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114-448: A walkover , also W.O. or w/o (originally two words: "walk over"), is awarded to the opposing team/player etc, if there are no other players available, or they have been disqualified, because the other contestants have forfeited or the other contestants have withdrawn from the contest. The term can apply in sport , elections or other contexts where a victory can be achieved by default. The narrow and extended meanings of "walkover" as

228-515: A forfeit and a default are two different things. A team will forfeit if: A forfeit results in loss for the offending team by a score of 20−0, and in tournaments that use the FIBA points system for standings, zero points for the match. Furthermore, in FIBA tournaments that use a two-game home-and-away series ( two-legged tie ) or a best-of-three playoff format, a team that forfeits a game also loses

342-406: A 0–2 loss would. In U.S. NCAA basketball, a referee decides a game is to be forfeited when any of these criteria are satisfied: The forfeiting team loses the game 2−0 unless 30 minutes have elapsed on the game clock; in this case, the score at the end of play shall stand. If the team that is behind in the scorebook is to be declared the winning team, that score shall be marked with an asterisk in

456-405: A 2−0 win. Furthermore, in FIBA tournaments that use a two-game home-and-away series, a team that defaults in either game automatically loses the series by default. In tournaments and leagues that use winning percentage or number of wins to rank teams, the difference between a loss by forfeit and a loss by default is insignificant, as both are treated as ordinary losses. However, for those that use

570-665: A budget of ¥149 billion. The changes meant the new stadium could not be completed in time for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as originally intended. The National Stadium, which was inaugurated on 21 December 2019, was named the Olympic Stadium for the duration of the Tokyo Games. In October 2018, the Board of Audit issued a report stating that the total cost of the Olympic venues could exceed US$ 25 billion. Of

684-401: A combination of both), the match is forfeited. Forfeits are also used as ex post disciplinary sanctions by governing bodies. A forfeited match is handled differently in various competitions; FIFA Disciplinary Code punishes the team sanctioned with a forfeit with a 3–0 loss, but the result on the pitch is upheld if the goal difference at the end of the match was three or greater so as to ensure

798-615: A comment by a corporate sponsor senior executive: "It just makes much, much more sense from our perspective to hold the Games when there are more vaccinated people, the weather is cooler and maybe public opposition is lower." In July 2021, it was announced that all events in Tokyo were to be held behind closed doors with no spectators due to a new state of emergency. A poll by the Asahi Shimbun found that 55% of those surveyed supported

912-452: A form of punishment, although the NFL does not. A loss is not put in place of a vacated win, and a win is not retroactively awarded to the losing team if vacated by the winning team. Once a team loses a game, even if the winning team's victory is later vacated, it is still considered a loss. In handball a game which results in a forfeit loss is counted 0–10 unless the goal difference of the game

1026-432: A further cost-saving measure. The original plan to build a retractable roof was also abandoned. At the end of 2015, as a result of public opposition to the increasing costs of the new stadium (which had reached ¥252 billion), the government chose to reject Zaha Hadid's design entirely and selected a new design by Japanese architect Kengo Kuma . Inspired by traditional temples and with a lower profile, Kuma's design had

1140-411: A game and one fouls out, the player remains in the game and the player is in a player foul penalty situation. The rule also applies when (after an injury) a player who fouled out of the game previously returns to the game, where re-entering the game after fouling out places the player in the player foul penalty, resulting in a non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical foul (may not be ejected). One free throw

1254-579: A game in a competition may receive punishment(s) such as a fine, deduction of league points, automatic relegation or elimination from a competition. The most famous walkover in GAA history came in the 1910 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final . Louth were awarded the championship as Kerry refused to travel to Dublin for the final because the Great Southern and Western Railway would not grant fans, players and officials discounted fares for

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1368-594: A governing body such as the NCAA . In the event the team forfeiting the game is already losing at the time of the forfeit, the score at the time stands as is. Otherwise, forfeits result in a 2–0 score in the National Football League or a 1–0 score in high school football , NCAA and Canadian football . In the case of high school and the NCAA, the forfeit is one of only two ways for a team to finish with

1482-687: A hydrogen-powered bus rapid transit system has been introduced. Several sports and event facilities were built, including the new Olympic Stadium. Finally, the Olympic Village has been built on the Harumi landfill." In December 2018, the Japanese government chose to ban drones from flying over venues being used for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. A similar ban was also imposed for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, which Japan also hosted. In January 2020, counterterrorism drills began in different parts where

1596-431: A memo that if games had been cancelled during the season due to COVID-19 outbreaks among unvaccinated players, the team responsible for the outbreak would forfeit and would cover financial losses, because teams do not get paid for games not played. NFL policy states that the winning team is not paid its weekly salary if its opponent forfeits the game. The Canadian Football League 's early history with respect to forfeiture

1710-496: A player caught cheating will lose by forfeit. In the sport of cricket a forfeiture occurs when a captain chooses to forfeit one of his side's innings. If a team forfeits the entire match, then the umpires will award the match to the other team. In the Gaelic games of hurling , Gaelic football , camogie and ladies' Gaelic football , a forfeit is called a walkover ( Irish : bua gan choimhlint ). The team that concedes

1824-515: A proposed postponement, citing that ensuring athlete safety was "paramount," and veteran IOC member and former vice president Dick Pound said that he expected the Games to be postponed. On 24 March 2020, 122 days to go for the planned start, the IOC, TOCOG and prime minister Abe released a joint statement announcing that the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics would be rescheduled to a date "beyond 2020 but not later than summer 2021". They stated that

1938-773: A record for the most gold and overall medals won by their delegation at an Olympic Games with 27 and 58. Great Britain finished fourth, with a total of 22 gold and 64 total medals. The Russian delegation competing as the ROC finished fifth with 20 gold medals and third in the overall medal count, with 71 medals. Bermuda , the Philippines and Qatar won their first-ever Olympic gold medals. Burkina Faso , San Marino and Turkmenistan also won their first-ever Olympic medals. The three candidate cities were Tokyo , Istanbul , and Madrid . The applicant cities of Baku and Doha were not promoted to candidate status. A bid from Rome

2052-445: A result of a player's strike and another in 2024 due to a team boycotting a game as a protest of the management of the league. In another case in 2015 , two teams ceased operations prior to the end of the season. Because they were both slated to play each other, the game was recorded as a scoreless tie. A related concept is to vacate results, in which a team's wins are stricken from the record. NCAA bylaws allow wins to be vacated as

2166-434: A score of only one point (the other theoretical possibility is if a team's only score comes from a defensive safety , i.e. a botched conversion attempt that results in its opponent getting backed all the way back into its own end zone). The National Football League rulebook has a provision for forfeiture but has never used it (there was at least one alleged "forfeit" in 1921 , but because league schedules were so fluid in

2280-472: A single word are both found from 1829. Other sports-specific variations of the term exist, especially where walking is not involved: competitive rowing , for example, uses the term row over . The word originates from horseracing in the United Kingdom, where an entrant in a one-horse race run under Jockey Club rules has at least to "walk over" the course before being awarded victory. This outcome

2394-419: A team has been found to have broken the rules of a sanctioning body during a match they have won and must have the results stricken from the record; whether or not the other team receives a win in such a case depends on the rules of that body and/or whether or not they were in compliance with the rules - if neither team was in compliance with the rules and/or the rules do not allow a losing team to be credited for

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2508-646: A team will forfeit the game if: There is no rule pertaining to the procedure as to how a forfeited game is to be scored. Probably the best known example of an incomplete IIHF-sanctioned game was the Punch-up in Piestany , an infamous bench-clearing brawl between Canada and the Soviet Union at the 1987 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships . In that case, the IIHF judged both teams equally at fault, and declared

2622-414: A walkover occurs when a player withdraws prior to the match, but not when a player retired due to injury during a match. Many sporting bodies have a nominal score applied in the case of walkover for the purposes of points differential tiebreakers; the 2019 Pan American Games women's basketball tournament , for example, awarded a 20–0 walkover victory to Colombia when their Argentinian opponents turned up with

2736-571: A win in such a manner then the result is either a double forfeit and/or otherwise recorded as a loss for both teams. Both teams must have at least seven players at the beginning of the match per the Laws of the Game . When a team has fewer than seven players, the match cannot start or continue. When the number of players in a team falls definitely below seven (e.g. by five players sent off with red cards , or by injured players with no substitutions left, or

2850-513: Is awarded, regardless of offensive or defensive foul or re-entry caused by injury. Under National Hockey League rules, a team forfeits a game when they fail to comply with the rules to an extent that the Referee or the Commissioner of the league (or his designee) refuses to allow the game to continue because of that team's actions. If the game is forfeited prior to the start of the game,

2964-710: Is held during a single-elimination tournament, the unaffected team still advances in effectively a walkover but is not awarded a win. A no-contest was declared in a game during the Round of 64 of the 2021 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament after the Virginia Commonwealth University Rams had several players placed in COVID-19 quarantine, allowing their opponents, the Oregon Ducks , to advance via walkover. On December 5, 2021,

3078-486: Is more complicated because the professional Canadian game only gradually diverged from university and other amateur competitions, a process which culminated in the founding of the CFL in 1958. Forfeits were somewhat common up until the early years of the modern CFL for a number of reasons. Sometimes, a team would refuse to travel to play a game because its cut of the gate (the primary source of revenue in those days) would not cover

3192-531: The Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper, which targeted Japanese citizens at the end of the Olympics, 38% of respondents said that it was possible to hold the Olympics in a safe manner against COVID-19, while 55% said that it was not possible. However, 64% answered that it was good that the Tokyo Games had gone ahead, while 28% answered that they wished the event had not been held. Of the respondents, 61% were glad

3306-502: The 1908 Summer Olympics , there was a walkover for a gold medal by Wyndham Halswelle in the rerun of the final race of the 400 m : Hallswelle's two American opponents refused to participate in the rerun, protesting the controversial disqualification of their teammate. Hallswelle jogged in the rerun alone to claim the gold medal. In the 1920 Summer Olympics sailing program , there were a total of sixteen different yacht classes – no other Olympic games sailed more than seven classes until

3420-688: The 1973 Chilean coup d'état , and FIFA awarded the game to Chile by a nominal 2–0 result; but the walkover itself was still staged, the Chilean team taking the field and captain Francisco Valdés scoring an unopposed goal in front of a crowd of 15,000. In a more general sense, the term "walkover" is used broadly across many sports for a forfeiture due to one team being unable or unwilling to play, even if no actual act of walking over occurs. In some instances, there are distinctions between walkovers and other victories by default: for example, in tennis

3534-546: The 2021 season the CFL (which did not play in 2020 due to the pandemic) has announced that it will employ similar protocols to the NFL with regards to potential COVID-19 disruptions, but the CFL has explicitly specified that a double forfeit will be enforced if and when a game cannot be played because both teams cannot play due to COVID-19 violations, and also that players on teams in compliance will be paid for any games they may win by forfeit. The Arena Football League has had two forfeits in its history, which came in 2012 as

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3648-503: The 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing , China . Due to the one-year postponement, Tokyo 2020 was the only Olympic Games to have been held in an odd-numbered year. New events were introduced in existing sports, including 3x3 basketball , freestyle BMX and mixed gender team events in a number of existing sports, as well as the return of madison cycling for men and an introduction of the same event for women. New IOC policies also allowed

3762-737: The Delta variant . On 26 July, there were 60,157 cases detected in Japan, breaking the record of 44,961 cases recorded on 10 May. On 9 August, one day after the Olympics had ended, daily cases in Japan reached 100,000 for the first time, and new cases continued to increase until the peak on 23 August, when 156,931 cases were recorded. The Tokyo Organizing Committee was originally headed by former Japanese prime minister Yoshirō Mori, but he resigned in February 2021 due to backlash from sexist comments about women in meetings. Seiko Hashimoto

3876-717: The Odaiba area on its own. In April 2018, the Tokyo Organizing Committee signed a partnership with the International Labour Organization to ensure decent work in the preparation of and during the 2020 Olympic Games. In June 2020, the chief executive of the Organizing Committee, Toshirō Mutō , stated that the committee was exploring options for streamlining the Games to achieve cost savings. On 25 September,

3990-722: The Washington Huskies canceled and forfeited their game against the UCLA Bruins due to COVID-19 issues. The rules of the National Basketball Association do not mention how forfeitures are dealt with, but mention it is a possible sanction on a player or coach who violates the rules on ejections . Also, in the NBA, defaulting is virtually impossible unless injuries or ejections bring a team to fewer than five players. When five players remain in

4104-536: The 1920s and it was never clear who was at fault for the game not being played, the league now considers it a cancellation, which was very common at the time). Former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle noted that he had never used the league's forfeit provisions and would never change the result of a game after the fact, a stance that prevented the result of the Snowplow Game , a game that had been decided on an alleged but unpunished unfair act, from being forfeited. It

4218-485: The 1980s – spreading the competitors so thinly that there were six gold medals won by walkover: each of these yachts completing its course unopposed to claim gold. A seventh yacht, Francis Richards ' entrant in the 18' dinghy , also attempted a walkover but did not finish; this crew is officially recognized as gold medalists by the International Olympic Committee , but it was not mentioned in

4332-465: The 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games were accepted beginning on 26 September 2018. By 18 January 2019, a total of 204,680 applications had been received by the Tokyo Organizing Committee. Interviews to select the requisite number of volunteers began in February 2019, with training scheduled to take place in October 2019. The volunteers at the venues were to be known as "Field Cast", and the volunteers in

4446-655: The 2020 Summer Olympics torch was scheduled to only visit the two countries of Greece and the host nation Japan. The first phase of the relay began on 12 March 2020, with the traditional flame lighting ceremony at the Temple of Hera in Olympia, Greece . The torch then travelled to Athens , where the Greek leg of the relay culminated in a handover ceremony at the Panathenaic Stadium on 19 March, during which

4560-427: The 33 competition venues in Tokyo, 28 were within 8 kilometers (5 miles) of the Olympic Village, with eleven new venues to be constructed. On 16 October 2019, the IOC announced that there were plans to re-locate the marathon and racewalking events to Sapporo for heat concerns. The plans were made official on 1 November 2019 after Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike accepted the IOC's decision, despite her belief that

4674-485: The 80,000 registered volunteers resigned from the Games. Media attributed the rise in pandemic cases as the reason for massive quitting. More volunteer assignments were expected to be cancelled due to the spectator ban. In February 2017, the Tokyo Organizing Committee announced an electronics recycling program in partnership with Japan Environmental Sanitation Center and NTT Docomo , soliciting donations of electronics such as mobile phones to be reclaimed as materials for

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4788-432: The FIBA points system, a default is treated like an ordinary loss (as the team earns one point) while a team that forfeited earns zero points. It is also detrimental in tiebreaking situations as a defaulting team's worst result is the actual score if they were trailing when the game was stopped, or a 2–0 loss if they were leading, while a forfeit is deemed to be a 0–20 loss, which drags down a team's goal average worse than

4902-503: The Games could "stand as a beacon of hope to the world during these troubled times", and that the Olympic flame could become "the light at the end of the tunnel in which the world finds itself at present". Prime Minister Abe stated that IOC president Thomas Bach responded "with 100% agreement" to his proposal to delay the Games. For continuity and marketing purposes, it was agreed that the Games would still be branded as Tokyo 2020 despite

5016-490: The Games to be postponed or cancelled. On 26 May 2021, the Asahi Shimbun newspaper, which was a local sponsor of the Games, published an editorial calling for Prime Minister Suga to "calmly and objectively assess the situation and decide on the cancellation of the event this summer." On 4 June it was reported that Japanese sponsors proposed to the organizers for "the Games to be postponed for several months," citing

5130-531: The Games would take place, after intelligence data showed that terrorist groups could have carried out an attack seeking worldwide attention. In July 2021, prior to the start of the Games, the Japan Coast Guard conducted counterterrorism drills in the Tokyo Bay . The drill consisted of two inflatable boats trying to stop a suspicious ship from getting to shore. Applications for volunteering at

5244-479: The Games, while an opinion poll in April 2021 saw 40% of participants support the cancellation of the Games, and 33% support a second postponement. In May 2021, 83% of those polled supported the cancellation or postponement of the Games. The Tokyo Medical Practitioners Association called for the cancellation, stating that hospitals in Tokyo "have their hands full and have almost no spare capacity" in an open letter to

5358-403: The IOC and Tokyo Organizing Committee agreed to a suite of measures to simplify the Games' logistics, including a cut to non-athlete staff, use of online meetings, and streamlined transport, among others. The committee also outlined areas it would be exploring in order to maintain the health and safety of all participants. In February 2012, it was announced that Tokyo's former National Stadium ,

5472-460: The Japanese government had "privately concluded" that the Games would have to be cancelled. The government dismissed the claims, stating that the reports were "categorically untrue". The new Japanese prime minister Yoshihide Suga confirmed on 19 February that the G7 had given unanimous support for the postponed Games to go ahead as scheduled. It was reported in April 2021, just three months before

5586-601: The Olympic Games at the former 2012 Olympic venues should the Games need to be moved because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike criticized Bailey's comment as inappropriate. In early 2021, officials in the U.S. state of Florida offered to host the delayed Games in their state, while John Coates , the IOC vice president in charge of the Tokyo Olympics, said the Games would open even if

5700-423: The Olympic Village, little of that payout would be available to recoup the proceeds of lost and refunded ticket sales. The local organizers are responsible for ticket sales and use them to defray the costs of holding the games; ticket sales were expected to bring in approximately US$ 800 million, but actual sales were close to zero. In June 2022, the Tokyo Organizing Committee revealed in the final budget report for

5814-534: The Olympic and Paralympic Games were designed by Junichi Kawanishi following a nationwide competition. A new feature shared with the Paralympic medals is that the ribbons contain one, two, or three silicone convex lines to distinguish gold, silver, and bronze medals, respectively. The slogan of the 2020 Summer Olympics torch relay was "Hope Lights Our Way". As determined by a 2009 IOC ruling that banned international torch relays for any future Olympic Games,

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5928-599: The Olympics were "becoming an event that has not gained the public's understanding." Had the games been cancelled, it would have been the first time since World War II that an Olympic event had been called off and the first games to be scrapped due to circumstances unrelated to war. A complete cancellation would have also cost Japan ¥4.52   trillion ( US$ 41.5   billion), based on operating expenses and loss of tourism activity due to Japan which had closed its international borders to foreign travellers since March 2020, did not eventually reopen until October 2022, and

6042-468: The Olympics, citing fears that COVID-19 would spread, but once Japanese athletes started winning medals, the media changed their reporting policy and began livening up the Olympics, which had the effect of altering public opinion in Japan. Once the Tokyo Olympics were underway, followed by the Tokyo Paralympics , there was a sharp increase in COVID-19 cases in Japan, especially those caused by

6156-546: The Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics that the cost for the Olympic Games was 640.4 billion yen (US$ 5.8 billion ), which was higher than the cost for the Rio 2016 . Prior to the Tokyo Olympics being held, many Japanese people were negative about hosting the event, but their attitudes had become more positive towards the end of the Games. According to a public opinion poll conducted jointly by the Nippon News Network and

6270-527: The accelerated completion of the Central Circular Route , Tokyo Gaikan Expressway , and Ken-Ō Expressway , and the refurbishment of other major expressways in the area. The Yurikamome automated transit line was also to be extended from its existing terminal at Toyosu Station to a new terminal at Kachidoki Station , passing the site of the Olympic Village, although the line was not expected to have adequate capacity to serve major events in

6384-616: The anti-doping organizations in the United States, France, Great Britain, and Germany had reduced their testing activities by the end of March. It was subsequently revealed that twenty-three Chinese swimmers had tested positive for the drug trimetazidine , but were permitted to compete, after CHINADA claimed they had ingested tiny amounts unawares from a kitchen. Some, including Zhang Yufei , Wang Shun , and Qin Haiyang , went on to win medals. The affair resulted in deep upset amongst

6498-421: The cancellation of the Olympics, and 68% felt that organizers would not be able to suitably control COVID-19 at the Games. The decision was also detrimental to local sponsors, which had planned in-person presences to promote their products during the Games; an executive of official sponsor Toyota stated that the company had pulled a television advertising campaign it had planned for the Games in Japan, citing that

6612-484: The central venue for the 1964 Summer Olympics , would undergo a ¥100 billion renovation for the 2019 Rugby World Cup and the 2020 Summer Olympics. In November 2012, the Japan Sport Council announced that it was taking bids for proposed stadium designs. Of the 46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the project, which would replace the old stadium with a new 80,000-seat stadium . There

6726-499: The change in schedule. On 30 March 2020, the IOC and TOCOG announced that they had reached an agreement on the new dates for the 2020 Summer Olympics, which would now begin with the opening ceremony on 23 July 2021 and end with the closing ceremony on 8 August 2021, still to be held in Tokyo. The subsequent Winter Olympics in Beijing are scheduled to begin on 4 February 2022, less than six months later. Shortly before

6840-535: The city and other parts of Japan were under a state of emergency because of COVID-19. Estimates by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Kyoto University predicted that states of emergency might be required during the Games. The reports published at the Ministry of Health experts' panel also showed new patients increasing to 10,000 if the Games were to allow spectators. Concerns about

6954-416: The city were to be known as "City Cast". These names were chosen from a shortlist of four from an original 150 pairs of names; the other three shortlisted names were "Shining Blue" and "Shining Blue Tokyo", "Games Anchor" and "City Anchor", and "Games Force" and "City Force". The names were chosen by the people who had applied to be volunteers at the Games. As of early June 2021, approximately 10,000 out of

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7068-654: The commercial insurance marketplace Lloyd's of London , by global reinsurers Munich Re and Swiss Re . The IOC takes out around $ 800 million of insurance for each Summer Olympics, with the total amount of loss insured for the 2020 Games likely to be more than $ 2 billion. The disruption caused by postponing the Games was covered by the insurance policy, with those likely to make claims for their financial losses including local organizers, sponsors, hospitality firms, and travel providers. Holders of tickets purchased from overseas prior to postponement were entitled to refunds for both Olympic and Paralympic ticket purchases, except for

7182-493: The costs of cancelled hotel bookings. Although about 600,000 Olympic tickets and 300,000 Paralympic tickets were eligible to be refunded, organizers said that they would not release the total costs of the refunds. Reuters quoted industry sources who estimated that the Tokyo Olympics Committee had taken out US$ 500–800 million in insurance, and that after accounting for costs such as rebooking sporting venues and

7296-534: The day, often due to one of the two teams failing to field enough players, but these were generally considered no-game or rescheduled. The first team to claim victory by walkover on such an occasion was Albert-park , in an 1870 match against Railway which was to have counted towards the Challenge Cup . Railway had insufficient players and declined to play, so the Albert-park team took to the field with

7410-480: The end of the pandemic would be a health risk. Despite the need for extensive testing to take place in advance of the Games, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) stated that public health and safety were their topmost priorities. The China Anti-Doping Agency (CHINADA) temporarily ceased testing on 3 February 2020, with a planned resumption of phased testing towards the end of the month, and

7524-475: The entire track in a one-horse race remained in the rules governing racing until 2006; it was replaced by the lesser formality of making correct weight and riding past the judge's box to be declared the winner. The actual act of "walking over" was seen in Australian rules football matches during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was not uncommon in the 19th century for a scheduled match to be cancelled on

7638-435: The event had been held without spectators and only 12% said that spectators should have been allowed. On 29 July, less than a week into the Games, journalist Masaki Kubota reported his analysis of the Japanese people's perspective on the Olympics, which he believed was greatly influenced by the change in the way the Japanese news media reported on the Games. He pointed out that many Japanese news media had insisted on canceling

7752-533: The event retained the Tokyo 2020 branding for marketing purposes. It was largely held behind closed doors with no public spectators permitted due to the declaration of a state of emergency in the Greater Tokyo Area in response to the pandemic, the only Olympic Games to be held without official spectators. The Games were the most expensive ever, with total spending of over $ 20 billion. The Games were

7866-567: The events should have remained in Tokyo. In general, as urban studies scholar Faure notes, "The Tokyo 2020–2021 Games had a relatively moderate impact on the city, compared to previous cases such as Rio and Sochi, or cases in which a major Olympic park was built in Barcelona in 1992, and in Beijing in 2008. The transport infrastructure has been marginally improved by facilitating access for people with mobility constraints and improving signage in other languages. Haneda Airport has been expanded, and

7980-769: The expenses of the journey. Playoff implications of the game were another factor - unlike in the U.S., conference playoffs in Canadian football were two game playoffs or even best of three series, so teams sometimes preferred a loss at the end of the season, especially if it would not affect their playoff fortunes, in order to gain extra rest for a grueling playoff run. Finally, as the Eastern and Western Conferences gradually turned fully professional teams sometimes forfeited games after fielding ineligible players. The "ineligible" players were typically Americans playing in violation of strict rules limiting their use in Canadian football. For

8094-437: The field, use of ineligible players, or other reasons. Because it is a "cabinet" score, unless specified in season's (league's) regulations or official executive decision of governing sports organization, the technical score does not necessarily have to carry any numerical value. In rare cases, baseball games are forfeited, usually in the event when a team is no longer able to play. In the basketball rules published by FIBA,

8208-656: The fourth Olympic Games to be held in Japan, following the 1964 Summer Olympics ( Tokyo ), 1972 Winter Olympics ( Sapporo ), and 1998 Winter Olympics ( Nagano ). Tokyo became the first city in Asia to hold the Summer Olympic Games twice. The 2020 Games were the second of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia , following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea and preceding

8322-424: The game null and void (as opposed to either or both teams forfeiting the game). The IIHF also ejected both teams from the competition, denying Canada a medal which it had seemingly earned regardless of the result of the game. As well as checkmate , chess games can be resigned or lost on time , but the term "forfeit" generally has a narrower meaning in the game. A forfeit occurs when a player does not appear at

8436-611: The host organizing committee to add new sports to the Olympic program for just one Games. The disciplines added by the Japanese Olympic Committee were baseball and softball , karate , sport climbing , surfing and skateboarding , the last four of which made their Olympic debuts, and the last three of which will remain on the Olympic program. The United States topped the medal table both by gold (39) and total medals (113), with China finishing second (38 and 89). Host nation Japan finished third, setting

8550-461: The international athletic community. The Tokyo Organizing Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (TOCOG) released a statement on 2 March 2020, confirming that preparations for the upcoming Tokyo Olympics were "continuing as planned". On 23 March, both Canada and Australia indicated that they would withdraw from the Games if they were not postponed by a year. On the same day, Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe stated he would support

8664-740: The job of reorganizing the Tokyo Games was "a mammoth task" and also admitted that the event would have to be cancelled altogether if it could not take place in the summer of 2021. However, both Mori and Bach expressed optimism about the Games going ahead. A member of the Japanese COVID-19 Advisory Committee on the basic action policy co-authored a British Medical Journal editorial, which stated, "holding Tokyo 2020 for domestic political and economic purposes—ignoring scientific and moral imperatives—is contradictory to Japan's commitment to global health and human security". On 21 January 2021, multiple sources reported that

8778-422: The match, and is generally a rare occurrence. A notable instance of forfeiture happened in the second game of the 1972 World Chess Championship . Bobby Fischer , due to disputes over the organisation of the match, refused to show, and the game was recorded as a win for his opponent Boris Spassky . Anatoly Karpov won the 1975 World Championship on forfeit after Bobby Fischer refused to play. Additionally,

8892-486: The medals. Aiming to collect eight tonnes of metals to produce the medals for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, collection boxes were deployed at public locations and NTT Docomo retail shops in April 2017. A design competition for the medals was launched in December of that year. In May 2018, the organizing committee reported that they had obtained half the required 2,700 kilograms of bronze but were struggling to obtain

9006-437: The most official contemporary report by games organizers, casting doubt over whether or not the crew actually received gold medals at the time due to not finishing the course. In addition to the walkovers, two of the sixteen classes were cancelled due to there being no entrants. A walkover occurred in the 2020 Summer Olympics in sport climbing . French climber Bassa Mawem was injured in his last climb during qualification and

9120-570: The non-forfeiting team is not unfairly disadvantaged in any potential tiebreakers involving goal difference and/or goals scored. Forfeited games also could be identified with what is known as a "technical score" like +/-, +:-, where a plus sign (+) signifies a win and a minus sign (-) stands for a loss. Traditionally, technical score is implied as 3:0 score, but earlier in history it also used to be understood as 2:0 score. Beside forfeiture, technical score could be applied for disciplinary sanctions on various of administrative matter such as violence on

9234-521: The official statistics, and it shall be noted that the game was won by forfeit. In some cases for if a conference game is forfeited, the win/loss is only counted in the conference standings. In March 2015, a women's basketball game between Southern and Texas Southern was declared a double forfeit by the officials because of a brawl 30 minutes into the game, but the Southwestern Athletic Conference declared Southern, who

9348-429: The only participant but where no opponent has a credible chance of victory. Forfeit (sport) There are two distinct forms of forfeiture. One occurs when a team is unable (or refuses) to meet the basic standards for playing the game, either before the game begins or as a result of actions that happen during the match. In such a case, the team not forfeiting wins the match. Another is punitive forfeiture , in which

9462-459: The organizers to counteract the infectious disease and host a safe and secure event. Also unlike the case for H1N1 "swine flu" during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, COVID-19 has a higher fatality rate, and there was no effective vaccine until December 2020. In a February 2020 interview, Conservative London mayoral candidate Shaun Bailey argued that London would be able to host

9576-456: The pandemic began to affect qualifying events in early 2020. Some that were due to take place in February were moved to alternative locations to address concerns about travelling to the affected areas, particularly China. For example, the women's basketball qualification was played in Belgrade , Serbia, instead of Foshan , China. The Asia & Oceania boxing qualification tournament , which

9690-432: The pandemic should persist. In an interview, the then president of TOCOG and former Japanese prime minister, Yoshirō Mori , asserted that the Games would be "scrapped" if they could not go ahead in 2021. On 29 April 2020, Prime Minister Abe stated that the Games "must be held in a way that shows the world has won its battle against the coronavirus pandemic". Thomas Bach acknowledged in an interview on 20 May 2020, that

9804-411: The pandemic. A multitude of Olympic sports were affected, including archery, baseball, cycling, handball, judo, rowing, sailing, volleyball, and water polo. Mandatory doping tests were being severely restricted by the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. European anti-doping organizations raised concerns that blood and urine tests could not be performed and that mobilizing the staff necessary to do so before

9918-402: The players to "split the blinds" (i.e. take back their blind bets in case there are no callers or raisers by the time the action gets to the small blind). Chopping is not permitted in tournaments. An uncontested election is often referred to as a walkover, when it is also referred to as winning "by default". The word is used more generally by extension for an election in which the winner is not

10032-432: The postponement was confirmed, the IOC and Tokyo 2020 organizers formed a task force named "Here We Go" with the remit to address any issues arising from postponing the Games, such as sponsorship and accommodation. The organizers confirmed that all athletes who had already qualified for Tokyo 2020 would keep their qualification slots. Health experts expressed concern in April 2020 that the Games might have to be cancelled if

10146-483: The prime minister. At least nine out of 47 elected governors supported the cancellation of the Games. Nearly 37% of Japanese companies surveyed supported the cancellation of the Games, and 32% supported postponement. Kenji Utsunomiya , who had previously run for Governor of Tokyo, collected more than 351,000 signatures on a petition calling for the organizers to "prioritize life" over the Olympics. Japanese writers Jiro Akagawa and Fuminori Nakamura also called for

10260-496: The required amount of silver; although bronze and silver medals purely utilize their respective materials, IOC requirements mandate that gold medals utilize silver as a base. The collection of bronze was completed in November 2018, with the remainder estimated to have been completed by March 2019. On 24 July 2019 (one year ahead of the originally scheduled opening ceremony), the designs of the medals were unveiled. The medals for

10374-416: The result will be a 1-0 victory to the non-offending team, but no players will be credited with any personal statistics. If the game was in progress at the time it is declared forfeited, the score shall be recorded as zero for the loser and 1, or the number of goals scored, to the winning team. All players will be credited with any personal statistics earned until the game was forfeited. Under IIHF rules,

10488-408: The series by forfeit. In FIBA tournaments, a team will default if, at any time during a game, they have fewer than two players ready to play (by reason of players being injured with no subs left, fouling out, or being ejected). In this case, the opponents are awarded with a win, and if they are leading, the score at the time of stoppage will be the final score; if they are not leading, they are awarded

10602-497: The spread of the disease to minimize its effects on preparations for the Olympics. The IOC stated that in 2020, their Japanese partners and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe "made it very clear that Japan could not manage a postponement beyond next summer [2021] at the latest". Unlike the case for Zika virus during the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted directly between humans, posing tougher challenges for

10716-472: The start of the Games, that there was still the option to cancel the Tokyo Olympics with the country having vaccinated less than 1% of its population, with tens of thousands of volunteers expected to take part and athletes not being required to quarantine after arriving in Japan. Public support for the Games in Japan decreased significantly amid a 2021 surge in COVID-19 cases in the country . Multiple organizations of medical professionals voiced oppositions to

10830-472: The torch was transferred to the Japanese contingent. The flame was placed inside a special lantern and transported from Athens International Airport on a chartered flight to Higashimatsushima in Japan. The torch was then expected to begin the second phase of its journey on 20 March, as it traveled for one week around the three most affected areas of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami — Miyagi , Iwate and Fukushima —where it would go on display under

10944-399: The trip. In American football , a team must begin with at least seven players (the number legally required to man a line of scrimmage ) ready to play; a forfeiture occurs if a team does not have that many. It can also occur when the number of able players drops to below seven at any point during the game, as a result of an unfair act , or punitive retroactive sanctions against a team from

11058-594: The two cities would be eliminated. The final vote was a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul. Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36, gaining at least the 49 votes required for a majority. In January 2020, concerns were raised about the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on athletes and visitors to the Summer Olympic Games. Tokyo organizers and the International Olympic Committee insisted they were monitoring

11172-488: The umpire and without opposition and put through two goals, claiming a walkover victory. The claimed victory and its impact on the Challenge Cup was controversial and widely disputed by the other clubs; one sportswriter at the time commented that "in connection with football, the idea of a walkover is simply absurd and unprecedented." Nevertheless, actual walkovers were thereafter often observed in similar circumstances:

11286-411: The umpire would bounce the ball to officially start the game, the unopposed team would score at least once to secure a lead, and the match would then be abandoned. The highest level occurrence of this was in a Victorian Football Association match in 1900 , and sporadic reports from games at the local level confirm that actual walkovers were observed as late as the 1930s, including outside Melbourne. In

11400-456: The unused facilities into account. The Nomura Research Institute estimated that cancelling the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics in 2021 would cost around 1.81 trillion yen ($ 17 billion), less than the economic damages projected if another state of emergency is declared, noting that a decision to hold the games "should be made based on the impact on infection risks, not from the standpoint of economic loss". The Tokyo Games were protected through

11514-494: The wrong uniforms. Colloquially, an extremely one-sided game may also be called a 'walkover', implying a similar score could have been achieved without the losing team's presence. In poker games that use blinds , a hand is considered a walkover (usually shortened to walk ) when no other players call or raise the big blind, resulting in the player who posted the big blind winning the hand without opposition. Walks are most often seen in tournament play, since cash games often allow

11628-676: Was bigger than the game result. In cases where a poker game is arranged but an opponent drops out or folds (a fold is when a player gives up for multiple reasons), that person forfeits and remaining players win at that player's expense. 2020 Summer Olympics The 2020 Summer Olympics , officially the Games of the XXXII Olympiad and officially branded as Tokyo 2020 , were an international multi-sport event held from 23 July to 8 August 2021 in Tokyo , Japan, with some preliminary events that began on 21 July 2021. Tokyo

11742-473: Was briefly discussed after a botched call in the 2018 NFC Championship Game , but interfering with the results of a game after it has finished would cause logistical chaos and massive expense in having to reschedule games, especially in the playoffs . The NFL threatened forfeiture during the 2020 season if coronavirus-related protocols were not adhered to. No games were forfeited in 2020, but NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell warned teams on July 22, 2021 in

11856-565: Was chosen to succeed him. Tamayo Marukawa , Minister for the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games, was responsible for overseeing the preparations on behalf of the Japanese government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government set aside a fund of ¥400 billion (more than US$ 3.67 billion) to cover the cost of hosting the Games. The Japanese government was considering easing airspace restrictions to allow an increased slot capacity at both Haneda and Narita airports. A new railway line

11970-511: Was criticism of the Zaha Hadid design—which was compared to a bicycle helmet and regarded as clashing with the surrounding Meiji Shrine —and widespread disapproval of the costs, even with attempts to revise and "optimize" the design. In June 2015, the government announced plans to reduce the new stadium's permanent capacity to 65,000 in its athletics configuration (although with the option to add up to 15,000 temporary seats for football) as

12084-603: Was initially scheduled to end preventive border measures in May 2023 but had moved early at the end of April of that year, less than two years after the Games ended. According to an estimate conducted by professor emeritus Katsuhiro Miyamoto of Kansai University and reported by the NHK in March 2020, the cost of delaying the 2020 Olympics by one year would be 640.8 billion yen ( US$ 5.8 billion), taking maintenance expenditures for

12198-406: Was leading the game 51-49 when it was abandoned, the winner. It is somewhat unclear if the NCAA recognizes Southern as the winner or if they recognize the game as a double forfeit. A forfeit is distinct from a declaration of no contest , when outside conditions prevent a team from being able to play. In the event of a no contest declaration, the affected team is not afforded a loss; in the event it

12312-683: Was originally planned to be held from 3–14 February in Wuhan , China (the location of the original outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic), instead took place in Amman , Jordan, at the beginning of March. The third round of the women's football qualification tournament was also affected, as the group matches formerly scheduled to be held in China were moved to Australia. The European boxing qualification began on 14 March 2020 in London , United Kingdom, but

12426-451: Was planned to link both airports through an expansion of Tokyo Station , cutting travel time from Tokyo Station to Haneda from 30 minutes to 18 minutes, and from Tokyo Station to Narita from 55 minutes to 36 minutes; funded primarily by private investors, the line would cost ¥400 billion. The East Japan Railway Company (JR East) was also planning a new route near Tamachi to Haneda Airport. There were plans to fund

12540-452: Was quite common at a time when there was no guaranteed prize money for horses finishing second or third, so there was no incentive to run a horse in a race it could not win. The 18th-century champion racehorse Eclipse was so dominant over his contemporaries that he was allowed to walk over on nine occasions, and the 1828 Epsom Derby winner Cadland walked over on at least six occasions. The full formality of walking (or otherwise riding) over

12654-539: Was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires , Argentina on 7 September 2013. Originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020, the event was postponed to 2021 on 24 March 2020 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic , the first such instance in the history of the Olympic Games (several previous games had been cancelled but not rescheduled). However,

12768-489: Was suspended after two days of competition before being rescheduled for April 2021. It eventually resumed in June 2021 but was moved to Paris , France, because of renewed concerns over travel to the United Kingdom . Other qualifying events that were due to take place in March to June 2020 began to be postponed until later in the year and mid-2021 as part of a wider suspension of international sporting competitions in response to

12882-545: Was unable to compete in the finals, but IFSC rules did not allow him to be replaced. His opening round speed climbing opponent in the finals, Czech climber Adam Ondra , was made to race unopposed up the wall to advance. A walkover was observed in football in the second leg of the 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification playoff between the Soviet Union and Chile . The Soviet Union refused to play in Chile two months after

12996-416: Was withdrawn. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013, at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires , Argentina, using an exhaustive ballot system. None of the candidate cities won more than 50% of the votes in the first round; Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place, so a runoff vote was held to determine which of

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