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52-398: The unified modeling language ( UML ) is a general-purpose visual modeling language that is intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system. UML provides a standard notation for many types of diagrams which can be roughly divided into three main groups: behavior diagrams, interaction diagrams, and structure diagrams. The creation of UML was originally motivated by

104-409: A mail message." Artifacts are the physical entities that are deployed on Nodes (i.e. Devices and Execution Environments). Other UML elements such as classes and components are first manifested into artifacts and instances of these artifacts are then deployed. Artifacts can also be composed of other artifacts. The Object Management Group (OMG) has developed a metamodeling architecture to define

156-725: A consortium called the UML Partners was organized in 1996 to complete the Unified Modeling Language (UML) specification and propose it to the Object Management Group (OMG) for standardization. The partnership also contained additional interested parties (for example HP , DEC , IBM , and Microsoft ). The UML Partners' UML 1.0 draft was proposed to the OMG in January 1997 by the consortium. During

208-465: A design silver bullet , which leads to problems. UML misuse includes overuse (designing every part of the system with it, which is unnecessary) and assuming that novices can design with it. It is considered a large language, with many constructs . Some people (including Jacobson ) feel that UML's size hinders learning and therefore uptake. MS Visual Studio dropped support for UML in 2016 due to lack of usage. According to Google Trends UML has been on

260-414: A few that represent different aspects of interactions . These diagrams can be categorized hierarchically as shown in the following class diagram: These diagrams may all contain comments or notes explaining usage, constraint, or intent. Structure diagrams represent the static aspects of the system. It emphasizes the things that must be present in the system being modeled. Since structure diagrams represent

312-505: A functional model in OMT defines the function of the whole internal processes in a model with the help of "Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs)". It details how processes are performed independently. The model is defined by the organization’s vision, mission, and values, as well as sets of boundaries for the organization—what products or services it will deliver, what customers or markets it will target, and what supply and delivery channels it will use. While

364-506: A graphical domain-specific language (DSL) to represent the various facets of a system. DSM languages tend to support higher-level abstractions than General-purpose modeling languages, so they require less effort and fewer low-level details to specify a given system. A framework-specific modeling language (FSML) is a kind of domain-specific modeling language which is designed for an object-oriented application framework. FSMLs define framework-provided abstractions as FSML concepts and decompose

416-519: A method to develop object-oriented systems and to support object-oriented programming . OMT describes object model or static structure of the system. OMT was developed as an approach to software development . The purposes of modeling according to Rumbaugh are: OMT has proposed three main types of models: OMT is a predecessor of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Many OMT modeling elements are common to UML. Functional Model in OMT: In brief,

468-404: A modeling language is visual and at a higher-level of abstraction than code, using models encourages the generation of a shared vision that may prevent problems of differing interpretation later in development. Often software modeling tools are used to construct these models, which may then be capable of automatic translation to code. Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), before 1995 known as

520-405: A sequence diagram using tools like Lucidchart, Draw.io, or any UML diagram software. The diagram would have actors on the left side, with arrows indicating the sequence of actions and interactions between systems and actors as described please Sequence diagram drow Sequence diagrams should be drawn for each use case to show how different objects interact with each other to achieve the functionality of

572-409: A specific software development life cycle stage. Therefore, such language offers a distinct vocabulary, syntax, and notation for each stage, such as discovery, analysis, design, architecture, contraction, etc. For example, for the analysis phase of a project, the modeler employs specific analysis notation to deliver an analysis proposition diagram. During the design phase, however, logical design notation

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624-436: A steady decline since 2004. Modeling language A modeling language can be graphical or textual. An example of a graphical modeling language and a corresponding textual modeling language is EXPRESS . Not all modeling languages are executable, and for those that are, the use of them doesn't necessarily mean that programmers are no longer required. On the contrary, executable modeling languages are intended to amplify

676-478: Is a common example of such reasoning. Object modeling languages are modeling languages based on a standardized set of symbols and ways of arranging them to model (part of) an object oriented software design or system design. Some organizations use them extensively in combination with a software development methodology to progress from initial specification to an implementation plan and to communicate that plan to an entire team of developers and stakeholders. Because

728-451: Is a framework that connects the language quality to a framework for general model quality. Five areas are used in this framework to describe language quality and these are supposed to express both the conceptual as well as the visual notation of the language. We will not go into a thorough explanation of the underlying quality framework of models but concentrate on the areas used to explain the language quality framework. The framework states

780-535: Is a partial graphic representation of a system's model. The set of diagrams need not completely cover the model and deleting a diagram does not change the model. The model may also contain documentation that drives the model elements and diagrams (such as written use cases). UML diagrams represent two different views of a system model: UML models can be exchanged among UML tools by using the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) format. In UML, one of

832-563: Is an information representation language or semantic modeling language that is defined in the Gellish English Dictionary-Taxonomy, which has the form of a Taxonomy-Ontology (similarly for Dutch). Gellish Formal English is not only suitable to express knowledge, requirements and dictionaries, taxonomies and ontologies, but also information about individual things. All that information is expressed in one language and therefore it can all be integrated, independent of

884-426: Is appropriate for the organizational context, e.g. that the language is standardized within the organization, or that it is supported by tools that are chosen as standard in the organization. Object-modeling technique The object-modeling technique ( OMT ) is an object modeling approach for software modeling and designing. It was developed around 1991 by Rumbaugh , Blaha, Premerlani, Eddy and Lorensen as

936-457: Is not a development method by itself; however, it was designed to be compatible with the leading object-oriented software development methods of its time, for example, OMT , Booch method , Objectory , and especially RUP it was originally intended to be used with when work began at Rational Software. It is important to distinguish between the UML model and the set of diagrams of a system. A diagram

988-491: Is the similarity of its syntax to the mathematical notation of optimization problems. This allows for a very concise and readable definition of problems in the domain of optimization, which is supported by certain language elements like sets, indices, algebraic expressions, powerful sparse index and data handling variables, constraints with arbitrary names. The algebraic formulation of a model does not contain any hints how to process it. Behavioral languages are designed to describe

1040-404: Is usable for analyzing and further processing, the language has to ensure that it is possible to reason in an automatic way. To achieve this it has to include formal syntax and semantics. Another advantage by formalizing is the ability to discover errors in an early stage. It is not always that the language best fitted for the technical actors is the same as for the social actors. The language used

1092-415: Is used to depict the relationship between software entities. In addition, the discipline-specific modeling language best practices does not preclude practitioners from combining the various notations in a single diagram. Domain-specific modeling (DSM) is a software engineering methodology for designing and developing systems, most often IT systems such as computer software. It involves the systematic use of

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1144-575: The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as the ISO/IEC 19501 standard. Since then the standard has been periodically revised to cover the latest revision of UML. In software engineering, most practitioners do not use UML, but instead produce informal hand drawn diagrams; these diagrams, however, often include elements from UML. UML has evolved since the second half of the 1990s and has its roots in

1196-556: The object-oriented programming methods developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The timeline (see image) shows the highlights of the history of object-oriented modeling methods and notation. It is originally based on the notations of the Booch method , the object-modeling technique (OMT), and object-oriented software engineering (OOSE), which it has integrated into a single language. Rational Software Corporation hired James Rumbaugh from General Electric in 1994 and after that,

1248-409: The "look-across" technique used by UML and ER diagrams is less effective and less coherent when applied to n -ary relationships of order strictly greater than 2. Feinerer says: "Problems arise if we operate under the look-across semantics as used for UML associations. Hartmann investigates this situation and shows how and why different transformations fail.", and: "As we will see on the next few pages,

1300-877: The Gellish English Dictionary-Taxonomy (or of your own domain dictionary). The Gellish English Dictionary-Taxonomy enables the creation of semantically rich information models, because the dictionary contains more than 600 standard relation types and contains definitions of more than 40000 concepts. An information model in Gellish can express facts or make statements, queries and answers. In the field of computer science recently more specific types of modeling languages have emerged. Algebraic Modeling Languages (AML) are high-level programming languages for describing and solving high complexity problems for large scale mathematical computation (i.e. large scale optimization type problems). One particular advantage of AMLs like AIMMS , AMPL , GAMS , Gekko , Mosel , OPL , MiniZinc , and OptimJ

1352-786: The M1-layer, and thus M1-models. These would be, for example, models written in UML. The last layer is the M0-layer or data layer. It is used to describe runtime instances of the system. The meta-model can be extended using a mechanism called stereotyping . This has been criticized as being insufficient/untenable by Brian Henderson-Sellers and Cesar Gonzalez-Perez in "Uses and Abuses of the Stereotype Mechanism in UML 1.x and 2.0". In 2013, UML had been marketed by OMG for many contexts, but aimed primarily at software development with limited success. It has been treated, at times, as

1404-563: The UML, called the Meta-Object Facility . MOF is designed as a four-layered architecture, as shown in the image at right. It provides a meta-meta model at the top, called the M3 layer. This M3-model is the language used by Meta-Object Facility to build metamodels, called M2-models. The most prominent example of a Layer 2 Meta-Object Facility model is the UML metamodel, which describes the UML itself. These M2-models describe elements of

1456-754: The Virtual Reality Markup Language is a standard file format for representing 3-dimensional (3D) interactive vector graphics, designed particularly with the World Wide Web in mind. Various kinds of modeling languages are applied in different disciplines, including computer science , information management , business process modeling , software engineering , and systems engineering . Modeling languages can be used to specify: Modeling languages are intended to be used to precisely specify systems so that stakeholders (e.g., customers, operators, analysts, designers) can better understand

1508-443: The ability to represent the domain as domain appropriateness. The statement appropriateness can be a bit vague, but in this particular context it means able to express . You should ideally only be able to express things that are in the domain but be powerful enough to include everything that is in the domain. This requirement might seem a bit strict, but the aim is to get a visually expressed model which includes everything relevant to

1560-505: The abstractions into features. The features represent implementation steps or choices. A FSML concept can be configured by selecting features and providing values for features. Such a concept configuration represents how the concept should be implemented in the code. In other words, concept configuration describes how the framework should be completed in order to create the implementation of the concept. Linked data and ontology engineering require 'host languages' to represent entities and

1612-632: The behavior of a system, they are used extensively to describe the functionality of software systems. As an example, the activity diagram describes the business and operational step-by-step activities of the components in a system. Visual Representation: Staff User → Complaints System: Submit Complaint Complaints System → HR System: Forward Complaint HR System → Department: Assign Complaint Department → Complaints System: Update Resolution Complaints System → Feedback System: Request Feedback Feedback System → Staff User: Provide Feedback Staff User → Feedback System: Submit Feedback This description can be used to draw

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1664-441: The business model includes high-level strategies and tactical direction for how the organization will implement the model, it also includes the annual goals that set the specific steps the organization intends to undertake in the next year and the measures for their expected accomplishment. Each of these is likely to be part of internal documentation that is available to the internal auditor. This Unified Modeling Language article

1716-430: The company became the source for two of the most popular object-oriented modeling approaches of the day: Rumbaugh's object-modeling technique (OMT) and Grady Booch 's method. They were soon assisted in their efforts by Ivar Jacobson , the creator of the object-oriented software engineering (OOSE) method, who joined them at Rational in 1995. Under the technical leadership of those three (Rumbaugh, Jacobson, and Booch),

1768-584: The desire to standardize the disparate notational systems and approaches to software design. It was developed at Rational Software in 1994–1995, with further development led by them through 1996. In 1997, UML was adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group (OMG) and has been managed by this organization ever since. In 2005, UML was also published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and

1820-421: The domain and excludes everything not appropriate for the domain. To achieve this, the language has to have a good distinction of which notations and syntaxes that are advantageous to present. To evaluate the participant appropriateness we try to identify how well the language expresses the knowledge held by the stakeholders. This involves challenges since a stakeholder's knowledge is subjective. The knowledge of

1872-431: The key tools for behavior modeling is the use-case model, caused by OOSE . Use cases are a way of specifying required usages of a system. Typically, they are used to capture the requirements of a system, that is, what a system is supposed to do. UML 2 has many types of diagrams, which are divided into two categories. Some types represent structural information, and the rest represent general types of behavior , including

1924-401: The language should be able to express all possible explicit knowledge of the stakeholders. No knowledge should be left unexpressed due to lacks in the language. Comprehensibility appropriateness makes sure that the social actors understand the model due to a consistent use of the language. To achieve this the framework includes a set of criteria. The general importance that these express is that

1976-408: The language should be flexible, easy to organize and easy to distinguish different parts of the language internally as well as from other languages. In addition to this, the goal should be as simple as possible and that each symbol in the language has a unique representation. This is in connection to also to the structure of the development requirements. . To ensure that the domain actually modelled

2028-473: The latest versions of these standards are now: It continues to be updated and improved by the revision task force, who resolve any issues with the language. UML offers a way to visualize a system's architectural blueprints in a diagram, including elements such as: Although originally intended for object-oriented design documentation, UML has been extended to a larger set of design documentation (as listed above), and has been found useful in many contexts. UML

2080-551: The look-across interpretation introduces several difficulties which prevent the extension of simple mechanisms from binary to n -ary associations." UML 2.0 major revision replaced version 1.5 in 2005, which was developed with an enlarged consortium to improve the language further to reflect new experiences on the usage of its features. Although UML 2.1 was never released as a formal specification, versions 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 appeared in 2007, followed by UML 2.2 in February 2009. UML 2.3

2132-413: The observable behavior of complex systems consisting of components that execute concurrently. These languages focus on the description of key concepts such as: concurrency, nondeterminism, synchronization, and communication. The semantic foundations of Behavioral languages are process calculus or process algebra . A discipline-specific modeling (DspM) language is focused on deliverables affiliated with

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2184-654: The productivity of skilled programmers, so that they can address more challenging problems, such as parallel computing and distributed systems . A large number of modeling languages appear in the literature. Example of graphical modeling languages in the field of computer science, project management and systems engineering: Examples of graphical modeling languages in other fields of science. Information models can also be expressed in formalized natural languages, such as Gellish. Gellish has natural language variants such as Gellish Formal English and Gellish Formal Dutch ( Gellish Formeel Nederlands ), etc. Gellish Formal English

2236-768: The question whether it is stored in central or distributed or in federated databases. Information models in Gellish Formal English consists of collections of Gellish Formal English expressions, that use natural language terms and formalized phrases. For example, a geographic information model might consist of a number of Gellish Formal English expressions, such as: whereas information requirements and knowledge can be expressed for example as follows: Such Gellish Formal English expressions use names of concepts (such as "city") and phrases that represent relation types (such as ⟨is located in⟩ and ⟨is classified as a⟩ ) that should be selected from

2288-416: The relations between them , constraints between the properties of entities and relations, and metadata attributes . JSON-LD and RDF are two major (and semantically almost equivalent) languages in this context, primarily because they support statement reification and contextualisation which are essential properties to support the higher-order logic needed to reason about models. Model transformation

2340-574: The same month, the UML Partners formed a group, designed to define the exact meaning of language constructs, chaired by Cris Kobryn and administered by Ed Eykholt, to finalize the specification and integrate it with other standardization efforts. The result of this work, UML 1.1, was submitted to the OMG in August 1997 and adopted by the OMG in November 1997. After the first release, a task force

2392-533: The same representations. A review of modelling languages is essential to be able to assign which languages are appropriate for different modelling settings. In the term settings we include stakeholders, domain and the knowledge connected. Assessing the language quality is a means that aims to achieve better models. Here language quality is stated in accordance with the SEQUAL framework for quality of models developed by Krogstie, Sindre and Lindland (2003), since this

2444-415: The stakeholder is both tacit and explicit. Both types of knowledge are of dynamic character. In this framework only the explicit type of knowledge is taken into account. The language should to a large extent express all the explicit knowledge of the stakeholders relevant to the domain. Last paragraph stated that knowledge of the stakeholders should be presented in a good way. In addition it is imperative that

2496-411: The structure, they are used extensively in documenting the software architecture of software systems. For example, the component diagram describes how a software system is split up into components and shows the dependencies among these components. Behavior diagrams represent the dynamic aspect of the system. It emphasizes what must happen in the system being modeled. Since behavior diagrams illustrate

2548-552: The system being modeled. The more mature modeling languages are precise, consistent and executable. Informal diagramming techniques applied with drawing tools are expected to produce useful pictorial representations of system requirements, structures and behaviors, which can be useful for communication, design, and problem solving but cannot be used programmatically. Executable modeling languages applied with proper tool support, however, are expected to automate system verification and validation , simulation and code generation from

2600-399: The use case. In UML, an artifact is the "specification of a physical piece of information that is used or produced by a software development process , or by deployment and operation of a system." "Examples of artifacts include model files, source files, scripts, and binary executable files, a table in a database system , a development deliverable, a word-processing document , or

2652-752: Was formally released in May 2010. UML 2.4.1 was formally released in August 2011. UML 2.5 was released in October 2012 as an "In progress" version and was officially released in June 2015. The formal version 2.5.1 was adopted in December 2017. There are four parts to the UML 2.x specification: Until UML 2.4.1, the latest versions of these standards were: Since version 2.5, the UML Specification has been simplified (without Superstructure and Infrastructure), and

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2704-561: Was formed to improve the language, which released several minor revisions, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5. The standards it produced (as well as the original standard) have been noted as being ambiguous and inconsistent. As with database Chen, Bachman, and ISO ER diagrams , class models are specified to use "look-across" cardinalities , even though several authors ( Merise , Elmasri & Navathe, amongst others) prefer same-side or "look-here" for roles and both minimum and maximum cardinalities. Recent researchers (Feinerer and Dullea et al. ) have shown that

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