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43-597: Twin Rivers operates the cleanest school bus fleet in the country, with 25 battery electric buses and ten more on order. It also has 35 buses that run on compressed natural gas and 60 on renewable diesel . The district was created as a result of the November 2007 approval of Measure B, a proposal to merge the four North Sacramento area school districts: the North Sacramento School District,

86-400: A city, it is important to minimize the unloaded and rolling weight of the bus. This can be accomplished by using aluminium as the main construction material. Composite paneling and other lightweight materials can also be used. According to Finnish bus manufacturer Linkker, its fully aluminium bus construction is about 3000 kg lighter than comparably sized modern steel buses, which have

129-693: A curb weight of 9500 kg. Reducing weight allows for a greater payload and reduces wear to components such as brakes, tires, and joints, achieving cost savings for the operator. Buses may be charged at plug in stations , or on special wireless charging pads but plug in stations are more common dute to the fact that are faster and more efficient. Sweden is studying four different dynamic charging technologies that allow buses and other vehicles to charge while driving on roads and highways. The four tested technologies are overhead wires , in-road rail, on-road rail, and in-road inductive coils. The first solar powered microgrid for charging electric buses in

172-580: A solution. China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus, known as Capabus , which runs without continuous overhead lines by using power stored in large on-board electric double-layer capacitors, which are quickly recharged whenever the vehicle stops at any bus stop (under so-called electric umbrellas ), and fully charged in the terminus . A few prototypes were being tested in Shanghai in early 2005. In 2006, two commercial bus routes began to use electric double-layer capacitor buses; one of them

215-408: Is a bus that is propelled using electric motors , as opposed to a conventional internal combustion engine . Electric buses can store the needed electrical energy on board, or be fed mains electricity continuously from an external source such as overhead lines . The majority of buses using on-board energy storage are battery electric buses (which is what this article mostly deals with), where

258-476: Is also a plug-in hybrid version, which also uses ultracaps. Sinautec is in discussions with MIT 's Schindall about developing ultracapacitors of higher energy density using vertically aligned carbon nanotube structures that give the devices more surface area for holding a charge. So far, they are able to get twice the energy density of an existing ultracapacitor, but they are trying to get about five times. This would create an ultracapacitor with one-quarter of

301-472: Is called a contact wire . Most overhead supply systems are either DC or single phase AC, using a single wire with return through the grounded running rails. Three phase AC systems use a pair of overhead wires, and paired trolley poles . Electric overhead cranes and gantry cranes may use a current collector system to provide power over the full length of their operating area. The current collector assembly use sliding shoes that run on rails. Depending on

344-766: Is expected to be helpful for children with asthma. In addition, the BIDIRECTIONAL Act was introduced in the US Senate, to "create a program dedicated to deploying electric school buses with bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) flow capability." Transit authorities that use battery buses or other types of all-electric buses, other than trolleybuses : The UAE has recently introduced electric buses. The busses are public buses which serve Dubai. Highlights: Cities using electric buses include: As of 2016, 156,000 buses are being put into service per year in China. As of

387-697: Is relatively inexpensive per mile. High local utility rates (especially during periods of peak demand) and proprietary charging systems pose barriers to adoption. In 2014, the first production-model all-electric school bus was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California's San Joaquin Valley. The Class-A school bus was built by Trans Tech Bus , using an electric powertrain control system developed by Motiv Power Systems , of Foster City, California. The bus

430-758: Is route 11 in Shanghai. In 2009, Sinautec Automobile Technologies , based in Arlington, VA , and its Chinese partner, Shanghai Aowei Technology Development Company are testing with 17 forty-one seat Ultracap Buses serving the Greater Shanghai area since 2006 without any major technical problems. Another 60 buses will be delivered early next year with ultracapacitors that supply 10 watt-hours per kilogram . The buses have very predictable routes and need to stop regularly, every 5 kilometres (3 mi), allowing opportunities for quick recharging. The trick

473-421: Is to turn some bus stops along the route into charging stations . At these stations, a collector on the top of the bus rises and touches an overhead charging line. Within a couple of minutes, the ultracapacitor banks stored under the bus seats are fully charged. The buses can also capture energy from braking, and the company says that recharging stations can be equipped with solar panels . A third generation of

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516-406: Is using 116 electric buses: In 2018 Rotterdam ordered 55 electric buses from VDL and in 2019 obtained a European Investment Bank loan to buy a further 105 electric and 103 hybrids. Since March 2018, 100 VDL Citea articulated electric buses operated by Connexxion have served Schiphol airport . The buses have a battery capacity of 170 kWh and a range of 80 kilometres. They are charged during

559-442: The bogies . Typically, electric current connectors have one or more spring-loaded arms that press a collector or contact shoe against the rail or overhead wire. As the vehicle moves, the contact shoe slides along the wire or rail to draw the electricity needed to run the vehicle's motor. The current collector arms are electrically conductive but mounted insulated on the vehicle's roof, side or base. An insulated cable connects

602-410: The energy density of a lithium-ion battery. Future developments includes the use of inductive charging under the street, to avoid overhead wiring. A pad under each bus stop and at each stop light along the way would be used. As with other electric vehicles , climate control and extremely cold weather will weaken the performance of electric buses. In addition, terrain may pose a challenge to

645-407: The regenerative braking benefits. The ultracapacitors are made of activated carbon , and have an energy density of six watt-hours per kilogram (for comparison, a high-performance lithium-ion battery can achieve 200 watt-hours per kilogram), but the ultracapacitor bus is also cheaper than lithium-ion battery buses, about 40 percent less expensive, with a far superior reliability rating. There

688-598: The Canadian manufacturer Lion Bus offers a full size school bus, eLion , with a body made out of composites. It is a regular production version that is built and shipped in volume since early 2016, with around 50 units sold until 2017. In February 2021, there were about 300 electric schoolbuses in operation in the United States. That month, Montgomery County, Maryland approved a contract to transition its 1,400 vehicle schoolbus fleet to electric buses by 2035, with

731-660: The City of Sacramento is within the district, with portions for grades K-12, and others for grades 7-12. North Sacramento and Del Paso Heights Norte Del Rio High School also served this area until its closure in the 1980s. Three of Sacramento's westside suburbs are served by Twin Rivers Schools: Other territories within TRUSD include portions of Elverta (for grades 9-12) and portions of McClellan Park (for grades 7-12). The district takes students in grades 7-12 from

774-819: The Del Paso Heights School District, the Rio Linda Union School District, and the Grant Joint Union High School District . Originally referred to as New North Area Unified School District after Measure B passed, the name Twin Rivers was selected from among 300 submitted by community members during a three-week naming contest. On December 4, 2007, the trustees selected Frank Porter to serve as Twin Rivers USD Interim Superintendent. Porter, who had been

817-667: The Dutch public transport authorities agreed to buy only emission-free buses from 2025 onwards, and to make the entire fleet emission-free by 2030. In December 2018 GVB ordered 31 electric buses from VDL, with an option for 69 more buses. They entered service on 2 April 2020 on routes 15, 22 and 36, and are The buses recharge through a pantograph from 31 8 MW Heliox fast chargers at the Garage West depot on Jan Tooropstraat and seven 45 kW chargers at Sloterdijk station . EBS ( Egged Bus Systems ), which primarily serves Waterland to

860-1029: The Superintendent of the Ravenswood School District in May 2013, and Rusty Clark became the superintendent of the Pleasant Ridge School District near Grass Valley in June 2013. June 2020 Andy Weather Director of Special Projects became Superintendent of the Grass Valley School District. Dr. Shelly Holt, secondary curriculum director for the district when it first started is now in the Fontana Unified School District in Southern California. A portion of

903-476: The US electrical grid . Current collector A current collector (often called a "pickup") is a device used in trolleybuses , trams , electric locomotives and EMUs to carry electric power ( current ) from overhead lines , electric third rails , or ground-level power supplies to the electrical equipment of the vehicles. Those for overhead wires are roof-mounted devices, those for rails are mounted on

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946-646: The US is under construction in Montgomery County, MD , and scheduled for completion in fall of 2022. Buses can use capacitors instead of batteries to store their energy. Ultracapacitors can only store about 5 percent of the energy that lithium-ion batteries hold for the same weight, limiting them to a short distance per charge. However ultracapacitors can charge and discharge much more rapidly than conventional batteries. In vehicles that have to stop frequently and predictably as part of normal operation, energy storage based exclusively on ultracapacitors can be

989-442: The adoption of electric vehicles that carry stored energy compared to trolleybuses, which draw power from overhead lines. Also, compared to trolleybuses, battery electric buses have lower passenger capacity because the weight of the batteries increases axle loads in jurisdictions where there are legal axle load limits on roads. Even when conditions are favorable, internal combustion engine buses are frequently diesel powered, and diesel

1032-549: The case of trams or trolleybuses . Most railways use three rails , while the London Underground uses four rails . Trams or trolleybuses use a grooved trolley shoe at the end of a trolley pole . A contact shoe is used as a ground on the running rail of a rubber-tired metro. A long and narrow contact shoe shaped like a ski , or "skid" or "ski collector" or "contact ski", was historically used on stud contact systems so it maintains contact with small studs in

1075-985: The cities above, are operating more than 350 electric buses all over Romania, and their number is expanding. Most of the electric buses in Romania are deliveres by: Solaris (Poland), SOR (Czech Republic), Karsan (Turkey), Temsa (Turkey), BYD (China), ZTE Bus in cooperation with BMC Trucks and Bus (Romania). The list above is incomplete, as more tenders for electric buses are being launched, and more buses and models continue to appear. In November 2019, orders for new electric buses had outpaced manufacturing capacity. The 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act included $ 2.5 billion in funding for electric school buses, to be distributed over five years. By June 2022, there were commitments to 12,275 electric school buses in 38 states. A 2022 study by National Grid and Hitachi Energy indicates that installing charging infrastructure for fleet electrification will require location-specific upgrades to

1118-417: The collector with the switch , transformer or motor . The steel rails of the tracks act as the electrical return . Electric vehicles that collect their current from an overhead line system use different forms of one- or two-arm pantograph collectors , bow collectors or trolley poles . The current collection device presses against the underside of the lowest wire of an overhead line system, which

1161-468: The day by Heliox 450 kW fast chargers, taking between 15 and 25 minutes. Overnight, 30 kW slow charges take 4–5 hours. They are powered by 100% renewable energy , from wind power and solar panels at the depots. The buses serve two different networks: Since 2016 a fleet of 35 BYD 12-metre battery buses has provided airfield services. In Utrecht, Qbuzz has operated electric buses since 2017. In April 2013 six all-electric BYD buses operated on

1204-491: The electric motor obtains energy from an onboard battery pack , although examples of other storage modes do exist, such as the gyrobus that uses flywheel energy storage . When electricity is not stored on board, it is supplied by contact with outside power supplies, for example, via a current collector (like the overhead conduction poles in trolleybuses ), or with a ground-level power supply , or through inductive charging . As of 2017, 99% of all battery electric buses in

1247-583: The electricity stored on board the vehicle in a battery. As of 2024, battery electric buses could have a range of over 350km with just one charge, although extreme temperatures, hills, driving style and heavy loads can reduce range. City driving involves a great deal of accelerating and braking. Due to that, the battery electric bus is superior to diesel bus as it can recharge most of the kinetic energy back into batteries during braking, which reduces brake wear. The use of electric over diesel propulsion reduces noise and pollution in cities. When operating within

1290-496: The end of 2020, 378,700 electric buses were in operation, accounting for 53.8% of the total amount of buses. 741 electric buses are operated by Mowasalat (Karwa) the country's public transit system. The electrification of Belgium's buses is on a strong upward trend: As for fully electric buses, Belgium only had 4 in operation in 2019. operates Wright StreetDeck Electroliner BEVs and Wright GB Kite Electroliner BEVs and Yutong E12 and Yutong E15 BEVs The Netherlands has

1333-450: The first 25 buses arriving in fall 2021. The 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act included $ 2.5 billion in funding for electric school buses, to be distributed over five years. By June 2022, 38 US states were using electric schoolbuses. In September 2022, EPA funding for electric schoolbuses was doubled, from $ 500 million to almost $ 1 billion, due to high demand. The improvement in air quality over diesel powered school buses

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1376-571: The interim superintendent. Effective July 1, 2013, Dr. Steven Martinez, previously of Fresno Unified now serves as the district superintendent. Five of the district's assistant superintendents have become superintendents - Debra LaVoi, Ed.D., became the superintendent at Woodland Joint Unified in July 2009 until her retirement in July 2014, Ramona Bishop, Ed.D.,became the superintendent at Vallejo City Unified in April 2011, Gloria Hernandez-Goff, Ed.D., became

1419-710: The island of Schiermonnikoog . Arriva started running 16 electric buses on Vlieland, Ameland and Schiermonnikoog. As of 2022, around 700 electric buses—not counting trolleybuses —from different manufacturers are operated in Poland, and there are plans to obtain another few hundred. The largest fleets are located in Warsaw (162 buses), Kraków (78 buses), Poznań (59 buses), Jaworzno (44 buses) and Zielona Góra (43 buses). Trolleybuses operate in Gdynia , Lublin and Tychy , with around 250–300 in service. In Romania, except for

1462-548: The most electric buses of any European country. At the end of 2019 the number had reached 770, or 15% of the entire Dutch fleet of 5,236 buses. This is expected to grow to 1,388 by the end of 2020. In the provinces of Groningen and Drenthe 47% of buses are electric, in Limburg 37% and in North Holland 31%. The main manufacturers are VDL (486 of the existing 770) Ebusco (110), Heuliez (49) and BYD (44). In 2015,

1505-561: The north of Amsterdam, has also ordered 10 electric buses from VDL. Arnhem has the Netherlands's only trolleybus network , which opened in 1949 and operates 46 articulated buses on six routes. On 11 December 2016 Hermes introduced 43 fully electric VDL 18-metre buses in Eindhoven , driving a daily distance of 400 km each. In 2017 this was the biggest all-electric bus operation of Europe. For use on its Haaglanden network EBS

1548-533: The product, will give 32 kilometres (20 mi) of range per charge or better. Such a bus was delivered by Chariot Motors in Sofia, Bulgaria in May 2014 for 9 months' test. It covers 23 km in 2 charges. Sinautec estimates that one of its buses has one-tenth the energy cost of a diesel bus and can achieve lifetime fuel savings of $ 200,000. Also, the buses use 40 percent less electricity compared to an electric trolley bus , mainly because they are lighter and have

1591-436: The size of crane, contact rails may be copper wires, copper bars, or steel channels. mounted on insulating supports. Two rails are used for DC supply, and three for three-phase AC, with grounding of the crane through contact with the runway rails. The contact rails are mounted out of the reach of people working in the area to prevent an electric shock hazard. The trolley pole wheel is a grooved contact wheel mounted on top of

1634-622: The superintendent of the Rio Linda Union School District was selected for the job over Ramona Bishop, the superintendent of the Del Paso Heights Elementary School District. The new district assumed operational responsibility for the 37,000 students in the four merging districts on July 1, 2008. Frank Porter has announced his retirement as of June 30, 2012 after four and a half years as the district's superintendent. Rob Ball served about three months as acting superintendent and Joe Williams served 10 months as

1677-560: The territory of Robla Elementary School District , while it takes students in grades 9-12 from the territory of Elverta Joint Elementary School District .. The trustees are: There have been several students and staff members of the schools that are within the Twin Rivers USD. Susan Peters, Sacramento County Board of Supervisors Alumni who came back to serve on the Board of Trustees Electric bus An electric bus

1720-419: The third rail (top running), on the bottom (bottom running) or on the side (side running). The side running contact shoe is used against the guide bars on rubber-tired metros . A vertical contact shoe is used on fourth rail systems. A pair of contact shoes was used on underground current collection systems . Contact shoes may also be used on overhead conductor rails , on guide bars or on trolley wires in

1763-467: The trolley pole instead of a trolley shoe. The trolley pole wheel somewhat resembles a pulley . Trolley pole wheels are now rarely used. A collector pole is the pole at the end of a bumper car . It has a contact shoe on top. Electric railways with third rails or fourth rails carry collector or contact shoes, or paddles (the name used by MARTA ), projecting laterally (sideways), or vertically, from their bogies . The contact shoe may slide on top of

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1806-655: The world have been deployed in Mainland China , with more than 421,000 buses on the road, which is 17% of China 's total bus fleet. For comparison, the United States had 300, and Europe had 2,250. By 2021, China's share of electric buses remained at 98% while Europe had reached 8,500 electric buses, with the largest fleet in Europe being Moscow . One of the most popular types of electric buses nowadays are battery electric buses . Battery electric buses have

1849-602: Was one of four the district ordered. The first round of SST-e buses (as they are called) is partly funded by the AB 118 Air Quality Improvement Program administered by the California Air Resources Board . The Trans Tech/Motiv vehicle has passed all KCUSD and California Highway Patrol inspections and certifications. Although some diesel hybrids are in use, this is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state. Since 2015,

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