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48-449: UNICOM is employed at airports with a low volume of general aviation traffic and where no control tower is active. UNICOM stations typically use a single communications frequency. Some airfields always offer UNICOM service while others revert to UNICOM procedures only during hours when the control tower is closed. Under this protocol, aircraft may call a non-government ground station to make announcements of their intentions. Pilots who join

96-608: A Gulfstream G750 ; in 2021 the Dassault Falcon 6X , Learjet 70 XR/75XR and Global 7500 XR; in 2022 the Bombardier Challenger 350XRS ; in 2023 the Citation Hemisphere , an Embraer Legacy 700, Phenom 100 V+, Dassault Falcon 9X, Bombardier Challenger 750 and Gulfstream G400NG ; in 2025 a Citation Mustang 2+. Most production business jets use two jet engines as a compromise between

144-471: A cruciform tail or T-tail to reduce interference drag and increase exhaust clearance. Practical limits on the ground clearance of these smaller aircraft have prompted designers to avoid the common jetliner configuration of a low wing with underslung podded engines. The sole business jet to use this layout, the early McDonnell 119, was rejected by the USAF due to foreign object damage concerns, leading to

192-601: A fighter . A U.S. type certificate was awarded in July 1958, but commercial sales were limited, with most examples going to the military; an improved civilian version similar to a modern very light jet , with a six-seat enclosed cabin and a conventional door, never proceeded past the prototype stage. The commercial failure of the MS.760 Paris prompted the cancellation of projects by Cessna and Douglas Aircraft to market similar jets. The development of center-aisle cabin business jets

240-466: A 44,500 lb (20.2 t) maximum take-off weight (MTOW), then two General Electric CF700 turbofans. The smaller, 17,760 pounds (8.06 t) MTOW North American Sabreliner , tailored to the USAF UTX requirement, first flew on 16 September 1958. Powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT12 turbojet engines then Garrett TFE731s , more than 800 were produced from 1959 to 1982. Designed in 1957 for

288-573: A business jet, Embraer derived the Legacy 600 from the Embraer ERJ family of regional jet airliners. Powered by two 8,800 pounds-force (39.2 kN) Rolls-Royce AE 3007s , the first flight of the 50,000 pounds (22.5 t) aircraft was on 31 March 2001. On 14 August 2001, the Bombardier Challenger 300 made its first flight. The 38,850 pounds (17.62 t) aircraft is powered by two 6,825 pounds-force (30.36 kN) HTF7000s . The 500th example

336-477: A five-year old aircraft is at 56% of the list price. A new business aircraft typically depreciates by 50% in five years before depreciation flattens between years 10 and 15, and the owner of a 15-to-20 year old aircraft is often the last, matching luxury cars . Business jets have varying value retention, between the leading Embraer Phenom 300 E, sold for $ 9.45 million in 2018 and expected to retain 68% of its value 15 years later for $ 6.46 million in 2033, and

384-455: A single pilot and up to three passengers under a sliding canopy, and was first flown on 29 July 1954; 219 were built. The Lockheed JetStar , designed to meet USAF UCX requirements and seating 10 passengers and two crew, first flew on 4 September 1957. In total, 204 aircraft were produced from 1957 to 1978 powered by several different engines; four 3,300 lbf (15 kN) Pratt & Whitney JT12 turbojets, then Garrett TFE731 turbofans for

432-673: A total of 689 examples, it is the first of the Cessna Citation family . The trijet Dassault Falcon 50 made its first flight on 7 November 1976. The 40,000 lb (18 t) MTOW airplane is powered by three 3,700 pounds-force (16 kN) TFE731 engines. With the cross-section of the Falcon 20, it is the basis of the larger Falcon 900 . On 8 November 1978, the prototype Canadair Challenger took off. The 43,000–48,000 lb (20–22 t) MTOW craft, usually powered by two 9,200 pounds-force (41 kN) General Electric CF34s , formed

480-411: A wide variety of aircraft: light and ultra-light aircraft, sport aircraft , homebuilt aircraft , business aircraft (like private jets ), gliders and helicopters . Flights can be carried out under both visual flight and instrument flight rules, and can use controlled airspace with permission. The majority of the world's air traffic falls into the category of general aviation, and most of

528-513: Is an accepted version of this page A business jet , private jet , or bizjet is a jet aircraft designed for transporting small groups of people, typically business executives and high-ranking associates . Business jets are generally designed for faster air travel and more personal comfort than commercial aircraft , and may be adapted for other roles, such as casualty evacuation or express parcel deliveries , and some are used by public bodies , government officials , VIPs , or even

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576-654: Is expected to come from North America for 61%, 16% from Europe, 12% from Latin America, 7% from Asia-Pacific and 4% from Middle East and Africa. For the next decade, Aviation Week predicts 8,683 business jets and 2,877 turboprops deliveries, from 792 jets in 2019 to 917 in 2028, and mostly in North America with 5,986 jets and 2,024 turboprops worth $ 126.1 billion. Most value will come from ultra-long-range jets with $ 104.7 billion, followed by super-midsize jets for $ 33.3 billion and large jets for $ 30.6 billion. The fleet

624-443: Is powered by two 1,600 pounds-force (7.2 kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600s. With its Phenom 300 development, nearly 600 have been built. The first flight of the midsize, fly-by-wire , 7,000 lbf (31 kN) Honeywell HTF7000 -powered Embraer Legacy 500 was on 27 November 2012. It was followed by the shorter Legacy 450 on 28 December 2013. After peaking in 2008, deliveries slowed due to political instability but

672-588: Is when an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, and aerial advertisement. However, for statistical purposes ICAO includes aerial work within general aviation, and has proposed officially extending the definition of general aviation to include aerial work, to reflect common usage. The proposed ICAO classification includes instructional flying as part of general aviation (non-aerial-work). The International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations (IAOPA) refers to

720-594: The Cessna CitationJet was first flown. Powered by two 1,900 pounds-force (8.5 kN) Williams FJ44 engines, the 10,500 lb (4.8 t) light jet used a modified Citation II fuselage with a new wing and tail, and was subsequently developed into the CJ series and M2, ultimately replacing the Citation I, Citation II and Citation V series. The 2,000th CitationJet was delivered in 2017. The first flight of

768-576: The Civil Aviation Authority . The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing , and the objective is to promote high standards of safety. General aviation is particularly popular in North America, with over 6,300 airports available for public use by pilots of general aviation aircraft (around 5,200 airports in the U.S. and over 1,000 in Canada ). In comparison, scheduled flights operate from around 560 airports in

816-681: The Learjet 23 . Powered by two 2,850 pounds-force (12.7 kN) General Electric CJ610s , its 12,500 lb (5.7 t) MTOW complies with FAR Part 23 regulations. The first member of the Learjet family, 104 were built between 1962 and 1966. The forward wing-sweep, 20,280 lb (9.20 t) MTOW Hamburger Flugzeugbau HFB 320 Hansa Jet first flew on 21 April 1964, powered by two General Electric CJ610s; 47 were built between 1965 and 1973. The joint Piaggo-Douglas, 18,000 lb (8.2 t) MTOW Piaggio PD.808 first flew on 29 August 1964, powered by two Armstrong Siddeley Vipers ; 24 were built for

864-536: The military . The first small, jet-powered civilian aircraft was the Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris , developed privately in the early 1950s from the MS.755 Fleuret two-seat jet trainer . First flown in 1954, the MS.760 Paris differs from subsequent business jets in having only four seats arranged in two rows without a center aisle, similar to a light aircraft , under a large sliding canopy similar to that of

912-418: The " private transport " and recreational components of aviation, most of which is accomplished with light aircraft . The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines civil aviation aircraft operations in three categories: General Aviation (GA), Aerial Work (AW) and Commercial Air Transport (CAT). Aerial work operations are separated from general aviation by ICAO by this definition. Aerial work

960-457: The GA fleet accounts for between 1.25 and 1.35 million hours flown. There are 28,000 private pilot licence holders, and 10,000 certified glider pilots . Some of the 19,000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities. GA operates from more than 1,800 airports and landing sites or aerodromes , ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips. GA is regulated by

1008-623: The Italian Air Force. On 2 October 1966 the first large business jet first flew, the 65,500 lb (29.7 t) MTOW Grumman Gulfstream II , powered by two 11,400 lbf (51 kN) Rolls-Royce Spey turbofans. From 1967 to the late '70s, 258 were built, and it led to the ongoing Gulfstream Aerospace long-range family. The 11,850 lb (5.38 t) MTOW Cessna Citation I first flew on 15 September 1969, powered by two 2,200 pounds-force (9.8 kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D turbofans. Produced between 1969 and 1985, for

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1056-680: The U.S. According to the U.S. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association , general aviation provides more than one percent of the United States' GDP , accounting for 1.3 million jobs in professional services and manufacturing . Most countries have a civil aviation authority that oversees all civil aviation , including general aviation, adhering to the standardized codes of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Aviation accident rate statistics are necessarily estimates. According to

1104-454: The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board , general aviation in the United States (excluding charter) suffered 1.31 fatal accidents for every 100,000 hours of flying in 2005, compared to 0.016 for scheduled airline flights. In Canada, recreational flying accounted for 0.7 fatal accidents for every 1000 aircraft, while air taxi accounted for 1.1 fatal accidents for every 100,000 hours. More experienced GA pilots appear generally safer, although

1152-665: The UCX requirement, the McDonnell 119 was delayed by the cancellation of the Fairchild J83 engine program, and first flew on 11 February 1959 powered by four Westinghouse J34 turbojets. The 119 was certified for a 45,328 lb (20.6 t) MTOW with four Pratt & Whitney JT12 or General Electric CF700 engines, but no firm orders were received, and only the single prototype was completed. The 25,000 lb (11 t) MTOW British Aerospace 125 first flew on 13 August 1962 as

1200-551: The ability to use relatively short runways, and that lower approach speeds would ease single-pilot operations, particularly by relatively inexperienced owner-pilots. Rolls-Royce plc powers over 3,000 business jets, 42% of the fleet: all the Gulfstreams and Bombardier Globals , the Cessna Citation X and Embraer Legacy 600 , early Hawkers , and many small jets with the Williams-Rolls FJ44 . About 70% of

1248-470: The all-new Learjet 45 was on 7 October 1995. All of the 642 aircraft built since then have been powered by two 3,500 pounds-force (16 kN) TFE731 engines. Powered by two 2,300 pounds-force (10 kN) Williams FJ44s, the 12,500 pounds (5.7 t) Beechcraft Premier I light jet made its first flight on 22 December 1998. Nearly 300 had been made before production stopped in 2013. In the opposite way compared to Bombardier, which developed airliners from

1296-504: The basis of the long range Bombardier Global Express family and of the Bombardier CRJ regional airliners. The 1000th Challenger entered service in 2015. On 30 May 1979 the all-new 22,000 lb (10.0 t) MTOW Cessna Citation III took off for the first time, powered by two 3,650 lbf (16.2 kN) TFE731s. The Mitsubishi MU-300 Diamond made its first flight on 29 August 1978. The 16,100 lb (7.3 t) MTOW jet

1344-417: The category as general aviation/aerial work (GA/AW) to avoid ambiguity. Their definition of general aviation includes: General aviation thus includes both commercial and non-commercial activities. IAOPA's definition of aerial work includes, but is not limited to: Commercial air transport includes: However, in some countries, air taxi is regarded as being part of GA/AW. Private flights are made in

1392-699: The de Havilland DH.125, powered by two 3,000 pounds-force (13 kN) Armstrong Siddeley Viper turbojets. Its engines were replaced by Garrett TFE731s, then Pratt & Whitney Canada PW300 turbofans. Almost 1,700 aircraft of all variants, including the Hawker 800 , were produced between 1962 and 2013. The Aero Commander 1121 Jet Commander, which later became the IAI Westwind , first flew on 27 January 1963, powered by two General Electric CJ610 turbojets, then Garrett TFE731s . Production of Jet Commanders and Westwinds from 1965 to 1987 came to 442 aircraft, and it

1440-519: The failure of the program. The recent HondaJet uses wing-mounted engines but mitigates this problem with its unique over-the-wing engine pods. As with jetliners, swept wings are often used to increase cruise speed, but straight wings are also commonplace; notably, Cessna deliberately prioritized docile low-speed handling in choosing straight wings for many models in its popular Citation family, envisioning that owners transitioning from slower piston engined or turboprop aircraft would want to maintain

1488-481: The first engine supplier with 30% of the $ 24B revenue, in front of the current leader Rolls-Royce at 25%. Honeywell will hold 45% of the $ 16B in avionics revenue ahead of Rockwell Collins with 37% and Garmin . For 2019–2028, Honeywell predicts 7,700 aircraft to be delivered for $ 251 billion. Its breakdown is 62% big (87% in value) – super-midsize to business liner, 10% midsize (7% in value) – light-medium to medium, and 28% small (6% in value). The global demand

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1536-784: The fleet was in North America at the end of 2011, the European market is the next largest, with growing activity in the Middle East, Asia, and Central America. On 1 April 2017, there were 22,368 business jets in the worldwide fleet, of which 11.2% were for sale. By October 2018, the entire private jet fleet was dominated by Textron ( Beechcraft , Cessna and Hawker branded aircraft) with 43.9%, then Bombardier with 22.4%, Gulfstream with 13.0%, Dassault with 9.6% and Embraer with 5.8%, mostly in North America (64.6%), followed by Europe (13.0%) South America (12.1%) and Asia-Pacific (5.9%). As on March 31, 2019, there are 22,125 business jets in

1584-457: The frequency later can request field advisories, which may include "weather information, wind direction, the recommended runway" and any previously reported traffic. In some cases, the ground station is not staffed, and attempts to communicate will, of course, receive no acknowledgement. During these times, pilots self-announce their position and/or intentions over the CTAF frequency, which is often

1632-567: The industry hopes to revive demand by introducing more attractive and competitive new models, four in 2018: In October 2018, consultant Jetcraft expected 20 variants or new designs to enter service before 2023 (seven large, seven midsize and six small): in 2019 the Global 5500/6500 , Gulfstream G600 , Citation XLS ++ and a CitationJet CJ4+ /, while the Embraer Praetor 500/600 to be introduced in 2019 were predicted for 2021/2022; in 2020

1680-545: The large investment necessary to develop prototypes. Both Lockheed Corporation and McDonnell Aircraft began the development of UCX aircraft, while North American Aviation pursued the UTX requirement. The Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris had a gross weight of 7,650 lb (3.47 t), initially powered by two Turboméca Marboré turbojets of 880 lbf (3.9 kN) thrust, although most aircraft were later upgraded to 1,058 lbf (4.71 kN) units. The aircraft seated

1728-483: The operating economy of fewer engines and the ability to safely continue flight after an engine failure. Exceptions include the early Lockheed Jetstar with four engines; the Dassault Falcon 50 and derivatives with three; and the Cirrus Vision SF50 with one, a configuration also used in several similar very light jet design concepts. Most business jets use podded engines mounted on the rear fuselage with

1776-484: The radio frequencies assigned for UNICOM are: General aviation General aviation ( GA ) is defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as all civil aviation aircraft operations except for commercial air transport or aerial work, which is defined as specialized aviation services for other purposes. However, for statistical purposes, ICAO uses a definition of general aviation which includes aerial work. General aviation thus represents

1824-417: The relationship between flight hours, accident frequency, and accident rates are complex and often difficult to assess. A small number of commercial aviation accidents in the United States have involved collisions with general aviation flights, notably TWA Flight 553 , Piedmont Airlines Flight 22 , Allegheny Airlines Flight 853 , PSA Flight 182 and Aeroméxico Flight 498 . Business jets This

1872-635: The relevant sectional , terminal area chart or in airport directories, such as the Canada Flight Supplement . In the United States , radio frequencies made available by the Federal Communications Commission for use as UNICOM are: Airports with an Air Traffic Control tower or FSS (Alaska only) on the airport. Airports without an Air Traffic Control tower or FSS on the airport. In Canada ,

1920-531: The same as the UNICOM frequency. When a part-time UNICOM station is located on the same airport as a part-time control tower, the same frequency will be used by both ground stations to avoid confusion. Many UNICOM stations are nowadays operated by a fixed-base operator (FBO), and it may be possible to request services such as fuel trucks, taxi service from the airport, outgoing phone calls, and others. The actual frequency used at any particular airport can be found on

1968-485: The trailing $ 24.5 million Gulfstream G280 , predicted to retain 42% of its value for $ 10.25 million. In October 2017 Jetcraft forecast 8,349 unit deliveries in the next decade for $ 252 billion, a 30.2 $ M average. Cessna should lead the numbers with 27.3% of the deliveries ahead of Bombardier with 20.9%, while Gulfstream would almost lead the revenue market share with 27.8% trailing Bombardier with 29.2%. For 2016–2025, Jetcraft forecast Pratt & Whitney Canada should be

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2016-497: The wing in a configuration unique amongst business jets. As of March 2020, 150 had been delivered. It was followed by the 8,645 pounds (3.921 t) MTOW Cessna Citation Mustang on 23 April 2005, powered by two 1,460 pounds-force (6.5 kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600s and with more than 450 produced. Then the Embraer Phenom 100 made its maiden flight on 26 July 2007. The 10,500 pounds (4.75 t) MTOW airplane

2064-583: The world's airports serve GA exclusively. Flying clubs are considered a part of general aviation. In 2003, the European Aviation Safety Agency was established as the central EU regulator, taking over responsibility for legislating airworthiness and environmental regulation from the national authorities. Of the 21,000 civil aircraft registered in the United Kingdom, 96 percent are engaged in GA operations, and annually

2112-1010: The worldwide fleet and top 20 country markets account for 89% of this total fleet. In 2015 the total airplane billing amounted to US$ 21.9 billion, and 718 business jets were delivered to customers across the globe: 199 (27.7%) by Bombardier Aerospace , 166 (23.1%) by Textron Aviation , 154 (21.4%) by Gulfstream Aerospace , 120 (16.7%) by Embraer and 55 (7.7%) by Dassault Aviation . In 2017, 676 business jets were shipped, led by Gulfstream with $ 6.56 billion for 120 aircraft, Bombardier with $ 5.2 billion for 140, Textron with $ 2.87 billion (including propeller aircraft and 180 jets), Dassault with $ 2.42 billion for 49 and Embraer with $ 1.35 billion for 109. In 2022, 712 business jets were shipped, led by Gulfstream with $ 6.60 billion for 120 aircraft, Bombardier with $ 6,04 billion for 123, Textron Aviation with $ 3,62 billion, Dassault Aviation with $ 1,76 billion for 32, Embraer with $ 1,36 for 102 and Pilatus with $ 900 million for 123 aircraft. The residual value level for

2160-428: Was accelerated by an August 1956 United States Air Force (USAF) letter of the requirement for two " off-the-shelf " aircraft, the larger UCX (cargo) and smaller UTX (trainer). These requirements differed from standard USAF procurement contracts in that no formal competitions would occur, and manufacturers were expected to develop the aircraft without government funds; despite this, a substantial USAF purchase would offset

2208-498: Was delivered in 2015. The first very light jet, the 5,950 pounds (2.70 t) MTOW Eclipse 500 , took off for the first time on 26 August 2002, powered by two 900 pounds-force (4.0 kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600s . Between then and the end of production in 2008, 260 were produced. Another new small jet, the 10,701 pounds (4.854 t) Honda HA-420 HondaJet , first flew on 3 December 2003 powered by two 2,050 pounds-force (9.1 kN) GE Honda HF120 engines mounted above

2256-523: Was developed as the IAI Astra , later rebranded as the Gulfstream G100 . The 29,000 lb (13 t) MTOW Dassault Falcon 20 first flew on 4 May 1963, powered by two General Electric CF700s , then Garrett ATF3 turbofans and Garrett TFE731s. In total, 508 were built from 1963 to 1988, and it is the basis of the Dassault Falcon family. The first light jet first flew on 7 October 1963 -

2304-416: Was powered by two 2,900 lbf (13 kN) JT15D . The design was later sold and was renamed Beechjet 400 then Hawker 400 , with a total of 950 produced of all variants. The 1980s only saw the introduction of derivatives and no major new designs. Also there was an advent of fractional ownership in the late 1980s for business jets. For much of the 1980s, sales of new aircraft slumped. On 29 April 1991,

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