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60-719: The Marine Corps replaced the DMR with the M39 Enhanced Marksman Rifle on a one-for-one basis. In 1989, the USMC began a program to upgrade M14s not decommissioned into DMRs by designing them with fiberglass stocks and new barrels. This was done by the Precision Weapons Section. The DMR was issued with match-grade M118LR 175- grain Long Range ammunition. It can have various scopes attached on

120-494: A bomb built with a clockwork mechanism which might have gone off at any moment. The New York City Police Department established its first bomb squad in 1903. Known as the "Italian Squad", its primary mission was to deal with dynamite bombs used by the Mafia to intimidate immigrant Italian merchants and residents. It would later be known as the "Anarchist Squad" and the "Radical Squad" for its response to radical bomb attacks in

180-417: A moderate-power commercial solid state laser (SSL) and beam control system, integrated onto a Humvee (HMMWV), to clear surface mines, improvised bombs, or unexploded ordnance (UXO) from supply routes and minefields. There are a wide range of containment chambers available. The simplest are sometimes danger suppression vessels that merely contain some of the fragments generated by the explosion. The other end of

240-647: A new school at Indian Head, Maryland , under U.S. Navy direction. That same year, the forerunner of the EOD Technology Center, the USN Bureau of Naval Weapons, charged with research, development, test, and evaluation of EOD tools, tactics and procedures, was born. The Ammunition Technicians of the Royal Logistic Corps (RLC, formerly RAOC ) became highly experienced in bomb disposal, after many years of dealing with bombs planted by

300-578: A process of many trials and error developed a disruptor that could deal with the crop of IEDs with anti-handling devices prevalent at the time. Barker used the device operationally for the first time in Northern Ireland during a visit there to demonstrate their prototype to George Styles and his team. The Pigstick prototype was re-engineered by a member of Hubbard's team, Bob White MBE, down from its original 20 kg to its current 2.95 kg form but its internal ballistic design remained true to

360-643: A program unto themselves and culminated as the M39 Enhanced Marksman Rifle. There are several differences between the DMR and EMR. The EMR is primarily used by a designated marksman , to provide precision fire for units that do not rate a scout sniper . As a replacement for the DMR, the EMR fills the need for a lightweight, accurate weapon system utilizing a cartridge more powerful than the M16A4's standard 5.56×45mm NATO—the 7.62×51mm NATO. The EMR

420-651: A range of other situations including car bombs. The device’s concept originated with Major 'Pat' Wilson Patterson RAOC and his team at the Bomb Disposal School, CAD Kineton. It was christened  pigstick  in reference to his enjoyment of the sport of pig-sticking when, as a subaltern in the Royal Signals, he was a Pathfinder with the SOE whilst in India in the late 1940s. The device was developed by

480-722: A variety of other tasks. The Royal Engineers of 33 Engineer Regiment (EOD) provide EOD expertise for air dropped munitions in peacetime and conventional munitions on operations, as well as battle area clearance and High Risk Search in support of improvised explosive device disposal. Royal Engineers provide search advice and assets, Ammunition Technicians and Ammunition Technical Officers of 11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC provide Improvised Explosive Device Disposal (IEDD), Conventional Munitions Disposal (CMD) and Biological, Chemical Munitions Disposal (BCMD). They also provide expertise in Advanced IEDD and in

540-559: A weapon to support the M40A1 sniper rifle in a Scout Sniper team for close-range engagements and to lay down rapid semiautomatic suppressive fire. At the time, the role was filled by the M16A2 , which could not mount optics or night vision sights and used M855 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition, which was too inaccurate for the role. A previous designated marksman weapon effort attempted to use the M14 for

600-684: Is a semi-automatic , gas-operated designated marksman rifle chambered for the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. It is a modified and accurized version of the M14 rifle used by the United States military, similar to the Mk 14 Enhanced Battle Rifle . It is based on the United States Marine Corps Designated Marksman Rifle (DMR), which it replaced. It is manufactured by Sage International and maintained by

660-555: Is a local PSBT or "Public Safety Bomb Technician" who can handle the bomb; ordnance should only be handled by the EOD experts. Also called a "Hazardous Devices Technician", PSBTs are usually members of a police department, although teams are also formed by fire departments or emergency management agencies. To be certified, a PSBT must attend the FBI Hazardous Devices School at Redstone Arsenal , Alabama which

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720-908: Is also used by Marine scout snipers when the mission requires rapid accurate fire and by Marine Corps explosive ordnance disposal teams. In early 2012, the Marine Corps began replacing the M39 with the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System , originally developed for the U.S. Army , on a one-for-one basis, with the designation of Mk 11 Mod 2. The M110 better fills the requirements of the SSTW, being able to mount suppressors and night vision systems while maintaining zero, and having M16 training and supply commonality. [REDACTED] Media related to M39 Enhanced Marksman Rifle at Wikimedia Commons Bomb disposal Bomb disposal

780-429: Is an explosives engineering profession using the process by which hazardous explosive devices are disabled or otherwise rendered safe. Bomb disposal is an all-encompassing term to describe the separate, but interrelated functions in the military fields of explosive ordnance disposal ( EOD ) and improvised explosive device disposal ( IEDD ), and the public safety roles of public safety bomb disposal ( PSBD ) and

840-626: Is modeled on the International IEDD Training school at The Army School of Ammunition , known as the Felix Centre . This school helps them to become knowledgeable in the detection, diagnosis, and disposal of hazardous devices. They are further trained to collect evidence in hazardous devices, and present expert-witness testimony in court on bombing cases. Before bombing ranges can be reutilized for other purposes, these ranges must be cleared of all unexploded ordnance. This

900-444: Is now used worldwide. It is 485 millimetres (19.1 in) long and weighs 2.95 kilograms (6.5 lb). It is made of hardened steel, and can be mounted on a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). These factors make it an effective way to render IEDs safe. It is not a panacea, however: it cannot deal with IEDs packed in hard containers such as industrial gas bottles or beer kegs, and other disruptors have been designed to deal with those and

960-501: Is to accomplish their task as remotely as possible. Actually laying hands on a bomb is only done in an extremely life-threatening situation, where the hazards to people and critical structures cannot be reduced. EOD technicians have many tools for remote operations, one of which is the RCV, or remote-control vehicle , also known as the " Wheelbarrow ". Outfitted with cameras, microphones, and sensors for chemical, biological, or nuclear agents,

1020-598: Is to hinder the development of new anti-handling devices by their opponents: if the enemy has thorough knowledge of specific EOD techniques, it can develop fuze designs which are more resistant to existing render-safe procedures. Many techniques exist for the making safe of a bomb or munition. Selection of a technique depends on several variables. The greatest variable is the proximity of the munition or device to people or critical facilities. Explosives in remote localities are handled very differently from those in densely populated areas. The role of modern bomb disposal operators

1080-939: Is usually performed by civilian specialists trained in the field, often with prior military service in explosive ordnance disposal. These technicians use specialized tools for subsurface examination of the sites. When munitions are found, they safely neutralize them and remove them from the site. In addition to neutralizing munitions or bombs , conducting training and presenting evidence, EOD Technicians and Engineers also respond to other problems. EOD Technicians help dispose old or unstable explosives, such as ones used in quarrying , mining , or old/unstable fireworks and ammunition . They also assist specialist police units, raid and entry teams with boobytrap detection and avoidance, and they help in conducting post-blast investigations. The EOD technician's training and experience with bombs make them an integral part of any bombing investigation. Another part of an EOD technician's job involves supporting

1140-514: The Explosives Act , the first modern legislation for explosives control. He also pioneered many bomb disposal techniques, including remote methods for the handling and dismantling of explosives. His advice during the Fenian dynamite campaign of 1881–85 was officially recognised as having contributed to the saving of lives. After Victoria Station was bombed on 26 February 1884, he defused

1200-561: The Felix Centre , United Kingdom. The time frame for an RLC Ammunition Technician to complete all necessary courses prior to finally being placed on an EOD team is around 36 months. Whereas the Engineer EOD training period although shorter in total is spread over a number of years and interspersed with operational experience, RE personnel may be posted to core trades such as carpentry or bridge building within their time as engineers. Royal Navy clearance divers also deploy teams both in

1260-807: The Israeli Border Guard Gaza-area EOD team. In the Iraq War , the Multi-National Force – Iraq faced many bombs on travel routes. Such charges can easily destroy light vehicles such as the Humvee , and large ones can destroy main battle tanks . Such charges caused many casualties and, along with car bombs and suicide bombers , were a major cause of casualties in Iraq. In Spain's autonomous Basque Country , where bombings by Basque separatist groups were common during

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1320-708: The Luftwaffe 's ZUS40 anti-removal bomb fuze of 1940. Bomb fuzes incorporating anti-handling devices were specifically designed to kill bomb disposal personnel. Scientists and technical staff responded by devising methods and equipment to render them safe, including the work of Eric Moxey . The United States War Department felt the British bomb disposal experience could be a valuable asset, based on reports from U.S. Army , Navy , and Marine Corps observers at RAF Melksham in Wiltshire, England in 1940. The next year,

1380-618: The Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) and War Department both sponsored a bomb disposal program. After the attack on Pearl Harbor , the British sent instructors to Aberdeen Proving Ground , where the U.S. Army would inaugurate a formal bomb disposal school under the Ordnance Corps . Colonel Thomas J. Kane became the U.S. Army Ordnance Bomb Disposal School commandant, and later served as ETO Director of Bomb Disposal under Dwight D. Eisenhower . In May 1941, British colleagues helped establish

1440-640: The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) and other groups. The bombs employed by the PIRA ranged from simple pipe bombs to sophisticated victim-triggered devices and infrared switches. The roadside bomb was in use by PIRA from the early 1970s onwards, evolving over time with different types of explosives and triggers. Improvised mortars were also developed by the IRA, usually placed in static vehicles, with self-destruct mechanisms. During

1500-679: The Royal Army Ordnance Corps to handle the growing problem. In 1918, the Germans developed delayed-action fuzes that would later develop into more sophisticated versions during the 1930s, as Nazi Germany began its secret course of arms development. These tests led to the development of UXBs ( unexploded bombs ), pioneered by Herbert Ruehlemann of Rheinmetall , and first employed during the Spanish Civil War of 1936–37. Such delayed-action bombs provoked terror in

1560-549: The bomb squad . The first professional civilian bomb squad was established by Sir Vivian Dering Majendie . As a Major in the Royal Artillery , Majendie investigated an explosion on 2 October 1874 in the Regent's Canal , when the barge 'Tilbury', carrying six barrels of petroleum and five tons of gunpowder, blew up, killing the crew and destroying Macclesfield Bridge and cages at nearby London Zoo . In 1875, he framed

1620-542: The 1980s and 1990s, there are three corps in charge of bomb disposal: Policia Nacional , Guardia Civil , and Ertzaintza . The Ertzaintza handle general civilian threats, while the Policia Nacional and Guardia Civil maintain capabilities mainly to defend their own assets and personnel. In other parts of the country, the Guardia Civil and Policia Nacional develop their tasks within their own abilities. In

1680-541: The 321 EOD felt it needed its own callsign, hence the deliberate choice of "Felix the Cat with nine lives". 321 Coy RAOC (now 321 EOD & Search Sqn RLC) is the most decorated unit (in peacetime) in the British Army with over 200 gallantry awards, notably for acts of great bravery during Operation Banner (1969–2007) in Northern Ireland. British Ammunition Technicians of 11 EOD & Search Regiment RLC were requested by

1740-424: The 38-year campaign in Northern Ireland, 23 British ATO bomb disposal specialists were killed in action. A specialist Army unit, 321 EOD Unit (later 321 EOD Company, and now 321 EOD & Search Squadron RLC part of 11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC ), was deployed to tackle increased IRA violence and willingness to use bombs against both economic and military targets. The unit's radio call-sign

1800-630: The BootBanger; or omni-directional, an example being the Bottler. Pigstick is the British Army term for the waterjet disruptor commonly deployed on the Wheelbarrow remotely operated vehicle against IRA bombs in the 1970s. It fires a jet of water driven by a propellent charge to disrupt the circuitry of a bomb and disabling it with a low risk of detonation. The modern pigstick is reliable and can be fired many times with minimal maintenance. It

1860-584: The British Army also uses small remote controlled vehicles such as the Dragon Runner and the Chevette. During the al-Aqsa Intifada , Israeli EOD forces disarmed and detonated thousands of explosive charges, lab bombs and explosive ammunition (such as rockets). Two Israeli EOD teams gained high reputation for leading the efforts in that area: the Army's Israeli Engineering Corps ' Sayeret Yahalom and

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1920-442: The EOD personnel was of a particularly dangerous type because it was fitted with a delayed-action chemical fuze , which had become highly unstable after over 65 years under ground. A bomb disposal vehicle is a vehicle used by bomb disposal squads to transport equipment and bomb disposal robots , or to store bombs for later disposal. They are often vans or trucks, typically with at least one bomb containment chamber installed in

1980-976: The Naval Mine Disposal School at the Naval Gun Factory , Washington, D.C. Concurrently, the U.S. Navy, under the command of Lieutenant Draper L. Kauffman (who would go on to found the Underwater Demolition Teams  – better known as UDTs or the U.S. Navy Frogmen), created the Naval Bomb Disposal School at University Campus, Washington, D.C. The first US Army Bomb Disposal companies were deployed in North Africa and Sicily , but proved cumbersome and were replaced with mobile seven-man squads in 1943. Wartime errors were rectified in 1947 when Army personnel started attending

2040-791: The Royal Engineers in May 1940, another 109 in June, and 220 by August. Organization was needed, and as the Blitz began, 25 "Bomb Disposal Companies" were created between August 1940 and January 1941. Each company had ten sections, each section having a bomb disposal officer and 14 other ranks to assist. Six companies were deployed in London by January 1941. The problem of UXBs was further complicated when Royal Engineer bomb disposal personnel began to encounter munitions fitted with anti-handling devices e.g.

2100-513: The UK and on operations working on both IEDD ( Improvised Explosive Device Disposal) teams as well as the disposal of conventional munitions. Royal Navy personnel spend their entire service working with and around explosives, and associated sciences. As such are given responsibilities relevant to their roles when it comes to conventional weapons. US EOD covers both on- and off-base calls in the US unless there

2160-861: The US Forces commanders to operate in support of the US Marine Corps in clearing the Iraqi oilfields of booby traps and were among the first British service personnel sent into Iraq in 2003 prior to the actual ground invasion. The eruption of low intensity conflicts and terrorism waves at the beginning of the 21st century caused further development in the techniques and methods of bomb disposal. EOD operators and technicians had to adapt to rapidly evolving methods of constructing improvised explosive devices ranging from shrapnel -filled explosive belts to 100 kg bombs. Since improvised explosives are generally unreliable and very unstable they pose great risk to

2220-443: The USMC's Precision Weapons Section. The rifle is currently issued with match-grade M118LR 175- grain long range ammunition. The "basic" EMR (without telescopic sight , magazine , sling, basic issue items, cleaning gear, suppressor and bipod ) weighs 13 pounds (5.9 kg) or less. In November 1992, Marine Corps Systems Command drafted a mission needs statement for an enhanced sniper support team weapon (SSTW). It called for

2280-801: The United States, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) is a specialized technical area in military and law enforcement. In the United Kingdom, EOD operators are held within all three services. Each service has differing responsibilities for UXO, however they will often work closely on operations. Ammunition Technical Officers and Ammunition Technicians of the Royal Logistic Corps deal with many aspects of EOD, including conventional munitions and homemade bombs. They are also trained in chemical , biological , incendiary, radiological (" dirty bombs "), and nuclear weapons . They provide support to VIPs , help civilian authorities with bomb problems, teach personnel from all three services about bomb safety, and

2340-476: The Wheelbarrow can help the technician get an excellent idea of what the munition or device is. Many of these robots even have hand-like manipulators in case a door needs to be opened, or a munition or bomb requires handling or moving. The first ever Wheelbarrow was conceived by Major 'Pat' Wilson Patterson RAOC and his team at the Bomb Disposal School, CAD Kineton in 1972 and used by ammunition technicians in

2400-468: The battle against Provisional Irish Republican Army bombs. Also of great use are items that allow ammunition technicians to remotely diagnose the innards of a munition or bomb. These include devices similar to the X-ray used by medical personnel, and high-performance sensors that can detect and help interpret sounds, odors, or even images from within the munition or bomb. Once the technicians determine what

2460-407: The bomb. Technicians will don specialized protective suits , using flame and fragmentation-resistant material similar to bulletproof vests . Some suits have advanced features such as internal cooling, amplified hearing, and communications back to the control area. This suit is designed to increase the odds of survival for technicians should munitions or bombs detonate while they are near it. Rarely,

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2520-537: The civilian population because of the uncertainty of time, and also complicated the task of disarming them. The Germans saw that unexploded bombs caused far more chaos and disruption than bombs that exploded immediately. This caused them to increase their usage of delayed-action bombs in World War II . Initially there were no specialized tools, training, or core knowledge available, and as Ammunition Technicians learned how to safely neutralize one variant of munition,

2580-455: The civilian population. The first UXBs were encountered in the autumn of 1939 before the Blitz and were for the most part easily dealt with, mostly by Royal Air Force or Air Raid Precautions personnel. In the spring of 1940, when the Phony War ended, the British realized that they were going to need professionals in numbers to deal with the coming problem. 25 sections were authorized for

2640-621: The enemy would add or change parts to make neutralization efforts more hazardous. This trend of cat-and-mouse extends even to the present day, and the various techniques used to disarm munitions are not publicized. Modern EOD technicians across the world can trace their heritage to the Blitz , when the United Kingdom's cities were subjected to extensive bombing raids by Nazi Germany . In addition to conventional air raids , unexploded bombs (UXBs) took their toll on population and morale, paralyzing vital services and communications. Bombs fitted with delayed-action fuzes provoked fear and uncertainty in

2700-470: The government intelligence units. This involves searching all places that the high ranking government officers or other protected dignitaries travel, stay or visit. Generally, EOD render safe procedures (RSP) are a type of tradecraft protected from public dissemination in order to limit access and knowledge, depriving the enemy of specific technical procedures used to render safe ordnance or an improvised device. Another reason for keeping tradecraft secret

2760-413: The ground. German EOD experts were notified and attended the scene. Whilst residents living nearby were being evacuated and the EOD personnel were preparing to disarm the bomb, it detonated , killing three of them and injuring 6 others. The dead and injured each had over 20 years of hands-on experience, and had previously rendered safe between 600 and 700 unexploded bombs . The bomb which killed and injured

2820-545: The investigation of accidents and incidents involving ammunition and explosives, where they are seen as Subject Matter Experts (SMEs). Weapons Intelligence is supplied by Royal Military Police , Intelligence Corps and Ammunition Technical Personnel who tap into the Combined Explosive Exploitation Cell (CEXC) units of the US. All prospective Ammunition Technicians attend a grueling course of instruction at The Army School of Ammunition and

2880-462: The munition or device is, and what state it is in, they will formulate a procedure to disarm it. This may include things as simple as replacing safety features, or as difficult as using high-powered explosive-actuated devices to shear, jam, bind, or remove parts of the item's firing train. Preferably, this will be accomplished remotely, but there are still circumstances when a robot won't do and technicians must put themself at risk by personally going near

2940-481: The original. ...in the period 1972–1978, and taking into account machines which had been exported, over 400 Wheelbarrows were destroyed while dealing with terrorist devices. In many of these cases, it can be assumed that the loss of a machine represented the saving of an EOD man's life. The ZEUS-HLONS was developed for surface land mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) neutralization by the U.S. Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division (NAVEODTECHDIV). It uses

3000-644: The public and especially to the EOD Operator trying to render them safe. Therefore, new methods like greater reliance on remote techniques such as advanced remotely operated vehicles similar to the British Wheelbarrow or armored bulldozers evolved. Many nations have developed their own versions such as the D7 MCAP and the armored D9R . Besides large mine-clearing vehicles such as the Trojan ,

3060-402: The rear of the vehicle, and ramps to allow bomb disposal robots to access the vehicle. Bomb disposal vehicles are generally not explosive-resistant and are only used for transporting explosives for disposal, not actively disposing of them. Portable X-ray systems are used to radiograph the bomb before intervention. The purpose is for example to determine if a chemical charge is present or to check

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3120-584: The role, but it was not as accurate as bolt-action rifles and could not fit into the Fleet Marine Forces logistics system. The enhanced SSTW had to engage targets out to 600 meters, use ammunition interchangeable with the M40A1, be able to mount a sound suppressor and optics, and be supportable. Even though the M14 was not initially suitable, rifle equipment builders continued to refine it and produced versions as "interim measures". They eventually became

3180-399: The scientists Mike Barker MBE and Peter Hubbard OBE at RARDE Fort Halstead in late 1971 working under great pressure over a period of several weeks after an ATO died in Northern Ireland attempting to render safe the first IED in the theatre to contain anti-handling devices. They started with a prototype equipment designed to disrupt limpet mines attached to a ship's hull and through

3240-459: The specifics of a munition or bomb will allow the technician to first remove it from the area. In these cases, a containment vessel is used. Using remote methods, the technician places the item in the container and retires to a remote area to complete the defusion. This procedure, called a Render Safe Procedure, can take a great deal of time. Because of the construction of devices, a waiting period must be taken to ensure that whatever render-safe method

3300-478: The status of the detonator. High steel thickness requires high energy and high power sources. Projected water disruptors use a water-projectile shaped charge to destroy bombs, blasting the device apart and severing any detonating connections faster than any fuse or anti-tampering device on the bomb can react. One example is the BootBanger, deployed under the rear compartment of cars suspected to be carrying bombs. Projected water disruptors can be directional, such as

3360-612: The third echelon maintenance level. There are several notable differences between the basic M14 and the DMR. The DMR was previously used by Marine Corps FAST Companies and by the 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (Anti-Terrorism). Explosive Ordnance Disposal Teams use them to safely shoot at mines or other types of explosives that cannot be disarmed from a safe distance. The DMR was previously used by USMC Scout Sniper Teams. M39 Enhanced Marksman Rifle The M39 Enhanced Marksman Rifle ( EMR ; formally Rifle, Caliber 7.62 mm, M39 Enhanced Marksman Rifle ; NSN 1005-01-553-5196)

3420-520: The upper receiver, including the AN/PVS-4 Starlight scope, via picatinny rail. The DMR can fire precisely up to 1,000 yards if M118LR special ball ammo is used. The "basic" DMR (i.e., without secondary sight, magazine , sling, basic issue items, cleaning gear, suppressor and bipod ) weighs 11 pounds (5.0 kg) or less. The DMR design facilitates repairing or replacing of the sight mount, barrel , bolt , and other key assemblies at

3480-402: The wake of the 1919 United States anarchist bombings . Bomb disposal became a formalized practice during World War I . The swift mass production of munitions led to many manufacturing defects, and a large proportion of shells fired by both sides were found to be "duds". These were hazardous to attacker and defender alike. In response, the British dedicated a section of Ordnance Examiners from

3540-470: Was Felix. All units in Northern Ireland had a callsign to be used over the radios. 321 Company, a newly formed unit, didn't have such a callsign, so a young signaller was sent to the OC of 321 Coy. The OC, having lost two technicians that morning, decided on " Phoenix ". This was misheard as "Felix" by the signaller and was never changed. The other possible reason is that the callsign for RAOC was "Rickshaw"; however,

3600-591: Was used worked as intended. Another technique is Trepanation, in which a bore is cut into the sidewall of a bomb and the explosive contents are extracted through a combination of steam and acid bath liquefaction of bomb contents. Although professional EOD personnel have expert knowledge, skills and equipment, they are not immune to misfortune because of the inherent dangers: in June 2010, construction workers in Göttingen discovered an Allied 500 kilogram bomb dating from World War II buried approximately 7 metres below

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