89-488: The Universal Product Code ( UPC or UPC code ) is a barcode symbology that is used worldwide for tracking trade items in stores. The chosen symbology has bars (or spaces) of exactly 1, 2, 3, or 4 units wide each; each decimal digit to be encoded consists of two bars and two spaces chosen to have a total width of 7 units, in both an "even" and an "odd" parity form, which enables being scanned in either direction. Special "guard patterns" (3 or 5 units wide, not encoding
178-525: A deciduous forest biome . The Zumbro Watershed flows through 1,422 square miles (3,680 km ) of agricultural and urban lands. Located in southeast Minnesota, the City of Rochester lies at the western edge of the Driftless Area , a region that was never glaciated and contains deeply-carved river valleys. The rugged terrain is due both to the lack of glacial deposits, or drift, and to the incision of
267-440: A UPC-A barcode. There is a one-to-one correspondence between 12-digit number and strip of black bars and white spaces, i.e. there is only one way to represent each 12-digit number visually and there is only one way to represent each strip of black bars and white spaces numerically. The scannable area of every UPC-A barcode follows the pattern S L LLLLLMRRRRR R E, where S (start), M (middle), and E (end) guard patterns are represented
356-560: A bill known as Destination Medical Center (DMC). It intends to increase Minnesota's tax base, and promote business and economic growth throughout the state. Because of this legislation, The Mayo Clinic will invest in $ 3.5 billion to upgrade patient rooms, add additional workspace, and build research and administrative buildings. The main developments of this plan will be in the DMC sub-districts. The Downtown Waterfront district will cover The Government Center, The Civic Center, and most areas near
445-484: A defined character set with a fixed reference distance that spanned most or preferably all the character. In August 1971, Crouse joined the scanner effort. After several months they had made no progress. They were aware of the RCA bull's eye label that could be scanned with a simple straight line laser scanner, but a readable label was far too large. Although Litton Industries proposed a bull's eye symbol cut in half to reduce
534-554: A demonstration of the label. On 1 December 1972, IBM presented Laurer's proposal to the Super Market Committee in Rochester, Minnesota , the location where IBM would develop the scanner. During the presentation, Crouse gave a lab demonstration where he read UPC-like labels with his ring wand. In addition to reading regular labels, he read the large two-page centerfold label in the proposal booklet. He then turned to
623-453: A digit) are intermixed to help decoding. A UPC (technically, a UPC-A) consists of 12 digits that are uniquely assigned to each trade item. The international GS1 organisation assigns the digits used for both the UPC and the related International Article Number (EAN) barcode. UPC data structures are a component of Global Trade Item Numbers (GTINs) and follow the global GS1 specification, which
712-557: A general warming trend during the spring and a general cooling trend during the fall. However, it is not uncommon to see some snowfall during the early month of spring and the later month of fall. Rochester is the second windiest city in the United States , with wind speeds averaging 12.6 mph (20.3 km/h). January to April are the windiest months on average, according to The Weather Channel. Rochester has been hit by two F4 tornadoes since 1950 (the first on May 10, 1953, and
801-414: A label. Together they defined guard bars and a definition of how to detect the label. The guard bars also provided identification for half label discrimination and training bars for the scanner threshold circuits. Laurer had a complete label definition and proceeded to write his proposal. Previously Crouse had an idea for a simple wand worn like a ring and bracelet. He decided to develop that wand to provide
890-525: A natural lake. Artificial lakes exist in the area, including Silver Lake , a dammed portion of the South Fork Zumbro River just below the convergence with Silver Creek near the city center. Silver Lake was once used as a cooling pond when the coal-burning power plant was operated by Rochester Public Utilities at the lake. When operational, the RPU coal plant's heated water output prevented
979-671: A number of private courses are located in the Rochester area, including Willow Creek Golf Club, Oak Summit Golf Club, and the Rochester Golf and Country Club along with a number of courses in smaller surrounding communities. The city of Rochester has also started the bike share program for its community members where the registered members and visitors can rent a bike for free through one of its bike share locations at Rochester Public Library , Peace Plaza or Rochester City Hall. The foundation of Rochester State Hospital began in 1875 as
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#17327808906721068-627: A number of street musicians sitting on walls or standing on the sidewalks. The oldest cultural arts institution in the community, Rochester Symphony Orchestra & Chorale was founded in 1919 as a professional performing arts organization called the Rochester Orchestra. Its earliest ensemble, the Lawler-Dodge Orchestra, was founded in 1912 as a volunteer orchestra, driven by Daisy Plummer, wife of Mayo Clinic physician, Dr. Henry Plummer , and directed by Harold Cooke. In
1157-408: A page showing a photo of labeled items sitting on a table. The labels were small and flawed due to the resolution of the printed photo but the wand read many of them. This demonstration showed the robustness of the pure Delta C code. The proposal was accepted. One month later, 1 January 1973 Crouse transferred back to IBM's Advanced Technology group, and Laurer remained with the full responsibility for
1246-492: A seven-member elected county board, each representing district residents. The County Board of Commissioners oversee county operations and address citizen concerns. When a commissioner is elected, they are elected to serve a 4-year term. When that term ends, the commissioner can run for re-election if they so desire. The County Attorney and the County Sheriff are also elected to 4-year terms and can run for re-election when
1335-536: A shuttle service connecting to the Minneapolis St. Paul International Airport by Rochester Shuttle Service and Groome Transportation (formerly Go Rochester Direct). Rochester's last passenger rail service, to Chicago to the southeast and Rapid City, South Dakota to the west, ended when the Chicago and North Western Railway 's Rochester 400 streamliner ended service in 1963. The closest Amtrak station
1424-457: A single pass. This label could be scanned with a simple "X" scanner only slightly more complex than the straight line laser scanner. The next day Baumeister suggested if the label were split into two halves the bar lengths could be cut nearly in half. These two proposals reduced the area from the bull's eye by one third and then one sixth. The image to the right shows the label proposed by Baumeister. He did not specify any specific bar code as that
1513-515: A virtual duopoly. The stations share studios as part of a special agreement between Gray Television and SagamoreHill Broadcasting . ABC affiliate KAAL (channel 6) and CBS affiliate KIMT (channel 3) are also based in Rochester. Channel 15 KSMQ ( PBS ) in Austin and channel 24 KYIN ( PBS ) in Mason City are among the stations that serve the market. KAAL is licensed to Austin and KIMT
1602-504: A width of at least 9 times the x-dimension, must be present on each side of the scannable area of the UPC-A barcode. For a GTIN-12 number encoded in a UPC-A barcode, the first and last digits of the human-readable interpretation are always placed outside the symbol in order to indicate the quiet zones that are necessary for UPC barcode scanners to work properly. The UPC-A barcode is visually represented by strips of bars and spaces that encode
1691-418: Is Kim Norton . As of January 2021, the city council comprises: Brooke Carlson, City Council President; Patrick Keane, 1st Ward; Mark Bransford, 2nd Ward; Nick Campion, 3rd Ward; Kelly Rae Kirkpatrick, 4th Ward; Shaun Palmer, 5th Ward; and Molly Dennis, 6th Ward. All municipal elected offices in Rochester are non-partisan, as stated in the city's charter . Rochester is the seat of Olmsted County , run by
1780-559: Is a city in and the county seat of Olmsted County, Minnesota , United States. It is located along rolling bluffs on the Zumbro River 's south fork in Southeast Minnesota . At the 2020 census , the city had a population of 121,395, making it Minnesota's third-most populous city . The Rochester metropolitan area , which also includes the nearby rural agricultural areas, had a population of 226,329 in 2020. The city
1869-468: Is a need to avoid pleonasms such as redundant acronyms depends on one's balance point of prescriptivism (ideas about how language should be used) versus descriptivism (the realities of how natural language is used). For writing intended to persuade, impress, or avoid criticism, many usage guides advise writers to avoid pleonasm as much as possible, not because such usage is always wrong, but rather because most of one's audience may believe that it
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#17327808906721958-414: Is a technique used to detect any odd number of bit errors in a bit stream. They decided to use odd on one half and even on the other. This would provide additional indication of which half ticket was being read. This meant that every bar width had to be read accurately to provide a good reading. It also meant every space would also be known. Requiring every bit width to be read precisely basically nullified
2047-413: Is always wrong. Although there are many instances in editing where removal of redundancy improves clarity, the pure-logic ideal of zero redundancy is seldom maintained in human languages. Bill Bryson says: "Not all repetition is bad. It can be used for effect ..., or for clarity, or in deference to idiom . ' OPEC countries', ' SALT talks' and ' HIV virus' are all technically redundant because
2136-399: Is at Winona, Minnesota , 45 miles (72 km) to the east. Travelers are able to purchase tickets from Amtrak for a shuttle bus that connects with the daily Empire Builder at La Crosse, Wisconsin . Rochester is planning a 2.6 mi (4.2 km) bus rapid transit line known as Link . The route will have seven stations along 2nd Street SW and is expected to open in 2025. It will be
2225-503: Is based on international standards. Some retailers, such as clothing and furniture, do not use the GS1 system, instead using other barcode symbologies or article number systems. Some retailers use the EAN/UPC barcode symbology, but do not use a GTIN for products sold only in their own stores. Research indicates that the adoption and diffusion of the UPC stimulated innovation and contributed to
2314-441: Is determined by multiplying the x-dimension and the module width (1, 2, 3, or 4 units) of each bar (space). Since the guard patterns each include two bars, and each of the 12 digits of the UPC-A barcode consists of two bars and two spaces, all UPC-A barcodes consist of exactly (3 × 2) + (12 × 2) = 30 bars, of which 6 represent guard patterns and 24 represent numerical digits. The x-dimension for
2403-449: Is divided into three public high school attendance zones: John Marshall , Mayo and Century . Private schools in the city include Lourdes , Schaeffer Academy, and Rochester Central Lutheran School amongst various smaller private religious schools. Studio Academy, a fine arts-focused charter school operated for 10 years in Rochester and closed its doors in 2011 upon losing its charter. The Rochester STEM Academy opened in 2011, occupying
2492-420: Is licensed to Mason City, but have a studios in Rochester. KIMT opened a studio in Rochester in late 2017, which now serves as the main setting for their newscasts. The Rochester area is provided cable service by Charter Communications , which holds a monopoly in the area. Indiana-based Metronet is currently in the process of developing the fiber-optic network to provide cable service to Rochester. Rochester
2581-522: Is often used, and in English "please RSVP " (roughly "please respond please") is very common. This occurs for the same linguistic reasons that cause many toponyms to be tautological . The tautology is not parsed by the mind in most instances of real-world use (in many cases because the foreign word's meaning is not known anyway; in others simply because the usage is idiomatic). Examples of RAS phrases include: Rochester, Minnesota Rochester
2670-532: Is represented by Duane Quam (R) , District 25B is represented by Andy Smith ( DFL ), District 26A is represented by Tina Liebling (DFL), and District 26B is represented by Nels Pierson (R). In the Minnesota Senate , Rochester is represented by Liz Boldon ( DFL ) and Carla Nelson , (R) . Rochester is located in Minnesota's 1st congressional district , represented by Brad Finstad , a member of
2759-571: Is served by three U.S. highways ( U.S. 14 , U.S. 52 , and U.S. 63 ), and the southern edge of Rochester is skirted by Interstate 90 and State Highway 30 . Olmsted County Highway 22 is also a main highway in the city. A combination of skyways and subterranean walkways link most downtown buildings, which residents often use to avoid harsh winter weather conditions. Public bus transit is run by Rochester Public Transit . Its operations are carried out by First Transit . The City of Rochester encourages biking through its numerous trails and to facilitate
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2848-489: Is the center stone of the Quarry Hill Park in Rochester. The Nature Center opened in 1973, and was expanded in 1990. In 2017, the facility added additional nordic skiing . These facilities include modern educational facilities, and a 19th-century prairie style home where skis and snow shoes could be rented. Rochester is governed by a mayor-council government with a seven-member city council . The current mayor
2937-516: Is the home and birthplace of Mayo Clinic . Several indigenous peoples such as Dakota , Ojibway , and Winnebago inhabited the Rochester area. The area developed as a stagecoach stop between Saint Paul , Minnesota , and Dubuque , Iowa near the Zumbro River. The community was founded by George Head and his wife Henrietta who built a log cabin named Head's Tavern in 1854 and named the city after his hometown of Rochester, New York . When
3026-631: Is the need for spelling alphabets in radiotelephony. Some instances of RAS syndrome can be viewed as syntactic examples of the principle. The redundancy may help the listener by providing context and decreasing the " alphabet soup quotient" (the cryptic overabundance of abbreviations and acronyms) of the communication. Acronyms from foreign languages are often treated as unanalyzed morphemes when they are not translated. For example, in French, "le protocole IP" (the Internet Protocol protocol)
3115-512: Is upside-down). After seeing a S (start) or E (end) guard pattern (they are the same, bar-space-bar , whichever direction they are read), the scanner will first see odd parity digits, if scanning left-to-right, or even parity digits, if scanning right-to-left. With the parity/direction information, an upside-down symbol will not confuse the scanner. When confronted with an upside-down symbol, the scanner may simply ignore it (many scanners alternate left-to-right and right-to-left scans, so they will read
3204-488: The Rochester Federal Medical Center , are significant employers. The Rochester Technology Campus is a sprawling 2.56 million sq. ft. leasable facility with uses ranging from office space, manufacturing, warehousing, data centers, and laboratories. It has been home to several technology companies. This is where IBM designed and produced its midrange computer series. It was also the home of
3293-484: The Twin Cities , the climate is warm-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) even being further south, with warm summers and cold winters. The city features four distinct seasons. Rochester sees on average 33.02 inches (839 mm) of rainfall and 51.9 inches (132 cm) of snowfall per year. Significant snow accumulation is common during the winter months. Spring and fall are transitional seasons, with
3382-625: The University of Minnesota Rochester campus. A number of Rochester buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places , including the historic Chateau Theatre , which the city purchased in 2015 for preservation, and Avalon Music , formerly a hotel important in the local civil rights movement . In 2019, after renovations and a public RFP, the Chateau Theatre has re-opened as an exhibition venue. Founded in 1946,
3471-644: The Winona and St Peter Railroad initiated service in October 1864, it brought new residents and business opportunities and spurred growth. In 1863, William W. Mayo arrived as the examining surgeon for Union draftees in the Civil War . On August 21, 1883, the Great Tornado demolished much of Rochester, leaving 37 dead and approximately 200 injured. As there was no medical facility in the immediate area at
3560-592: The Zumbro River . The Central Station district includes Central Park and most of Civic Center Drive, aimed to become a transportation hub of the city. St. Marys Place will cover St. Marys hospital and St. Marys Park, as well as most of 2nd Street. The Heart of the City will feature the Mayo Clinic campus and major residential, commercial, and retail companies. The Discovery Square area will include scientific and technology research facilities. Lastly, The UMR and Recreation district will feature Soldiers Field and
3649-402: The check digit equation : If an entered code does not satisfy the equation, then it is not a valid UPC-A. The UPC-A check digit may be calculated as follows: For example, in a UPC-A barcode "03600029145 x 12 ", where x 12 is the unknown check digit, x 12 may be calculated by: RAS syndrome RAS syndrome , where RAS stands for redundant acronym syndrome (making
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3738-624: The 2005–2007 American Community Survey found German Americans to be the largest single ethnic group in Rochester, making up 35.5% of the city's population. Norwegian Americans made up 15.9%, while Irish Americans contributed to 11.6% of the city's populace. English Americans made up 8.2% of the population and Swedish Americans were 5.0% of the city's population. In the mid-1980's Rochester had fewer than 40 Hmong persons. The 1990 United States Census counted 200 Hmong persons in Rochester. This increased to 300 by 1998. Cathleen Jo Faruque, author of "Migration of Hmong to Rochester, Minnesota: Life in
3827-670: The Delta C advantage except for the Delta C reference measurement. Only the strange character set and the size of the label remains as a shadow of the Delta C code. The size was still that calculated for pure Delta C. If the label size had been properly recalculated, taking into account the required bar width measurements the label would have been far too large to be acceptable. Mechanical engineering and electronic circuit design commonly require worst case designs using known tolerances. Many engineers working with bar codes had little experience with such things and used somewhat intuitive methods. This
3916-407: The Delta C patent used seven printable increments or units where two bars and two spaces would be printed. This yielded twenty combinations of characters, but there were two pairs that when read by Delta C rules yielded the same code for the pair. Since eighteen characters were not enough Laurer tried adding one unit to the character set. This yielded twenty-six Delta C characters which could provide
4005-518: The Midwest," wrote in 2003 that there was "every indication that this trend will continue". There were 43,025 households, of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.6% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who
4094-481: The Minnesota Inebriate Asylum funded by a tax on liquor dealers. Land was purchased in 1876 and construction began in 1877, including the building of a hospital and the park nearby which was used by the patients and their families. In 1965, the park was transferred from the hospital to the state for the use of general public and since then there have been various developments in the park including
4183-573: The Republican Party. Rochester continues to trend Democratic in local and federal elections which has resulted in Olmsted County also seeing a shifting electorate. In the 2020 presidential election President Joe Biden obtained nearly 60% of the vote in the city, the highest vote total for a Democratic candidate in history. Rochester Public Schools enroll 16,300 students in 23 public primary and secondary schools. The city
4272-650: The Rochester Art Center is located downtown, just south of the Mayo Civic Center. In 2017, the Rochester Art Center's financial troubles brought a renewed focus on the need for both formal and informal arts spaces in the city. In the summer from June to the end of August, every Thursday the city puts on Thursdays Downtown where local restaurants and artists can set up booths all along First Avenue downtown Rochester. There are two stages where bands perform and provide entertainment. There are also
4361-425: The S (start) and after the E (end) guard patterns. The UPC-A's left-hand side digits (the digits to the left of the M (middle) guard pattern) have odd parity, which means the total width of the black bars is an odd number of modules. On the contrary, the right-hand side digits have even parity. Consequently, a UPC scanner can determine whether it is scanning a symbol from left-to-right or from right-to-left (the symbol
4450-432: The S (start), M (middle), and E (end) guard patterns. The S (start) and E (end) guard patterns are 3 modules wide and use the pattern bar-space-bar , where each bar and space is one module wide. The M (middle) guard pattern is 5 modules wide and uses the pattern space-bar-space-bar-space , where each bar and space is also one module wide. In addition, a UPC-A symbol requires a quiet zone (extra space of 9 modules wide) before
4539-413: The UPC-A 12-digit number. Each digit is represented by a unique pattern of 2 bars and 2 spaces. The bars and spaces are variable width, i.e. 1, 2, 3, or 4 modules wide. The total width for a digit is always 7 modules; consequently, UPC-A 12-digit number requires a total of 7×12 = 84 modules . A complete UPC-A is 95 modules wide: 84 modules for the digits (L and R sections) combined with 11 modules for
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#17327808906724628-464: The UPC-A at the nominal size is 0.33 mm (0.013"). Nominal symbol height for UPC-A is 25.9 mm (1.02"). The bars forming the S (start), M (middle), and E (end) guard patterns, are extended downwards by 5 times x-dimension, with a resulting nominal symbol height of 27.55 mm (1.08"). This also applies to the bars of the first and last numerical digit of UPC-A barcode. UPC-A can be reduced or magnified anywhere from 80% to 200%. A quiet zone, with
4717-776: The United States Census Bureau 2011–2015, the number of high school graduates or higher, percent of persons age 25 years+ was 94.1%. The number of bachelor's degree or higher percent of persons age 25+ was 41.3%. The city newspaper is the Post-Bulletin , an afternoon paper which publishes Monday through Saturday. The Post-Bulletin company also publishes Rochester Magazine , a monthly features periodical. There are four television stations based in Rochester: KTTC channel 10.1 ( NBC ), KTTC -( CW ) channel 10.2, and KXLT-TV channel 47 ( Fox ) are
4806-437: The area, it was still too large and presented the same ink smear printing problems as the RCA symbol. The redundancy and checking ability were removed completely. They were also aware of the many proposals from around the world, none of which were feasible. In the spring of 1972, Baumeister announced a breakthrough. He proposed a label with bars that were slightly longer than the distance across all bars that needed to be read in
4895-613: The biking program all the city buses have bike carriers for easy transportation of bikes. Rochester International Airport is located seven miles (11 km) south of downtown. The airport is the second busiest commercial airport in Minnesota. It has direct flights to Atlanta, Chicago, Denver, and Minneapolis, with occasional charter flights servicing Riverside Resort in Laughlin , Nevada . Nonstop flights to Phoenix and Fort Myers were scheduled to begin in early 2022. Rochester has
4984-532: The city to embark on an expensive and successful flood-control project that involved altering many nearby rivers and streams. The Zumbro River flowing through the center of the city is presently being readdressed for increased development and use as part of city planning in conjunction with funding from the Destination Medical Center project. With a slightly higher altitude and without the UHI as
5073-666: The council. The Symbol Selection Committee finally chose to implement the IBM proposal designed by George J. Laurer , but with a slight modification to the font in the human readable area. The first UPC-marked item ever to be scanned at a retail checkout was a 10-pack (50 sticks) of Wrigley's Juicy Fruit chewing gum, purchased at the Marsh supermarket in Troy, Ohio , at 8:01 a.m. on 26 June 1974. The NCR cash register rang up 67 cents. The shopping cart also contained other barcoded items but
5162-1065: The early years, the Orchestra appeared in the former Chateau Theatre where they performed background music for silent movies. The Gray Duck Theater, an independent movie theater , opened in 2019. Rochester also houses the Rochester Public Library near the Civic Center. It is one of the largest libraries in the area and has been awarded the National Medal for Museum and Library Service in 2018. Rochester's city park system has more than 100 sites covering 5 square miles (13 km ), including parks located along Bear Creek and South Fork Zumbro rivers. The city also maintains 85 miles (137 km) of paved trails. The city also maintains four public golf courses: Northern Hills, Eastwood Golf Club, Hadley Creek, and Soldiers Field Golf Course located downtown. In addition,
5251-514: The first Blue Gene prototype and contributed the servers for Roadrunner . The economy of Rochester is also influenced by the agricultural nature of the region. There are multiple dairy producers that are active in the area. In addition, Kerry Flavours and Ingredients, a subsidiary of the global Irish company called Kerry Group , maintains a production plant in Rochester that specializes in fermented ingredients, found in breads, meats and other processed foods. In 2013, Governor Mark Dayton signed
5340-398: The former Studio Academy building. Higher education in Rochester had been concentrated around the former University Center Rochester in the city's southeast outskirts, where Rochester Community and Technical College shares a campus with a branch of Winona State University . The University of Minnesota offered degrees through UCR until 2007, when the University of Minnesota Rochester
5429-515: The growth of international retail supply chains. Wallace Flint proposed an automated checkout system in 1932 using punched cards . Bernard Silver and Norman Joseph Woodland , a graduate student from Drexel Institute of Technology , developed a bull's-eye-style code and applied for the patent in 1949. In the 1960s and early 1970s, railroads in North America experimented with multicolor bar codes for tracking railcars , but this system
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#17327808906725518-697: The gum was the first one picked up at the checkout. A facsimile of the gum packet went on display at the Smithsonian Institution 's American history museum in Washington, D.C. Murray Eden was a consultant on the team that created the Universal Product Code barcode. As Chairman of a committee of scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , he helped "select a symbol that would endure
5607-680: The inevitable rush of technology that lay ahead." He chose the font, and he came up with the idea to add numbers to the bottom, which is a fail-safe system, in case the barcode reader is not working correctly. Around late 1969, IBM at Research Triangle Park (RTP) in North Carolina assigned George Laurer to determine how to make a supermarket scanner and label. In late 1970, Heard Baumeister provided equations to calculate characters-per-inch achievable by two IBM bar codes, Delta A and Delta B. In February 1971, Baumeister joined Laurer. Delta B compared bar widths to space width to code bits. This
5696-458: The label. Dymo Industries , makers of handheld printing devices insisted that the code be character independent, so that handheld printing devices could produce the bar code in store if the items were not bar-coded by the manufacturers. Dymo's proposal was accepted by IBM and incorporated in IBM's latest proposal. It was decided that the two halves of the label should have a different set of numeric characters. The character set Laurer derived from
5785-400: The lake from generally freezing over during the winter months, attracting large numbers of migrating giant Canada geese . Large murders of crows are known to flock to Rochester during winter, including the Rochester cemetery downtown. Rochester has an extensive parks system, the largest of which are Silver Lake and Soldiers Field in the central part of the city. A major flood in 1978 led
5874-426: The laying of paved trails. The 329-acre (133 ha) park contains over 8 mi (13 km) of paved and hiking trails, a pond, and a historical sandstone cave carved in 1882. This soft St. Peter sand stone cave was dug in the late 1800's to store food for the patients of the state hospital. The cave was later abandoned with the invention of modern refrigerators, and is now a historic site. Quarry Hill Nature Center
5963-424: The median household income was $ 68,023. Mayo Clinic forms the core of Rochester's economy. As of 2016, it employs 34,180 people and draws more than 2 million visitors annually. The clinic's many facilities, along with hotels, restaurants and retail stores, comprise nearly all of the city's downtown. Excluding the state government, Mayo Clinic is the largest employer in Minnesota. Other care providers, including
6052-490: The other on September 16, 1962). The city has also been hit by two tornadoes in the past decade. On June 17, 2010, a tornado hit the city's northwest side, damaging or destroying several homes and businesses around the Lincolnshire neighborhood. Another tornado struck the city on June 4, 2019, causing damage to parts of Southwest Rochester. As of the census of 2020 , the population was 121,395. The population density
6141-494: The pairs he would measure one bar width in each of the pairs to distinguish them from each other. For each pair those bars would be one or two units wide. Laurer did not apply Baumeister's equations to this set. He felt just one bar width measurement would not be too serious. As it turned out it would have required over fifty percent increase in width and height for an area increase of more than double. Laurer later admitted these four characters in each set were responsible for most of
6230-402: The phrase "RAS syndrome" autological ) is the redundant use of one or more of the words that make up an acronym in conjunction with the abbreviated form. This means, in effect, repeating one or more words from the acronym. For example: PIN number (expanding to personal identification number number) and ATM machine (expanding to automated teller machine machine). The term RAS syndrome
6319-451: The same way on every UPC-A barcode and the L (left) and R (right) sections collectively represent the 12 numerical digits that make each UPC-A unique. The first digit L indicates a particular number system to be used by the following digits. The last digit R is an error detecting check digit , that allows some errors to be detected in scanning or manual entry. The guard patterns separate the two groups of six numerical digits and establish
6408-412: The scanner read errors. David Savir, a mathematician, was given the task of proving the symbol could be printed and would meet the reliability requirements, and was most likely unaware of Baumeister's equations. He and Laurer added two more digits to the ten for error detection and correction . Then they decided to add odd/even parity to the number of units filled with bars in each side. Odd/even parity
6497-494: The second word is already contained in the preceding abbreviation, but only the ultra-finicky would deplore them. Similarly, in 'Wipe that smile off your face' the last two words are tautological —there is no other place a smile could be—but the sentence would not stand without them." A limited amount of redundancy can improve the effectiveness of communication, either for the whole readership or at least to offer help to those readers who need it. A phonetic example of that principle
6586-426: The standards used to create them. Below is a description of all possible number systems with the corresponding 12-digit UPC-A numbering scheme L LLLLLRRRRR R , where L denotes the numbering system digit and R the check digit. The UPC includes a check digit to detect common data entry errors. For example, UPC-A codes choose the check digit x 12 {\displaystyle x_{12}} to satisfy
6675-486: The symbol on a subsequent pass) or recognize the digits and put them in the right order. There is another property in the digit encoding. The right-hand side digits are the optical inverse of the left-hand side digits, i.e. black bars are turned into white spaces and vice versa. For example, the left-hand side "4" is space×1 - bar×1 - space×3 - bar×2 , meanwhile the right-hand side "4" is bar×1 - space×1 - bar×3 - space×2 . The number of UPC-A and UPC-E barcodes are limited by
6764-698: The term expires if they choose. Each of these elected officials acts as the director for his/her office, and are accountable to the residents of Olmsted County. Rochester falls under the Olmsted County District Court within the Third Judicial District of the State of Minnesota. The city includes parts of Minnesota state legislative districts 25 and 26. In the Minnesota House of Representatives , District 25A
6853-534: The time, Mayo and his two sons worked together to care for the wounded. Donations of US$ 60,000 (US$ 1,932,562 in 2022) were collected and the Sisters of St. Francis , assisted by Mayo, opened a new facility named St. Marys Hospital in 1889. Rochester lies alongside the South Fork of the Zumbro River which is 57.6 miles (92.7 km) long and is ringed by gentle hills and largely surrounded by farmland within
6942-405: The timing. UPC-A 042100005264 is equivalent to UPC-E 425261 with the "EOEEOO" parity pattern, which is defined by UPC-A number system 0 and UPC-A check digit 4. UPC-A barcodes can be printed at various densities to accommodate a variety of printing and scanning processes. The significant dimensional parameter is called x-dimension (width of single module element). The width of each bar (space)
7031-468: The two sets of decimal characters but it also added fourteen percent to the width of the label and thereby the height. This would be a thirty percent increase in area or a label of 1.7 in × 1.03 in (43 mm × 26 mm). Laurer felt this was not acceptable. Laurer returned to the original character set with twenty characters but four of those were two pairs with the same Delta C reading. He decided to use them all. To distinguish between
7120-594: The upper Mississippi River and its tributaries into bedrock. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 54.75 square miles (141.80 km ), of which 54.59 square miles (141.39 km ) of it is land and 0.16 square miles (0.41 km ) is water. The city is located 85 miles (137 km) southeast of Minneapolis–Saint Paul . Rochester is in Olmsted County , one of only four counties in Minnesota without
7209-446: Was 2,187.5 inhabitants per square mile (844.6/km ). There were 53,210 housing units at an average density of 958.8 per square mile (370.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 73.2% White , 8.9% Black or African American , 7.9% Asian , 0.4% Native American , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 2.9% from other races , and 6.6% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 6.6% Hispanic or Latino of any race. In terms of ancestry,
7298-437: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.04. The median age in the city was 35 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.4% were from 25 to 44; 24.8% were from 45 to 64; and 12.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. As of the 2011–2015 American Community Survey,
7387-409: Was about six inches by three inches which was too large. Crouse suggested that Laurer use his Delta C bar code and provided a copy of his patent that had a sample alphanumeric character set and rules to generate other size alphabets. This reduced the label size to about 1.5 in × 0.9 in (38 mm × 23 mm). Later Laurer asked Crouse for assistance in how the scanner could detect
7476-486: Was coined in 2001 in a light-hearted column in New Scientist . A person is said to "suffer" from RAS syndrome when they redundantly use one or more of the words that make up an acronym or initialism with the abbreviation itself. Usage commentators consider such redundant acronyms poor style that is best avoided in writing, especially in a formal context, though they are common in speech. The degree to which there
7565-577: Was established downtown. Branches of Augsburg University and College of St. Scholastica are also in Rochester, as are branches of Winona State University and St. Mary's University . The Mayo Clinic offers graduate medical education and research programs through the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine , Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , and the Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences . According to
7654-784: Was eventually abandoned and replaced with a radio-based system called Automatic Equipment Identification (AEI) . In 1973, a group of trade associations from the grocery industry formed the Uniform Product Code Council (UPCC) which, with the help of consultants Larry Russell and Tom Wilson of McKinsey & Company , defined the numerical format that formed the basis of the Uniform Product Code. Technology firms including Charegon, IBM , Litton-Zellweger, Pitney Bowes-Alpex, Plessey-Anker, RCA , Scanner Inc., Singer, and Dymo Industries /Data General, put forward alternative proposals for symbol representations to
7743-476: Was extremely sensitive to ink spread, where improper levels of ink or pressure would cause both edges of a bar to spread outward or shrink in. In mid 1971, William "Bill" Crouse invented a new bar code called Delta C. It achieved four times the characters per inch as Delta B. Delta C achieved its higher performance by only using leading to leading or trailing to trailing edges which was unaffected by uniform ink spread. The code provided best performance when it had
7832-487: Was the cause of the poor performance of the Delta B code and quite likely the failure of RCA's bull's eye scanner. The following table shows the workable labels, available in the early 1970s, with their sizes. This is assuming a bull's eye with the same information and reliable readability. Each UPC-A barcode consists of a scannable strip of black bars and white spaces above a sequence of 12 numerical digits. No letters , characters or other content of any kind may appear on
7921-419: Was well understood. Except for the bar coding and ten digits the UPC label today is his proposal. Shortly after that Baumeister transferred to another area of RTP. Laurer proceeded to define the details of the label and write a proposal. N.J. Woodland was assigned as planner for the project and aided Laurer with writing his proposal. Laurer's first attempt with a bar code used Delta B. The resulting label size
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