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62-639: The name is of Evenk origin and is roughly translated as "on the river bank". The settlement of Shkaruby was founded in 1917 on the present site of Tynda, as a rest stop and winter camp on the route from the Amur to the newly discovered gold fields on the Timpton River , a tributary of the Aldan . In 1928, in conjunction with construction of the highway to Yakutsk , it was renamed Tyndinsky ( Ты́ндинский ). In 1932, plans for what would eventually become

124-698: A pinyin -like Latin spelling. They published an Evenki–Mongolian–Chinese dictionary ( Kesingge, Cidaltu & Alta 1983 ) with Evenki words spelled in IPA, a pinyin-like orthography, and Mongolian script, as well as a collection of folk songs in IPA and Mongolian script (and Chinese-style numbered musical notation ). The orthographic system developed by Chinese Evenki scholars reflects differences between Evenki and Mongol phonology . It uses both ᠬ and ᠭ (usually romanised from Mongolian as q and ɣ ) for /g/ . The system uses double letters in both Mongolian and Latin to represent most long vowels; however for /ɔː/ ao

186-455: A "pioneer treatise" in the field of Tungusology. The exact internal structure of the Tungusic family is a matter of some debate. Some scholars propose two sub-families: one for Manchu, and another for all the other Tungusic languages, including Evenki. SIL International 's Ethnologue divides Tungusic into two sub-families, Northern and Southern, with Evenki alongside Even and Negidal in

248-469: A "poor ability to speak their mother tongue...". The Evenki language varies considerably among its dialects, which are divided into three large groups: the northern, the southern and the eastern dialects. These are further divided into minor dialects. A written language was created for Evenkis in the Soviet Union in 1931, first using a Latin alphabet , and from 1937 a Cyrillic one. In China, Evenki

310-555: A classical five-vowel system with distinctions between long and short vowels (except in /e/ ) and the addition of a long and short /ə/ , while Nedjalkov claims that there are 13 vowel phonemes. Evenki has a moderately small consonant inventory; there are 18 consonants (21 according to Nedjalkov 1997) in the Evenki language and it lacks glides or semivowels. Below are tables of Evenki consonant phonemes, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics. The phoneme ( /β/ ) has

372-639: A number of branch lines have been built or are under construction. In January 2012 the Russian mining company Mechel completed the construction of the 320-kilometre-long branch line to Elginskoye, branching from the BAM station Ulak, west of the Zeya River crossing in northwestern Amur Oblast . The branch line connects the Elginskoye coal mine to the Russian railroad network. Currently under discussion

434-406: A number of years, air services from Blagoveshchensk via Zeya resumed in 2007. Tynda is twinned with: Evenki language Evenki ( / eɪ ˈ v ɛ ŋ k i / ay- VEN -kee ), formerly known as Tungus , is the largest member of the northern group of Tungusic languages , a group which also includes Even , Negidal , and the more closely related Oroqen language . The name

496-712: A result of thawing permafrost. The BAM departs from the Trans-Siberian railway at Tayshet , then crosses the Angara River at Bratsk and the Lena River at Ust-Kut , proceeds past Severobaikalsk at the northern tip of Lake Baikal , past Tynda and Khani , crosses the Amur River at Komsomolsk-on-Amur and finally reaches the Pacific Ocean at Sovetskaya Gavan . There are 21 tunnels along

558-452: A very poor state, with collapsed bridges, dangerous river crossings, severe potholes and "unrelenting energy-sapping bogs". The narrow, dilapidated Vitim River Bridge (aka Kuandinsky Bridge) that crosses the Vitim river has attracted attention since its first appearance on social media in 2009. The passage of the bridge is forbidden since 2016 but remains a common road for individuals to reach

620-529: A word-final allophone , [f] , as well as an intervocalic variant, [w] . Likewise, some speakers pronounce intervocalic /s/ as [h] . Speakers of some dialects also alternate /b/ and /β/ . Consonant inventories given by researchers working on dialects in China are largely similar. The differences noted: Chaoke and Kesingge et al. give /h/ instead of /x/ and lack /β/ , /ɣ/ , or /ɲ/ ; furthermore, Kesingge et al. give /dʐ/ instead of /dʒ/ . Below

682-615: Is 48 hours. Travel time from Tynda to Komsomolsk-on-Amur is 36 hours. Travel time from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Sovetskaya Gavan is 13 hours. There are ten tunnels along the BAM railway, totaling 30 kilometres (19 miles) of route. They include: These are among the longest tunnels in Russia. In addition, the route crosses 11 full-flowing rivers (including the Lena , Amur , Zeya , Vitim , Olyokma , Selemdzha and Bureya ). In total, 2230 large and small bridges were built on it. The route of

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744-710: Is a 1,520 mm ( 4 ft  11 + 27 ⁄ 32  in ) broad-gauge railway line in Russia . Traversing Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East , the 4,324 km (2,687 mi)-long BAM runs about 610 to 770 km (380 to 480 miles) north of and parallel to the Trans-Siberian Railway . The Soviet Union built the BAM as a strategic alternative route to the Trans–Siberian Railway, seen as vulnerable especially along

806-505: Is a chart of Evenki vowels found among Russian dialects, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics. The vowel inventory of the Chinese dialects of Evenki, however, is markedly different (Chaoke, 1995, 2009): Like most Tungusic languages , Evenki employs back-front vowel harmony—suffix vowels are matched to the vowel in the root. However, some vowels – /i, iː, u, uː/ – and certain suffixes no longer adhere to

868-418: Is easily recognizable and carries only one piece of meaning. Evenki pronouns distinguish between singular and plural as well as inclusive and exclusive in the first person. The Evenki language has a rich case system — 13 cases, though there is some variation among dialects — and it is a nominative–accusative language. Evenki differentiates between alienable and inalienable possession: alienable possession marks

930-625: Is located at an elevation of 500 meters (1,600 ft) above sea level , near where the Getkan joins the Tynda River , after which the town was named. The Tynda then flows into the Gilyuy , a tributary of the Zeya , a few kilometers east of the town. Tynda has a subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification Dwc ) with severely cold, rather dry winters and warm, very rainy summers. Within

992-523: Is one of the most important on both lines and possesses a large locomotive depot. Other than railway-related activities, the town's economy relies largely on the timber industry, with the Tyndales corporation based here. The M56 motorway to Yakutsk also passes through the town. The town is served by the Tynda Airport , located 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) to the north. After being closed for

1054-635: Is sometimes wrongly given as "Evenks". It is spoken by the Evenki or Ewenkī(s) in Russia and China . In certain areas the influences of the Yakut and the Buryat languages are particularly strong. The influence of Russian in general is overwhelming (in 1979, 75.2% of the Evenkis spoke Russian, rising to 92.7% in 2002). Evenki children were forced to learn Russian at Soviet residential schools, and returned with

1116-416: Is spelled eweŋki , despite Mongolian orthography usually prohibiting the letter combination ŋk . The vowel inventory of this system is also rather different from that of Chaoke (1995, 2009). Du (2007) uses a different version of Latin script, which distinguishes certain vowels and consonants more clearly than the system of Kesingge et al. : Evenki is highly agglutinating and suffixing: Each morpheme

1178-513: Is the construction of a bridge or tunnel under the Strait of Tartary to Sakhalin Island , with the possibility of the further construction of a bridge or tunnel from Sakhalin to Japan . A tunnel from the mainland to Sakhalin was previously begun under Joseph Stalin , but was abandoned after his death. A second attempt in 2003 was also postponed during construction. Current economic conditions make

1240-442: Is used only inconsistently in printed works, due to typographical limitations. Boldyrev's dictionary uses ң instead. Some editions use the digraph нг. Other sounds found in Evenki but not Russian, such as /dʒ/ , lack devoted letters. Instead д stands in for both /d/ and /dʒ/ ; when the latter pronunciation is intended, it is followed by one of Cyrillic's iotated letters, similar to the way those letters cause palatalization of

1302-524: Is written experimentally in the Mongolian script . The language is generally considered endangered . Evenki is a member of the Tungusic family . Its similarity to Manchu , the best-documented member of the family, was noted hundreds of years ago, first by botanist P. S. Pallas in the late 18th century, and then in a more formal linguistic study by M. A. Castren in the mid-19th century, regarded as

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1364-453: Is written instead of oo . The same scholars' collection of songs has some orthographic differences from the table below; namely, long vowels are occasionally written not just doubled but also with an intervening silent ᠭ ( ɣ ), showing clear orthographic influence from the Mongolian language . In medial and final positions, t is written in the Manchu script form ᡨ . Evenki itself

1426-476: The Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) named Tynda as a possible future hub station. A 180-kilometer (110 mi) long rail line, connecting Tynda with BAM station (known as Bamovskaya ) near Skovorodino on the Trans-Siberian Railway was constructed between 1933 and 1937, although this was then dismantled during World War II and the rails reused for other projects closer to the front. In 1941, Tynda

1488-403: The framework of administrative divisions , Tynda serves as the administrative center of Tyndinsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as Tynda Urban Okrug — an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , this administrative unit also has urban okrug status. Following

1550-723: The "Imperial History of the National Languages of Liao, Jin, and Yuan" ( Chinese : 欽定遼金元三史國語解 ; pinyin : Qīndìng liáo jīn yuán sān shǐ guóyǔ jiě ) commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor , the Manchu alphabet is used to write Evenki words. Evenki in China is now written in the Latin script and experimentally in the Mongolian script . Evenki scholars made an attempt in the 1980s to create standard written forms for their language, using both Mongolian script and

1612-457: The 19-kilometre (12 mi) section east of Komsomolsk which was completed in 1974. In April 2008 the state-owned Bamtonnelstroy corporation started work on the new 3.91-kilometre (2.43 mi) single-track Kuznetsovsky Tunnel to bypass an older tunnel built in 1943–1945. It was opened in December 2012. The old tunnel had difficult gradients; building the new tunnel relieved a bottleneck on

1674-566: The AYaM connecting the Trans-Siberian at Bamovskaya with the BAM at Tynda is also referred to as the "Little BAM". During the winter the passenger trains go from Moscow past Tayshet and Tynda to Neryungri and Tommot and there are also a daily trains from Tynda to Komsomolsk-on-Amur and from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Sovetskaya Gavan on the Pacific Ocean via Vanino ( "Vladivostok-Sovetskaya Gavan" train No.351Э). Travel time from Tayshet to Tynda

1736-521: The BAM as a Komsomol shock construction project , created the central Komsomol headquarters of BAM construction, and appointed Dmitry Filippov the chief of the headquarters. By the end of 1974, perhaps 50,000 young people of the 156,000 young people who applied had moved to the BAM service area. In 1975 and 1976, 28 new settlements were inaugurated and 70 new bridges, including the Amur and Lena bridges, were erected. And while 110 miles (180 km) of track

1798-682: The BAM as a single operational body was dissolved, with the western section from Tayshet to Khani becoming the East Siberian Railway and the rest transferred to the management of the Far Eastern Railway . During the Russo-Ukrainian War , on November 30, 2023, an explosion occurred in the Severomuysky Tunnel . A second explosion happened soon thereafter on the bypass used as backup for

1860-480: The BAM opened for full use in 1989, with the exception of the Severomuysky Tunnel . Tynda went into a decline after the BAM was completed, as the utilization of the mainline turned out to be low. Tynda's population has dropped by over 30% since the dissolution of the Soviet Union , from a high of 61,996 inhabitants recorded in the 1989 Soviet Census, to an estimated population of around 38,000 in 2008. The town

1922-611: The BAM would be one of the two major projects in the Tenth Five Year Plan (1976–80). He famously stated that "BAM will be constructed with clean hands only!" and firmly rejected the suggestion to again use prison labor . A few weeks later, he challenged the Young Communist League ( Komsomol ) to join in "the construction project of the century". The 17th Komsomol congress (held in April 1974) announced

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1984-411: The BAM. The 59.8 bn roubles (about $ 1.93 bn) project included 20 kilometres (12 mi) of new track. In 2010, Yakunin had said, the stretch between Komsomolsk and Sovetskaya Gavan was the weakest link on the BAM, which, he said, could be carrying 100 million tons of freight a year in 2050. Running approximately alongside the railway track is the BAM road, a railway service track. It is said to be in

2046-421: The BAM. As its population grew due to the construction, the settlement was granted town status and received its present name on November 14, 1975. The Amur Yakutsk Mainline (AYaM) also began construction from Tynda, with the section to Neryungri completed in 1977. Since 2019 the AYaM runs passenger services as far as Nizhny Bestyakh on the bank of the Lena River opposite Yakutsk . The full extent of

2108-766: The Evenki alphabet began in the 1920s. In May 1928, researcher G. M. Vasilevich prepared for the Evenk students who studied in Leningrad the Memo to Tungus-vacationers . It was a small textbook duplicated on the glass. It used the Vasilyevich Evenki alphabet on a Latin graphic basis. A year later, she compiled the First Book for Reading in the Tungus Language ( əwənkil dukuwuntin ). This alphabet had

2170-655: The Northern sub-family, and the Southern family itself subdivided into Southwestern (among which Manchu) and Southeastern ( Nanai and others). Others propose three or more sub-families, or at the extreme a continuum with Manchu at one end and Evenki at the other. Bulatova enumerated 14 dialects and 50 sub-dialects within Russia, spread over a wide geographical area ranging from the Yenisei River to Sakhalin . These may be divided into three major groups primarily on

2232-464: The announcement of the results of the elections for the mayor of the city, political scientist Yevgeny Trofimov commented on the victory of the " party of power ": As expected, candidates from political parties emerged as leaders, while self-nominated candidates had no chance. This is due not so much to the development of party structures but to the technology of elections. Firstly, the elections were held in conditions of low voter turnout, which increased

2294-683: The basis of phonology: Evenks in China also speak several dialects. According to Ethnologue , the Hihue or Hoy dialect is considered the standard; Haila'er, Aoluguya (Olguya), Chenba'erhu (Old Bargu), and Morigele (Mergel) dialects also exist. Ethnologue reports these dialects differ significantly from those in Russia. Some works focused on individual Russia dialects include Gortsevskaya 1936 (Barguzin), Andreeva 1988 (Tommot), and Bulatova 1999 (Sakhalin). The Evenki language typically has CV syllables but other structures are possible. Bulatova and Grenoble list Evenki as having 11 possible vowel phonemes;

2356-544: The death of Mayor Schultz in 2012, new elections were announced and held on 19 May 2013. Of the eleven candidates who nominated themselves for the post of mayor of the city, six remained. Voter turnout was low - 32.4%. The candidate from the United Russia party, Yevgeny Cherenkov, became the head of the city, gaining 50.5% of the vote. In September 2018, the post was occupied by communist Marina Mikhailova. The Blagoveshchensk political observer Yevgeny Ogorodsky, on

2418-405: The efficiency of the use of administrative resources and led to the victory of the candidate from the "party of power." Secondly, the winner himself was in unequal conditions with other candidates and had the support of the governor . Numerous meetings between the head of the region and the candidate from United Russia and acting mayor of Tynda led to the association of the candidate with the head of

2480-452: The eve of the elections, considered that: Considering the decent federal funds planned for resettlement from dilapidated housing in the BAM zone, the struggle for the seat of mayor of Tynda will be tough. Epstein and Cherenkov are far from the ex-mayor's ratings, so Mikhailova's possible victory will not surprise anyone, although United Russia will try with all its might to prevent this. After

2542-591: The executive branch of government of the region and with the state resources available to the latter. In September 2018, Mayor Cherenkov lost the election to the candidate from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation , Marina Mikhailova. She voluntarily left the post of mayor of Tynda on 9 December 2022, a few days before a criminal case was opened against her. Mikhailova explained that she departed due to her health. As it turned out later, she

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2604-450: The finalisation of plans for upgrading the BAM for diesel or electric instead of steam traction, and for the heavier axle-loads of eight-axle oil tankers to carry new-found oil from Western Siberia. The upgrading required 25 years and 3,000 surveyors and designers, although much of the redesign work (particularly as regards the central section) took place between 1967 and 1974. In March 1974, Soviet General Secretary Brezhnev proposed that

2666-508: The following composition: Aa Bb Çç HH Dd Ӡӡ Ee Әә Gg Hh Ii Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Ww Yy ; it also included diacritical marks: a macron to indicate the longitude of the sound and a sub-letter comma to indicate palatalization. In 1930, it was decided to create a written language for the majority of the peoples of the North of the USSR. The Latin alphabet was chosen as its graphic basis. In

2728-444: The line, with a total length of 47 km (29 mi). There are also more than 4,200 bridges, with a total length of over 400 kilometres (250 mi). Of the whole route, only the western Tayshet- Taksimo sector of 1,469 km (913 mi) is electrified. The route is largely single-track, although the reservation is wide enough for double-tracking for its full length, in the case of eventual duplication. The unusual thing about

2790-429: The overhead wires on the Russian gauge tracks (with well cars to make 6.15m height) are proposed. Tayshet to Lake Baikal 1,064 kilometres (661 mi): Lake Baikal to Tynda 1,300 kilometres (810 mi): valley Tynda to Komsomolsk 1,473 kilometres (915 mi): Komsomolsk to Sovetskaya Gavan 486 kilometres (302 mi): This section was completed by prisoners during World War II , except for

2852-1013: The possessor in the nominative case and the possessum in the possessed case , while inalienable possession is marked by personal indices. Below is a table of cases and suffixes in Evenki, following Nedjalkov (1997): LOCDIR:locative-directive case ALLLOC:allative-locative case ACD:accusative case, definite PRO:prolative case INS:instrumental case SEM:semblative case POS:possessed asatkan asatkan 'the girl' e-ja e-ja 'what?' bi I kete-ve much- ACD himmikte-ve cowberry - ACD tevle-che-v gather- PST - 1SG bi kete-ve himmikte-ve tevle-che-v I much-ACD cowberry -ACD gather-PST-1SG 'I gathered much cowberry ' hute-kle-vi child- LOCDIR - REF hute-kle-vi child-LOCDIR-REF 'to/for [her] own child' e:kun-ngi who- GEN e:kun-ngi who-GEN Baikal%E2%80%93Amur Mainline The Baikal–Amur Mainline ( Russian : Байкало-Амурская магистраль , БАМ , Baikalo-Amurskaya magistral' , BAM )

2914-428: The preceding consonant in Russian. However orthographic decisions like these have resulted in some confusion and transfer of Russian phonetics to Evenki among younger speakers. For example, the spellings ди and ды were intended to record [dʒi] and [di] (i.e. the same vowel sound). However, in Russian и and ы are respectively two different vowels, /i/ and /ɨ/ . Long vowels are optionally indicated with macrons. In

2976-583: The present-day BAM first came under consideration in the 1880s as an option for the eastern section of the planned Trans-Siberian railway. In the 1930s, labor-camp inmates, in particular from the Bamlag camp of the Gulag system, built the section from Tayshet to Bratsk . In a confusing transfer of names, the label BAM applied from 1933 to 1935 to the project to double-track the Trans-Siberian east of Lake Baikal, constructed largely using forced labor. 1945 saw

3038-607: The railway is that it is electrified with a 27.5 kV, 50 Hz catenary minimum height at 6.5 metres (21 ft 4 in) above top of the rails to suit double-stacking under the overhead wires on the Russian gauge tracks, which requires rolling stock to be modified for service on the railway. At Tynda the route is crossed by the Amur–Yakutsk Mainline , which runs north to Neryungri and Tommot , with an extension to Nizhny Bestyakh opened in 2019. The original section of

3100-429: The route, but today many of these places are deserted ghost towns and unemployment in the area is high. The building of the BAM has also been criticised for its complete lack of environmental protection. When the Soviet Union was dissolved , numerous mining and industrial projects in the region were cancelled and the BAM was greatly underutilized until the late 1990s, running at a large operational deficit. In 1996,

3162-432: The rules of vowel harmony. Knowledge of the rules of vowel harmony is fading, as vowel harmony is a complex topic for elementary speakers to grasp, the language is severely endangered (Janhunen), and many speakers are multilingual. Possible syllable structures include V, VC, VCC, CV, CVC, and CVCC. In contrast to dialects in Russia, dialects in China do not have /k/, /ŋ/, or /r/ in word-initial position. The creation of

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3224-471: The same time, the contractor had to be paid money for the work done. Russians , Ukrainians , and Belarusians make up the majority of the town's population. Around 1,500 North Korean loggers worked in the region as of 2007, strictly prohibited from speaking with journalists and residing in isolated camps which are closed to all other people. Tynda is the crossing point for the Baikal-Amur Mainline and Amur Yakutsk Mainline railways. The town's station

3286-421: The same year, the project of the Evenki alphabet was proposed by Ya. P. Alcor. This project differed from Vasilevich's alphabet only by the presence of letters for displaying Russian borrowings ( C c, F f, J j, W w, Z z ), as well as using V v instead of W w . After some refinement, the letter Çç was replaced by C c , V v by W w , and the letter Y y was excluded. In May 1931, the Evenki romanized alphabet

3348-589: The sections close to the border with China . The BAM cost $ 14 billion, and it was built with special, durable tracks since much of it ran over permafrost . Due to the severe terrain, weather, length and cost, Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev described BAM in 1974 as "the construction project of the century". If the permafrost layer that supports the BAM railway line were to melt, the railway would collapse and sink into peat bog layers that cannot bear its weight. In 2016 and 2018 there were reports about climate change and damage to buildings and infrastructure as

3410-511: The short-term completion of the tunnel doubtful, although Russian president Dmitry Medvedev announced in November 2008 his support for a revival of this project. The BAM now also attracts the interest of Western railway enthusiasts, with some tourist activity on the line. Also, the BAM itself extension from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Magadan (Okhotsk coastal route), full length electrification, full length track doubling, and double-stacking under

3472-414: The tunnel. The Security Service of Ukraine claimed responsibility for the explosions. A major improvement was the opening of the 15.34-kilometre (9.53 mi) Severomuysky Tunnel on 5 December 2003. It is up to 1.5 kilometres (nearly 1 mile) deep. Construction took 27 years to complete. Prior to this, the corresponding route segment was 54 km (34 mi) long, with heavy slopes necessitating

3534-474: The use of auxiliary bank engine locomotives. With the resources boom of recent years and improving economic conditions in Russia, use of the line is increasing. Plans exist for the development of mining areas such as Udokanskoye and Chineyskoye near Novaya Chara , as well as one of Eurasia 's largest coal deposits at Elginskoye (Elga) in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). In connection with this,

3596-407: Was accused of abuse of power during the renovation of Krasnaya Presnya. In July 2021, Tynda received 250 million rubles from the federal budget for major renovations of the main street. In the same year, Mikhailova, as mayor of the city, signed an agreement with the company "Karier-A" to carry out the work. Under the terms of the contract, the contractor agreed to complete the repairs by August 2024. At

3658-444: Was fully operational for civilians, due to military reasons. The BAM was again declared complete in 1991. By then, the total cost to build the line was US$ 14 billion ( RU₽ 106 trillion ). Beginning in the mid-1980s, the BAM project attracted increasing criticism for having been poorly planned. Infrastructure and basic services like running water were often not in place when workers arrived. At least 60 boomtowns developed along

3720-431: Was granted urban-type settlement status. The revival of the construction of the BAM as an All-Union Komsomol Project in the early 1970s saw the reconstruction of the rail line between Bamovskaya and Tyndinsky, followed by the construction of the BAM east and west of the town. The settlement and its hub station were placed under the patronage of Komsomol brigades from Moscow , befitting its status as symbolic capital of

3782-408: Was laid, the track-laying rate would have needed to nearly triple to meet the 1983 deadline. In September 1984, a " golden spike " was hammered into place, connecting the eastern and western sections of the BAM. The Western media was not invited to attend this historic event as Soviet officials did not want any comments about the line's operational status. In reality, only one third of the BAM's track

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3844-566: Was officially approved, and in 1932 regular publishing began on it. The basis of the literary language was laid the most studied Nepsky dialect (north of the Irkutsk region). The official Latinized Evenk alphabet, in which book publishing and schooling were conducted, looked like this: Today, the official writing system in Russia for the Evenki language is the Cyrillic script . The script has one additional letter, ӈ, to indicate /ŋ/ ; it

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