bydgoszcz and Włocławek . The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Gniezno was established in 1000 AD on the initiative of the Polish duke Bolesław I the Brave . He had the relics of the missionary and martyr Adalbert of Prague ( Wojciech ) transferred to Gniezno Cathedral , which soon became a major pilgrimage site. Here Bolesław met with Emperor Otto III in the Congress of Gniezno , where

612-697: The 1136 Bull of Gniezno issued by Pope Innocent II . The Gniezno metropolitans held the right to crown the Kings of Poland and in 1412 obtained the status of a Primate of Poland. From 1572, they acted as interrex regents of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . When on 16 July 1821 the Diocese of Wrocław was put under direct authority of the Holy See by Pope Pius VII , Gniezno was affiliated in personal union ( aeque principaliter ) with

648-531: The 13th century until the German mediatization of 1803, the majority of the bishops of the Holy Roman Empire were prince-bishops , and as such exercised political authority over a principality, their so-called Hochstift , which was distinct, and usually considerably smaller than their diocese, over which they only exercised the usual authority of a bishop. Some American Lutheran church bodies such as

684-647: The Archdiocese of Poznań. The union of Poznań and Gniezno was again dissolved with effect from 12 November 1948, when a personal union ( in persona episcopi ) between the Archdiocese of Warsaw and Gniezno was established. By Apostolic constitution of 25 March 1992, Pope John Paul II again divided the union between the archdioceses of Gniezno and Warsaw. 52°32′14″N 17°35′49″E  /  52.537121°N 17.596858°E  / 52.537121; 17.596858 Archdiocese In church governance ,

720-585: The East until 398 and in the West in 408. The quality of these courts was low, and not above suspicion as the Bishop of Alexandria Troas found that clergy were making a corrupt profit. Nonetheless, these courts were popular as people could get quick justice without being charged fees. Bishops had no part in the civil administration until the town councils, in decline, lost much authority to a group of 'notables' made up of

756-638: The Vice-President, who is always a deacon or layperson. Each District is headed by a 'Chair', a presbyter who oversees the district. Although the district is similar in size to a diocese, and Chairs meet regularly with their partner bishops, the Methodist superintendent is closer to the bishop in function than is the chair. The purpose of the district is to resource the circuits; it has no function otherwise. Many churches worldwide have neither bishops nor dioceses. Most of these churches are descended from

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792-547: The congregational level. Most Baptists hold that no church or ecclesiastical organization has inherent authority over a Baptist church. Churches can properly relate to each other under this polity only through voluntary cooperation, never by any sort of coercion. Furthermore, this Baptist polity calls for freedom from governmental control. Most Baptists believe in "Two offices of the church"—pastor-elder and deacon—based on certain scriptures ( 1 Timothy 3:1–13 ; Titus 1–2 ). Exceptions to this local form of local governance include

828-512: The duke obtained investiture rights and created the Gniezno archbishopric, superseding the older Diocese of Poznań . Led by Adalbert's half-brother Radim Gaudentius , the ecclesiastical province then comprised the suffragan dioceses in Kraków , Wrocław , and Kołobrzeg (extinct in 1015), and from about 1075 also Poznań. The position of the archbishops and their suffragans was confirmed in

864-823: The end of the First World War in 1918, Turek became part of the Second Polish Republic as the country regained independence. With the German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Turek was occupied by the Wehrmacht and annexed by Nazi Germany . It was administered as part of the county or district ( kreis ) of Turek within newly formed province of Reichsgau Wartheland . The Polish population

900-467: The head of an ecclesiastical province . In the Catholic Church , some are suffragans of a metropolitan see or are directly subject to the Holy See . The term "archdiocese" is not found in Catholic canon law , with the terms "diocese" and " episcopal see " being applicable to the area under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of any bishop. If the title of archbishop is granted on personal grounds to

936-662: The local membership of the Church, are referred to as the "Connexion". This 18th-century term, endorsed by John Wesley , describes how people serving in different geographical centres are 'connected' to each other. Personal oversight of the Methodist Church is exercised by the President of the Conference, a presbyter elected to serve for a year by the Methodist Conference; such oversight is shared with

972-628: The majority of Turek's Jews were sent to a rural ghetto in Kowale Pańskie . In July 1942, most of them were sent to the Chełmno extermination camp where they were gassed immediately. Only around 30 Turek Jews survived the war. With the arrival of the Red Army in 1945 and the end of the war, Turek was integrated into the People's Republic of Poland . From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in

1008-608: The one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church of Christ is truly present and operative." Also known as particular churches or local churches , dioceses are under the authority of a bishop . They are described as ecclesiastical districts defined by geographical territory. Dioceses are often grouped by the Holy See into ecclesiastical provinces for greater cooperation and common action among regional dioceses. Within an ecclesiastical province, one diocese can be designated an "archdiocese" or "metropolitan archdiocese", establishing centrality within an ecclesiastical province and denoting

1044-545: The richest councilors, powerful and rich persons legally exempted from serving on the councils, retired military, and bishops post-AD 450. As the Western Empire collapsed in the 5th century, bishops in Western Europe assumed a larger part of the role of the former Roman governors. A similar, though less pronounced, development occurred in the East, where the Roman administrative apparatus was largely retained by

1080-619: The short-lived Duchy of Warsaw in 1807, and included within so-called Congress Poland in 1815, soon forcibly integrated with the Russian Empire . It was then capital of a district within the Kalisz Governorate . In 1826, Fryderyk Chopin travelled through the town. During the January Uprising , it was the site of clashes between Polish insurgents and Russian troops on August 20 and December 28, 1863. Following

1116-495: The specific term "Episcopal Unit" for both dioceses and pīhopatanga because of its unique three- tikanga (culture) system. Pīhopatanga are the tribal-based jurisdictions of Māori pīhopa (bishops) which overlap with the "New Zealand dioceses" (i.e. the geographical jurisdictions of the pākehā (European) bishops); these function like dioceses, but are never called so. Certain Lutheran denominations such as

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1152-649: The sphere of a bishop's jurisdiction. This became commonplace during the self-conscious "classicizing" structural evolution of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century, but this usage had itself been evolving from the much earlier parochia (" parish "; Late Latin derived from the Greek παροικία paroikia ), dating from the increasingly formalized Christian authority structure in the 4th century. Dioceses ruled by an archbishop are commonly referred to as archdioceses; most are metropolitan sees , being placed at

1188-582: The term "bishopric" is used to describe the bishop together with his two counselors, not the ward or congregation of which a bishop has charge. An organization created by the Gnostic group known as the Cathars in 1167 called the Council of Saint-Félix organized Cathar communities into bishoprics, which each had a bishop presiding over a specific division, even though there was no central authority. In

1224-665: The world. In the Eastern Catholic Churches that are in communion with the Pope , the equivalent entity is called an eparchy or "archeparchy", with an "eparch" or "archeparch" serving as the ordinary . The Eastern Orthodox Church calls dioceses episkopies (from the Greek ἐπισκοπή) in the Greek tradition and eparchies (from ἐπαρχία) in the Slavic tradition. After the English Reformation ,

1260-644: Was carried out in December 1939, and the expellees' shops, workshops and houses were then handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy. A transit camp for Poles expelled from the region was operated in the town. During the German occupation, the nearly 3,000 Jews in Turek were brutalized, forced into an overcrowded ghetto in 1940, starved, and robbed of all their possessions. In 1941, some men were sent to forced labour camps near Poznań , but

1296-577: Was subjected to expulsions , confiscation of property, deportations to Nazi concentration camps and murder (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation ). In autumn of 1939, the Einsatzgruppe VI carried out a number of executions of Poles at the local market. Teachers from Turek were among Polish teachers murdered in the Mauthausen concentration camp . The first expulsion of 160 Poles

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