49-476: The Twenty-first Amendment or 21st Amendment may refer to the: Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India , a 1967 amendment which introduced Sindhi as one of the official languages of India Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland , a 2001 amendment that introduced a constitutional ban on the death penalty Twenty-first Amendment to
98-530: A common ethnicity and language. Islam in Sindh has a long history, starting with the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 CE. Over time, the majority of the population in Sindh converted to Islam, especially in rural areas. Today, Muslims make up over 90% of the population, and are more dominant in urban than rural areas. Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as
147-434: A notable example in Sindh being that of Mohenjo Daro . Built around 2500 BCE., it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus civilisation or Harappan culture , with features such as standardized bricks, street grids, and covered sewer systems. It was one of the world's earliest major cities , contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Minoan Crete , and Caral-Supe . Mohenjo-daro
196-604: A quarter of the city to Muslims and built a mosque there. At Ror , 6000 fighting men were massacred with their families enslaved. The massacre at Brahamanabad has various accounts of 6,000 to 26,000 inhabitants slaughtered. In the late 16th century, Sindh was brought into the Mughal Empire by Akbar , himself born in the Rajputana kingdom in Umerkot in Sindh. Mughal rule from their provincial capital of Thatta
245-520: A well-defined area, it used to be the language of a province of the undivided India and, but for partition , would have continued to be so. The Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities has also recommended the inclusion of Sindhi in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. On 4th November, 1966, it was announced that Government had decided to include the Sindhi language in the Eighth Schedule to
294-510: Is bordered by the southeastern part of Balochistan , the Bahawalpur region of Punjab and the Kutch region of Gujarat . Having been isolated throughout history, unlike its neighbours, Sindhi culture has preserved its uniqueness. After the partition of British India in 1947, many Sindhi Hindus and Sindhi Sikhs migrated to the newly independent Dominion of India and other parts of
343-741: Is derived from the Sanskrit Sindhu , which translates as "river" or "sea body"; the Greeks used the term "Indos" to refer to the Indus River and the surrounding region, which is where Sindhi is spoken. The historical spelling "Sind" (from the Perso-Arabic سند) was discontinued in 1988 by an amendment passed in the Sindh Assembly , and is now spelt "Sindh." Hence, the term "Sindhi" was also introduced to replace "Sindi". In
392-548: The 2017 Census of Pakistan , Hindus constituted about 8.7% of the total population of Sindh province, roughly around 4.2 million people. Most of them live in urban areas such as Karachi , Hyderabad , Sukkur and Mirpur Khas . Hyderabad is currently the largest centre of Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan, with 100,000–150,000 living there. The ratio of Hindus in Sindh was higher before the Partition of India in 1947. Prior to
441-503: The Bahawalpur region of Punjab , the Kutch region of Gujarat and Jaisalmer and Barmer regions of Rajasthan , India. There are many Sindhi-Hindus who migrated to India after partition in 1947. Sindhis in Pakistan have their own province, Sindh, It also has the largest population of Hindus in Pakistan, with 93% of Pakistani Hindus residing in Sindh. Sindhi Hindus were an economically prosperous community in urban Sindh before partition, but due to fear of persecution on
490-648: The Balochi language , the traditional terms for Sindhis are Jadgal and Jamote . They are derived from the prefix Jatt referring to the tribe by that name, and the suffix gal meaning "speech". Thus, it signifies someone who speaks the language of the Jatts, i.e. a Jatt. The term Jatt historically encompassed Sindhis and Punjabis , and was frequently used by the British for Sindhis in their census records. Sindh has been an ethnic historical region isolated from
539-569: The British at the Battle of Miani and Battle of Dubbo . The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the princely state of Khairpur, whose ruler elected to join the new Dominion of Pakistan in October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated into West Pakistan in 1955. Baloch migrations in
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#1732766055679588-591: The Chach Nama , after the Arabs scaled Debal's walls, the besieged denizens opened the gates and pleaded for mercy but Qasim stated he had no orders to spare anyone. The historian al-Baladhuri stated that after conquest of Debal, Qasim kept slaughtering its inhabitants for three days. The custodians of the Buddhist stupa were killed and the temple was destroyed; 700 women taking shelter there were enslaved. Qasim gave
637-445: The Partition of India , around 73% of the population of Sindh was Muslim with almost 26% of the remaining being Hindu. Hindus in Sindh were concentrated in the urban areas before the Partition of India in 1947, during which most migrated to modern-day India according to Ahmad Hassan Dani . In the urban centres of Sindh, Hindus formed the majority of the population before the partition. The cities and towns of Sindh were dominated by
686-656: The Rashidun army during the early Muslim conquests , but the region did not come under Muslim rule until the Arab invasion of Sind occurred under the Umayyad Caliphate , headed by Muhammad ibn Qasim in 712 CE. Afterwards, Sindh was ruled by a series of dynasties including the Habbaris , Soomras , Sammas , Arghuns and Tarkhans . The Mughal empire conquered Sindh in 1591 and organized it as Subah of Thatta ,
735-768: The Soomro —descendants of the Soomra dynasty , who ruled Sindh during 970–1351 C.E.—and the Samma —descendants of the Samma dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 1351–1521 CE. These tribes belong to the same bloodline. Among other Sindhi Sammat and Sindhi Rajputs are the Bhuttos , Kambohs , Bhattis , Bhanbhros, Mahendros, Buriros, Bhachos, Chohans, Lakha, Sahetas, Lohanas , Mohano , Dahars , Indhar , Chhachhar, Chachar , Dhareja, Rathores , Dakhan, Langah , Junejo , Mahars , etc. One of
784-519: The Arab conquest, mainly due to conversion of almost all of the Buddhist population of Sindh to Islam, Hinduism managed to survive as a significant minority through Muslim rule until before the partition of India. Derryl Maclean explains what he calls "the persistence of Hinduism" on the basis of "the radical dissimilarity between the socio-economic bases of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sind": Buddhism in this region
833-532: The Constitution of India The Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India , officially known as The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967 , amended the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution so as to include Sindhi as one of the languages, thereby raising the total number of languages listed in the schedule to fifteen. The Eighth Schedule lists languages that the Government of India has
882-539: The Constitution of Pakistan , a 2015 amendment that established speedy trial military courts for terrorist offenses Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution , a 1933 amendment that ended Prohibition 21st Amendment Brewery , a brewery in San Leandro, California Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
931-597: The Constitution. The Bill seeks to give effect to this decision. The Bill was considered by the Rajya Sabha on 4 April 1967 and passed in the original form on the same day. The Bill, as passed by the Rajya Sabha, was considered and passed by the Lok Sabha on 7 April 1967. The bill received assent from then President Zakir Husain on 10 April 1967. It was notified in The Gazette of India and came into force on
980-531: The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution to include Sindhi as one of the languages listed in the schedule. The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below: There have been persistent demands from the Sindhi-speaking people for the inclusion of the Sindhi language in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. Although at present Sindhi is not a regional language in
1029-638: The Great's invasion , Sindh became part of the Mauryan Empire . After its decline, Indo-Greeks , Indo-Scythians and Indo-Parthians ruled in Sindh. Sindh is sometimes referred to as the Bab-ul Islam ( transl. 'Gateway of Islam'), as it was one of the first regions of the Indian subcontinent to come under Islamic rule . Parts of the modern-day province were intermittently subject to raids by
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#17327660556791078-457: The Hindus. In 1941, Hindus were 64% of the total urban population. According to the 1941 Census of India , Hindus formed around 74% of the population of Hyderabad , 70% of Sukkur , 65% of Shikarpur and about half of Karachi . By the 1951 Census of Pakistan , all of these cities had virtually been emptied of their Hindu population as a result of the partition. Hindus were also spread over
1127-663: The Islamic conquest between the 7th and 10th centuries CE Alexander the Great marched through Punjab and Sindh, down the Indus river, after his conquest of the Persian Empire. The Ror dynasty was a power from the Indian subcontinent that ruled modern-day Sindh and Northwest India from 450 BCE to 489 CE. Sindh was one of the earliest regions to be conquered by the Arabs and influenced by Islam after 720 CE. Before this period, it
1176-696: The Kalhoras in 1783 and four branches of the dynasty were established. One ruled lower Sindh from the city of Hyderabad , another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of Khairpur , a third ruled around the eastern city of Mirpur Khas , and a fourth was based in Tando Muhammad Khan . They were ethnically Baloch , and for most of their rule, they were subordinate to the Durrani Empire and were forced to pay tribute to them. They ruled from 1783 until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by
1225-627: The Republic of India as follows:— 1. Short title This Act may be called the Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967. 2. Amendment of Eighth Schedule In the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution— The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Bill, 1967 (Bill No. 1 of 1967) was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 20 March 1967. It was introduced by Yashwantrao Chavan , then Minister of Home Affairs, and sought to amend
1274-585: The Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, having lived in Sindh historically. One popular legend which highlights the strong Sufi presence in Sindh is that 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics are buried on Makli Hill near Thatta. The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world. In the 16th century two Sufi tareeqat (orders)—Qadria and Naqshbandia—were introduced in Sindh. Sufism continues to play an important role in
1323-1172: The basis of religion and after large scale arrival of Muslim refugees from India, they migrated to India after partition. They had a hard time in India developing their economic status with no native homeland to claim, they chose to live in states that had similarity with Sindhi culture. Despite all of that they were successful in establishing themselves as one of India's richest communities, especially through business and trade. Sindhis have distinguished themselves in India, from famous actors such as Ranveer Singh and Jimmi Harkishin to veteran politicians such as L. K. Advani , all of whom had families that came from Sindh. In India as per 2011 census, Sindhis have an estimated population of 2,770,000. Unlike Sindhis in Pakistan, Indian Sindhis are scattered throughout India in states such as Gujarat , Maharashtra and Rajasthan . Today many Sindhis live outside Pakistan and India, particularly in Afghanistan , where there are an estimated 25,000 of them, largely engaged in merchant trade . In addition, during
1372-410: The civilisation may have contained between one and five million individuals during its florescence. A gradual drying of the region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation. Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east. For several centuries in the first millennium BCE and in
1421-538: The consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh as a market for British products and a source of revenue and raw materials. With the appropriate infrastructure in place, the British hoped to exploit Sindh's economic potential. The British incorporated Sindh, some years later after annexing it, into the Bombay Presidency . The distance from the provincial capital, Bombay , led to grievances that Sindh
1470-619: The crackdown on separatist groups by Pervez Musharraf an estimated 400-500 Sindhi separatists, along with Balochis , fled to Afghanistan. Another group of Sindhis migrated to the island of Ceylon , which is the now modern day country of Sri Lanka , roughly two centuries ago to engage in business and trade. They came via migration from Hyderabad city of Sindh. However, after partition this trend increased as Sindhi Hindus left their home province. Today they are mainly concentrated around Colombo . Rich Sindhi communities can also be found in both Hong Kong and Singapore . Sindh
1519-479: The daily lives of Sindhis. Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of Hindus overall, which accounts 8.7% of the population, roughly around 4.2 million people, and 13.3% of the province's rural population as per 2017 Pakistani census report. These numbers also include the scheduled caste population, which stands at 1.7% of the total in Sindh (or 3.1% in rural areas), and is believed to have been under-reported, with some community members instead counted under
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1568-621: The first five centuries of the first millennium CE, the western portions of Sindh, the regions on the western flank of the Indus river, were intermittently under Persian, Greek and Kushan rule, first during the Achaemenid dynasty (500–300 BCE) during which it made up part of the easternmost satrapies, then, by Alexander the Great, followed by the Indo-Greeks and still later under the Indo-Sassanids , as well as Kushans , before
1617-622: The first-level imperial division. Sindh again became independent under the Kalhora dynasty . The British conquered Sindh in 1843 after their victory in the Battle of Hyderabad over the Talpur dynasty . Sindh became a separate province in 1936, and after independence became part of Pakistan. Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization . There are remnants of ancient cities and structures, with
1666-639: The main Hindu category. Although Pakistan Hindu Council claimed that there are 6,842,526 Hindus living in Sindh Province covering around 14.29% of the region's population. Umerkot district in the Thar Desert is Pakistan's only Hindu-majority district. The Shri Ramapir Temple in Tandoallahyar whose annual festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan is in Sindh. Sindh is also
1715-749: The oldest Sindhi tribes is the Charan . The Sindhi-Sipahi of Rajasthan and the Sandhai Muslims of Gujarat are communities of Sindhi Rajputs settled in India. Closely related to the Sindhi Rajputs are the Sindhi Jats , who are found mainly in the Indus delta region. However, tribes are of little importance in Sindh as compared to in Punjab and Balochistan. Identity in Sindh is mostly based on
1764-519: The only province in Pakistan to have a separate law for governing Hindu marriages . Per community estimates, there are approximately 10,000 Sikhs in Sindh. Hinduism along with Buddhism was the predominant religion in Sindh before the Arab Islamic conquest. The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang , who visited the region in the years 630–644, said that Buddhism was declining in the region. While Buddhism declined and ultimately disappeared after
1813-538: The region between 14th and 18th centuries and many Baloch dynasties saw a high Iranic mixture into Sindhis. The British East India Company conquered Sindh in 1843. General Charles Napier is said to have reported victory to the Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely "Peccavi" – or "I have sinned" ( Latin ), which was later turned into a pun known as "Forgive me for I have Sindh". The British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh:
1862-474: The responsibility to develop. The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution originally included 14 languages. The 71st Amendment , enacted in 1992, included three more languages, i.e. Konkani , Meitei (Manipuri) and Nepali . The 92nd Amendment , added Bodo , Dogri , Santhali and Maithali in 2003, raising the total number of languages to 22. BE it enacted by Parliament in the Eighteenth Year of
1911-537: The rest of India; unlike its neighbors Sindh did not experience violent invasions. Boundaries of various Kingdoms and rulers in Sindh were defined on ethnic lines. Throughout history the geographical definition for Sindh referred to the south of Indus and its neighboring regions. Besides Sindh the historical homeland of Sindhis are regions like Kacchi Plain , the Lasbela and Makran regions in Balochistan ,
1960-418: The same date. Sindhi people Sindhis ( / ˈ s ɪ n d iː z / ; سنڌي ( Perso-Arabic ) , सिन्धी ( Devanagari ) ; romanized : sindhī ; pronounced [sɪndʱiː] ) are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group , originating from and native to Sindh region of Pakistan, who share a common Sindhi culture , history and language . The historical homeland of Sindhis
2009-486: The title Twenty-first Amendment . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twenty-first_Amendment&oldid=1151173003 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Twenty-first Amendment of
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2058-656: The world; some Sindhis fled and formed diasporas settling in countries such as England and the United States . Pakistani Sindhis are predominantly Muslim , with smaller minorities of Christians , Sikhs , and Hindus . The latter are concentrated mostly in the eastern Sindh . Indian Sindhis are predominantly Hindu with smaller Muslim, Christian, Sikh, and Jain minorities. Despite being geographically separated, Sindhis still maintain strong ties to each other and share similar cultural values and practices. Europe North America Oceania The name Sindhi
2107-759: Was abandoned in the 19th century BCE as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration. The cities of the ancient Indus were noted for their urban planning , baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and techniques of handicraft and metallurgy . Mohenjo-daro and Harappa very likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals, and
2156-766: Was heavily Hindu and Buddhist . After 632 CE., it was part of the Islamic empires of the Abbasids and Umayyids . Habbari, Soomra , Samma , Kalhora dynasties ruled Sindh. After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , the Arab expansion towards the east reached the Sindh region beyond Persia . An initial expedition in the region, launched because of the Sindhi pirate attacks on Arabs in 711–12, failed. In 712, when Mohammed Bin Qasim invaded Sindh with 8000 cavalry while also receiving reinforcements, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf instructed him not to spare anyone in Debal. According to
2205-417: Was mainly urban and mercantile while Hinduism was rural and non-mercantile, thus the Arabs, themselves urban and mercantile, attracted and converted the Buddhist classes, but for the rural and non-mercantile parts, only interested by the taxes, they promoted a more decentralized authority and appointed Brahmins for the task, who often just continued the roles they had in the previous Hindu rule. According to
2254-599: Was neglected in contrast to other parts of the Presidency. The merger of Sindh into Punjab province was considered from time to time but was turned down because of British disagreement and Sindhi opposition, both from Muslims and Hindus, to being annexed to Punjab. In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab. This was in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of religious tolerance and in part because Sindh
2303-474: Was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution, rather than persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha. The two main tribes of Sindh are
2352-703: Was the site of one of the Cradle of civilizations , the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilisation that flourished from about 3000 BCE. The Indo-Aryan tribes of Sindh gave rise to the Iron Age vedic civilization , which lasted until 500 BCE. During this era, the Vedas were composed. In 518 BCE, the Achaemenid empire conquered Indus valley and established Hindush satrapy in Sindh. Following Alexander
2401-452: Was to last in lower Sindh until the early 18th century, while upper Sindh was ruled by the indigenous Kalhora dynasty, consolidating their rule until the mid-18th century, when the Persian sacking of the Mughal throne in Delhi allowed them to grab the rest of Sindh. It is during this the era that the famous Sindhi Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai composed his classic Sindhi text Shah Jo Risalo The Talpur dynasty (Sindhi: ٽالپردور) succeeded
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