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66-529: Tylenol may refer to: Paracetamol (acetaminophen), a medication used to treat pain and fever Tylenol (brand) , an American brand of drugs containing paracetamol Chicago Tylenol murders , a series of poisoning deaths resulting from Tylenol-branded drug tampering in the Chicago metropolitan area in 1982 Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

132-456: A semipermeable membrane consisting of copper(II)-hexacyanoferrate(II) . After van 't Hoff's theory was published, experimenters had trouble to replicate Pfeffer's measurements, mainly because they could not find or make clay cells of suitable quality to support the semipermeable membrane, a problem that had affected Pfeffer as well. Furthermore, Morse showed that Pfeffer's cells were leaky at high pressure. Morse's main experimental contribution

198-506: A "highlighted" one for self-medication of tension headache, with paracetamol/caffeine combination being a "remedy of first choice", and paracetamol a "remedy of second choice". Pain after a dental surgery provides a reliable model for the action of analgesics on other kinds of acute pain. For the relief of such pain, paracetamol is inferior to ibuprofen. Full therapeutic doses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ibuprofen, naproxen or diclofenac are clearly more efficacious than

264-464: A degree of dose dependence. The association between paracetamol use and asthma in children has been a matter of controversy. However, the most recent research suggests that there is no association, and that the frequency of asthma exacerbations in children after paracetamol is the same as after another frequently used pain killer, ibuprofen. In recommended doses, the side effects of paracetamol are mild to non-existent. In contrast to aspirin, it

330-407: A dose-dependent anticonvulsant activity against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice. After being taken by mouth, paracetamol is rapidly absorbed from the small intestine , while absorption from the stomach is negligible. Thus, the rate of absorption depends on stomach emptying. Food slows the stomach emptying and absorption, but the total amount absorbed stays the same. In the same subjects,

396-640: A majority of adult overdoses are linked to suicide attempts, many cases are accidental, often due to the use of more than one paracetamol-containing product over an extended period. Paracetamol toxicity has become the foremost cause of acute liver failure in the United States by 2003, and as of 2005 , paracetamol accounted for most drug overdoses in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. As of 2004, paracetamol overdose resulted in more calls to poison control centers in

462-508: A phenol derivate, e.g. salicylic acid, to form an indophenol dye under oxidization by air. Harmon Northrop Morse The earliest American ancestor of Harmon Northrop Morse was John Morse, who came from England in 1639 and settled in New Haven . His father, Harmon Morse, was a Puritan farmer and a believer in hard work, few holidays and little schooling. He viewed all forms of recreation as objectionable. Northrop's mother died at

528-425: A possible increase of asthma and developmental and reproductive disorders in the offspring of women with prolonged use of paracetamol during pregnancy. Paracetamol use by the mother during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma , but so are the maternal infections for which paracetamol may be used, and separating these influences is difficult. Paracetamol, in a small scale meta-analysis

594-493: A result, it has been described as over-prescribed for this application. In addition, low-quality clinical data indicates that when used for the common cold , paracetamol may relieve a stuffed or runny nose, but not other cold symptoms such as sore throat , malaise , sneezing , or cough . For people in critical care , paracetamol decreases body temperature by only 0.2–0.3   °C more than control interventions and has no effect on their mortality . It did not change

660-558: A series of papers on the preparation of permanganic acid . This led him to study osmotic pressure . In the first half of the 20th century, the Morse name was mainly associated with his work in this area. With the help of a grant from the Carnegie Institution of Washington, he published a report entitled The Osmotic Pressure of Aqueous Solutions , which summarized the work he performed between 1899 and 1913. For this work he

726-616: A young age, leaving behind Northrop, his brother Anson and his sister Delia. Thanks to an endowment left by his grandmother, Northrop Morse studied chemistry at Amherst College , which he entered in 1869 and graduated in 1873. He continued his studies in Germany, and obtained a PhD in chemistry with a minor in mineralogy from the University of Göttingen in 1875. During Morse's time there, Friedrich Wöhler had officially retired from active service, and Morse's thesis adviser, and head of

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792-414: Is a non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic agent used to treat fever and mild to moderate pain . It is a widely used over-the-counter medication . Common brand names include Tylenol and Panadol . Paracetamol relieves pain in both acute mild migraine and episodic tension headache . At a standard dose, paracetamol slightly reduces fever; it is inferior to ibuprofen in that respect, and

858-785: Is associated with 1.9 times higher risk of peptic ulcer. Those who take it regularly at a higher dose (more than 2–3   g daily) are at much higher risk (3.6–3.7 times) of gastrointestinal bleeding and other bleeding events. Meta-analyses suggest that paracetamol may increase the risk of kidney impairment by 23 % and kidney cancer by 28 %. Paracetamol slightly but significantly increases blood pressure and heart rate. A 2022 double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study has provided evidence that daily, high-dose use (4 g per day) of paracetamol increases systolic BP. A review of available research has suggested that increase in systolic blood pressure and increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding associated with chronic paracetamol use shows

924-454: Is converted to sulfate by sulfation enzymes SULT1A1 , SULT1A3 , and SULT1E1 . A minor metabolic pathway (5–15 %) of oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes, mainly by CYP2E1 , forms a toxic metabolite known as NAPQI ( N -acetyl- p -benzoquinone imine). NAPQI is responsible for the liver toxicity of paracetamol. At usual doses of paracetamol, NAPQI is quickly detoxified by conjugation with glutathione . The non-toxic conjugate APAP-GSH

990-464: Is dose-dependent: it increases from 63 % for 500   mg dose to 89 % for 1000   mg dose. Its plasma terminal elimination half-life is 1.9–2.5 hours, and volume of distribution is roughly 50   L. Protein binding is negligible, except under the conditions of overdose, when it may reach 15–21 %. The concentration in serum after a typical dose of paracetamol usually peaks below 30   μg/mL (200   μmol/L). After 4 hours,

1056-507: Is due to its quinone metabolite NAPQI and NAC also helps in neutralizing it. Kidney failure is also a possible side effect. Prokinetic agents such as metoclopramide accelerate gastric emptying, shorten time (t max ) to paracetamol peak blood plasma concentration (C max ), and increase C max . Medications slowing gastric emptying such as propantheline and morphine lengthen t max and decrease C max . The interaction with morphine may result in patients failing to achieve

1122-433: Is lacking. Paracetamol is effective for acute migraine: 39 % of people experience pain relief at one hour compared with 20 % in the control group. The aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine combination also "has strong evidence of effectiveness and can be used as a first-line treatment for migraine". Paracetamol on its own only slightly alleviates episodic tension headache in those who have them frequently. However,

1188-523: Is not a blood thinner (and thus may be used in patients where bleeding is a concern), and it does not cause gastric irritation. Compared to Ibuprofen—which can have adverse effects that include diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain—paracetamol is well tolerated with fewer side effects. Prolonged daily use may cause kidney or liver damage. Paracetamol is metabolized by the liver and is hepatotoxic ; side effects may be more likely in chronic alcoholics or patients with liver damage. Until 2010 paracetamol

1254-683: Is not recommended; however, doses may be alternated if required. Paracetamol is used for the relief of mild to moderate pain such as headache, muscle aches, minor arthritis pain, toothache as well as pain caused by cold, flu, sprains, and dysmenorrhea . It is recommended, in particular, for acute mild to moderate pain, since the evidence for the treatment of chronic pain is insufficient. The benefits of paracetamol in musculoskeletal conditions, such as osteoarthritis and backache, are uncertain. It appears to provide only small and not clinically important benefits in osteoarthritis . American College of Rheumatology and Arthritis Foundation guideline for

1320-446: Is nothing like that of ibuprofen. Increase in risk-taking behavior is possible. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the drug may cause rare and possibly fatal skin reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis , Rechallenge tests and an analysis of American but not French pharmacovigilance databases indicated a risk of these reactions. In clinical trials for osteoarthritis ,

1386-582: Is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . Paracetamol is available as a generic medication , with brand names including Tylenol and Panadol among others . In 2022, it was the 114th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5   million prescriptions. Paracetamol is used for reducing fever. However, there has been a lack of research on its antipyretic properties, particularly in adults, and thus its benefits are unclear. As

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1452-461: Is reduced to 4-aminophenol by hydrogenation over Raney nickel . In another method, nitrobenzene is reduced electrolytically giving 4-aminophenol directly. Additionally, 4-nitrophenol can be selectively reduced by Tin(II) Chloride in absolute ethanol or ethyl acetate to produce a 91 % yield of 4-aminophenol. An alternative industrial synthesis developed at Celanese involves firstly direct acylation of phenol with acetic anhydride in

1518-430: Is safe for children, as paracetamol is not associated with a risk of Reye's syndrome in children with viral illnesses. Chronic users of paracetamol may have a higher risk of developing blood cancer . Paracetamol safety in pregnancy has been under increased scrutiny. There appears to be no link between paracetamol use in the first trimester and adverse pregnancy outcomes or birth defects . However, indications exist of

1584-413: Is superior to either drug alone. The pain relief paracetamol provides in osteoarthritis is small and clinically insignificant. The evidence in its favor for the use in low back pain, cancer pain , and neuropathic pain is insufficient. In the short term, paracetamol is safe and effective when used as directed. Short term adverse effects are uncommon and similar to ibuprofen, but paracetamol

1650-440: Is taken up in the bile and further degraded to mercapturic and cysteine conjugates that are excreted in the urine. In overdose, glutathione is depleted by the large amount of formed NAPQI, and NAPQI binds to mitochondria proteins of the liver cells causing oxidative stress and toxicity. Yet another minor but important direction of metabolism is deacetylation of 1–2 % of paracetamol to form p -aminophenol . p -Aminophenol

1716-454: Is the foremost cause of acute liver failure in the Western world , and accounts for most drug overdoses in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. Paracetamol was first made in 1878 by Harmon Northrop Morse or possibly in 1852 by Charles Frédéric Gerhardt . It is the most commonly used medication for pain and fever in both the United States and Europe. It

1782-443: Is then converted in the brain by fatty acid amide hydrolase into AM404 , a compound that may be partially responsible for the analgesic action of paracetamol. The classical methods for the production of paracetamol involve the acetylation of 4-aminophenol with acetic anhydride as the last step. They differ in how 4-aminophenol is prepared. In one method, nitration of phenol with nitric acid affords 4-nitrophenol , which

1848-505: Is typically safer than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for long-term use. Paracetamol is also often used in patients who cannot tolerate NSAIDs like ibuprofen. Chronic consumption of paracetamol may result in a drop in hemoglobin level, indicating possible gastrointestinal bleeding , and abnormal liver function tests . The recommended maximum daily dose for an adult is three to four grams. Higher doses may lead to toxicity, including liver failure . Paracetamol poisoning

1914-467: Is unclear. Paracetamol should not be used solely with the aim of reducing body temperature; however, it may be considered for children with fever who appear distressed. It does not prevent febrile seizures . It appears that 0.2   °C decrease of the body temperature in children after a standard dose of paracetamol is of questionable value, particularly in emergency situations. Based on this, some physicians advocate using higher doses that may decrease

1980-463: The Laboratory, was Hans Hübner . Nevertheless, Wöhler occasionally spent part of his time in the laboratory and a few favored students, generally Americans, were given the privilege of working with him. Hübner was an organic chemist , so Morse's initial work was in that area, but later Morse would work in what is now known as physical chemistry . Morse returned to the United States in 1875, and

2046-448: The U.S. than overdose of any other pharmacological substance. According to the FDA, in the United States, "56,000 emergency room visits, 26,000 hospitalizations, and 458 deaths per year [were] related to acetaminophen-associated overdoses during the 1990s. Within these estimates, unintentional acetaminophen overdose accounted for nearly 25 % of the emergency department visits, 10 % of

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2112-409: The active form of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. This occurs only when the concentration of arachidonic acid and peroxides is low. Under these conditions, COX-2 is the predominant form of cyclooxygenase, which explains the apparent COX-2 selectivity of paracetamol. Under the conditions of inflammation, the concentration of peroxides is high, which counteracts the reducing effect of paracetamol. Accordingly,

2178-462: The analgesic effect of paracetamol. In 2018, Suemaru et al . found that, in mice, paracetamol exerts an anticonvulsant effect by activation of the TRPV1 receptors and a decrease in neuronal excitability by hyperpolarization of neurons. The exact mechanism of the anticonvulsant effect of acetaminophen is not clear. According to Suemaru et al ., acetaminophen and its active metabolite AM404 show

2244-433: The anti-inflammatory action of paracetamol is slight. The anti-inflammatory action of paracetamol (via COX inhibition) has also been found to primarily target the central nervous system and not peripheral areas of the body, explaining the lack of side effects associated with conventional NSAIDs such as gastric bleeding. The second mechanism centers on the paracetamol metabolite AM404 . This metabolite has been detected in

2310-499: The aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine combination is superior to both paracetamol alone and placebo and offers meaningful relief of tension headache: two hours after administering the medication, 29 % of those who took the combination were pain-free as compared with 21 % on paracetamol and 18 % on placebo. The German, Austrian, and Swiss headache societies and the German Society of Neurology recommend this combination as

2376-432: The benefits of its use for fever are unclear, particularly in the context of fever of viral origins. The aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine combination also helps with both conditions where the pain is mild and is recommended as a first-line treatment for them. Paracetamol is effective for post- surgical pain, but it is inferior to ibuprofen. The paracetamol/ibuprofen combination provides further increase in potency and

2442-466: The brains of animals and cerebrospinal fluid of humans taking paracetamol. It is formed in the brain from another paracetamol metabolite 4-aminophenol by action of fatty acid amide hydrolase . AM404 is a weak agonist of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 , an inhibitor of endocannabinoid transporter , and a potent activator of TRPV1 receptor. This and other research indicate that the endocannabinoid system and TRPV1 may play an important role in

2508-504: The concentration is usually less than 10   μg/mL (66   μmol/L). Paracetamol is metabolized primarily in the liver, mainly by glucuronidation and sulfation , and the products are then eliminated in the urine (see the Scheme on the right). Only 2–5 % of the drug is excreted unchanged in the urine. Glucuronidation by UGT1A1 and UGT1A6 accounts for 50–70 % of the drug metabolism. Additional 25–35 % of paracetamol

2574-421: The drug. Treatment is aimed at removing the paracetamol from the body and replenishing glutathione . Activated charcoal can be used to decrease absorption of paracetamol if the person comes to the hospital soon after the overdose. While the antidote, acetylcysteine (also called N -acetylcysteine or NAC), acts as a precursor for glutathione, helping the body regenerate enough to prevent or at least decrease

2640-435: The first Nobel prize in chemistry. He derived an analogue of Gay-Lussac's law for the dependence of the osmotic pressure on absolute temperature. Van 't Hoff derived his analogy based on data from experiments that Wilhelm Pfeffer , a professor of botany, had published a decade earlier under the title "Osmotische Untersuchungen" — an account of his endeavors to measure osmotic pressure by means of porous cells lined with

2706-800: The hospitalizations, and 25 % of the deaths." Overdoses are frequently related to high-dose recreational use of prescription opioids , as these opioids are most often combined with paracetamol. The overdose risk may be heightened by frequent consumption of alcohol. Untreated paracetamol overdose results in a lengthy, painful illness. Signs and symptoms of paracetamol toxicity may initially be absent or non-specific symptoms . The first symptoms of overdose usually begin several hours after ingestion, with nausea , vomiting , sweating, and pain as acute liver failure starts. People who take overdoses of paracetamol do not fall asleep or lose consciousness, although most people who attempt suicide with paracetamol wrongly believe that they will be rendered unconscious by

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2772-432: The inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) and actions of its metabolite N-arachidonoylphenolamine (AM404). Supporting the first mechanism, pharmacologically and in its side effects, paracetamol is close to classical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that act by inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes and especially similar to selective COX-2 inhibitors . Paracetamol inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by reducing

2838-531: The lowest effective dosage and for the shortest time. In pregnancy, paracetamol and metoclopramide are deemed safe as are NSAIDs until the third trimester . Overdose of paracetamol is caused by taking more than the recommended maximum daily dose of paracetamol for healthy adults (three or four grams), and can cause potentially fatal liver damage . A single dose should not exceed 1000 mg, doses should be taken no sooner than four hours apart, and no more than four doses (4000 mg) in 24 hours. While

2904-417: The management of osteoarthritis notes that the effect size in clinical trials of paracetamol has been very small, which suggests that for most individuals it is ineffective. The guideline conditionally recommends paracetamol for short-term and episodic use to those who do not tolerate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. For people taking it regularly, monitoring for liver toxicity is required. Essentially

2970-450: The number of participants reporting adverse effects was similar for those on paracetamol and on placebo. However, the abnormal liver function tests (meaning there was some inflammation or damage to the liver) were almost four times more likely in those on paracetamol, although the clinical importance of this effect is uncertain. After 13 weeks of paracetamol therapy for knee pain, a drop in hemoglobin level indicating gastrointestinal bleeding

3036-603: The other hand, the anti-tuberculosis drug isoniazid cuts the formation of NAPQI by 70%. Ranitidine increased paracetamol area under the curve (AUC) 1.6-fold. AUC increases are also observed with nizatidine and cisapride . The effect is explained by these drugs inhibiting glucuronidation of paracetamol. Paracetamol raises plasma concentrations of ethinylestradiol by 22 % by inhibiting its sulfation. Paracetamol increases INR during warfarin therapy and should be limited to no more than 2 g per week. Paracetamol appears to exert its effects through two mechanisms:

3102-563: The outcome in febrile patients with stroke. The results are contradictory for paracetamol use in sepsis: higher mortality, lower mortality, and no change in mortality were all reported. Paracetamol offered no benefit in the treatment of dengue fever and was accompanied by a higher rate of liver enzyme elevation: a sign of a potential liver damage. Overall, there is no support for a routine administration of antipyretic drugs, including paracetamol, to hospitalized patients with fever and infection. The efficacy of paracetamol in children with fever

3168-436: The paracetamol/codeine combination to be more effective than paracetamol alone: it provided significant pain relief to as much as 53 % of the participants, while the placebo helped only 7 %. Paracetamol fails to relieve procedural pain in newborn babies . For perineal pain postpartum paracetamol appears to be less effective than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The studies to support or refute

3234-529: The paracetamol/codeine combination which is frequently prescribed for dental pain. The combinations of paracetamol and NSAIDs ibuprofen or diclofenac are promising, possibly offering better pain control than either paracetamol or the NSAID alone. Additionally, the paracetamol/ibuprofen combination may be superior to paracetamol/codeine and ibuprofen/codeine combinations. A meta-analysis of general post-surgical pain, which included dental and other surgery, showed

3300-457: The peak plasma concentration of paracetamol was reached after 20 minutes when fasting versus 90 minutes when fed. High carbohydrate (but not high protein or high fat) food decreases paracetamol peak plasma concentration by four times. Even in the fasting state, the rate of absorption of paracetamol is variable and depends on the formulation, with maximum plasma concentration being reached after 20 minutes to 1.5 hours. Paracetamol's bioavailability

3366-504: The possible damage to the liver; a liver transplant is often required if damage to the liver becomes severe. NAC was usually given following a treatment nomogram (one for people with risk factors, and one for those without), but the use of the nomogram is no longer recommended as evidence to support the use of risk factors was poor and inconsistent, and many of the risk factors are imprecise and difficult to determine with sufficient certainty in clinical practice. Toxicity of paracetamol

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3432-469: The presence of hydrogen fluoride to a ketone, then the conversion of the ketone with hydroxylamine to a ketoxime , and finally the acid-catalyzed Beckmann rearrangement of the cetoxime to the para-acetylaminophenol product. 4 -Aminophenol may be obtained by the amide hydrolysis of paracetamol. This reaction is also used to determine paracetamol in urine samples: After hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid, 4 -aminophenol reacts in ammonia solution with

3498-564: The robust designs of the studies provide a strong evidence in favor of paracetamol causing the increased risk of these neurodevelopmental disorders. In animal experiments, paracetamol disrupts fetal testosterone production, and several epidemiological studies linked cryptorchidism with mother's paracetamol use for more than two weeks in the second trimester. On the other hand, several studies did not find any association. The consensus recommendation appears to be to avoid prolonged use of paracetamol in pregnancy and use it only when necessary, at

3564-459: The same recommendation was issued by EULAR for hand osteoarthritis. Similarly, the ESCEO algorithm for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis recommends limiting the use of paracetamol to short-term rescue analgesia only. Paracetamol is ineffective for acute low back pain. No randomized clinical trials evaluated its use for chronic or radicular back pain, and the evidence in favor of paracetamol

3630-417: The temperature by as much as 0.7   °C. Meta-analyses showed that paracetamol is less effective than ibuprofen in children (marginally less effective, according to another analysis ), including children younger than 2 years old, with equivalent safety. Exacerbation of asthma occurs with similar frequency for both medications. Giving paracetamol and ibuprofen together at the same time to children under 5

3696-551: The therapeutic concentration of paracetamol; the clinical significance of interactions with metoclopramide and propantheline is unclear. There have been suspicions that cytochrome inducers may enhance the toxic pathway of paracetamol metabolism to NAPQI (see Paracetamol#Pharmacokinetics ). By and large, these suspicions have not been confirmed. Out of the inducers studied, the evidence of potentially increased liver toxicity in paracetamol overdose exists for phenobarbital , primidone , isoniazid , and possibly St John's wort . On

3762-481: The title Tylenol . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tylenol&oldid=1258087773 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Paracetamol Paracetamol , or acetaminophen ,

3828-749: The use of paracetamol for cancer pain and for neuropathic pain are lacking. There is limited evidence in favor of the use of the intravenous form of paracetamol for acute pain control in the emergency department. The combination of paracetamol with caffeine is superior to paracetamol alone for the treatment of acute pain. Paracetamol helps ductal closure in patent ductus arteriosus . It is as effective for this purpose as ibuprofen or indomethacin , but results in less frequent gastrointestinal bleeding than ibuprofen. Its use for extremely low birth weight and gestational age infants however requires further study. Gastrointestinal adverse effects such as nausea and abdominal pain are extremely uncommon, and their frequency

3894-407: Was also associated with a 20–30 % increase in autism spectrum disorder , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , and conduct disorder , with the association being lower in a meta-analysis where a larger demographic was used, but it is unclear whether this is a causal relationship and there was potential bias in the findings. There is also an argument that the large number, consistency, and

3960-424: Was an electrolytic method of depositing semi-permeable membranes. This technological advancement made possible the verification and correction of van 't Hoff's theory. In a modern formulation, van 't Hoff's equation states that ΠV = nRT, where Π is the osmotic pressure, V is the volume of the solution, n is the number of moles of the solute , R is the gas constant , and T is the absolute temperature (compare with

4026-605: Was awarded the Avogadro Medal by the Academy of Sciences of Turin ( Accademia delle Scienze di Torino )—the Piedmontese academy of which Avogadro was member. The medal was a unique prize awarded on the centennial anniversary of Avogadro's law . In 1887 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff published his landmark paper regarding the analogy between gas pressure and the osmotic pressure of solutions, for which he won

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4092-484: Was believed safe in pregnancy however, in a study published in October 2010 it has been linked to infertility in the adult life of the unborn. Like NSAIDs and unlike opioid analgesics, paracetamol has not been found to cause euphoria or alter mood. One recent research study has showed some evidence that paracetamol can ease psychological pain, but more studies are needed to draw an informed conclusion. Unlike aspirin, it

4158-406: Was buried at Amherst, where he also had a summer house. In his obituary, Remsen remembers Morse as "quiet and uneffusive". Although Johns Hopkins was a research university from the beginning, the early years of the chemistry department were marked by a lack of students and equipment. Morse was initially discouraged and spent most of his time teaching. Around the turn of the century Morse published

4224-473: Was given an assistantship at Amherst. There he worked for a year under Harris and Emerson. When Johns Hopkins University opened in 1876, Morse moved there as an associate of Ira Remsen , thanks in part to a letter of recommendation from Emerson. Remsen and Morse started the chemistry laboratory at Johns Hopkins together, and Morse's experience from Germany proved very valuable, as the American chemistry school

4290-1082: Was less developed at the time. Morse officially became an associate professor in 1883, a full professor of inorganic and analytical chemistry in 1892, and director of the chemical laboratory in 1908. He retired in 1916. Morse was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1903, the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1907, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914. Morse married twice and had four children—a daughter and three sons. His, second wife, Elizabet Dennis Clark, helped him in preparing articles for publication. After his retirement, Morse became quite reclusive, seldom left his house and his health deteriorated. He died during his annual vacation in Chebeague Island, Maine —a place he often visited. He

4356-492: Was observed in 20 % of participants, this rate being similar to the ibuprofen group. Due to the absence of controlled studies , most of the information about the long-term safety of paracetamol comes from observational studies . These indicate a consistent pattern of increased mortality as well as cardiovascular ( stroke , myocardial infarction ), gastrointestinal ( ulcers , bleeding ) and renal adverse effects with increased dose of paracetamol. Use of paracetamol

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