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22-546: Rivers and hills form natural borders for Udayapur District. The Koshi River to the east separates it from Sunsari District and the Sun Kosi River to the north separates it from Bhojpur and Khotang Districts. The Tawa Khola separates it from Sindhuli District to the west and the Siwalik foothills to the south separate it from the outer Tarai of Siraha and Saptari . The Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve lies to

44-488: A landscape border, usually motivated by demarcating treaty -designated political boundaries, goes against nature by modifying the borderland's natural geography. For one, China's Song Dynasty built an extensive defensive forest in its northern border to thwart the nomadic Khitan people . In Chapter IV of his 1916 book The New Europe: Essays in Reconstruction , British historian Arnold J. Toynbee criticized

66-986: A major policy goal for a number of states. For example, the Roman Republic , and later, the Roman Empire expanded continuously until it reached certain natural borders: first the Alps , later the Rhine river, the Danube river and the Sahara desert. From the Middle Ages onwards until the 19th century, France sought to expand its borders towards the Alps, the Pyrenees , and the Rhine River. Natural borders can be

88-1264: A population of 317,532. As their first language, 51.7% spoke Nepali , 11.7% Magar , 7.4% Tharu , 6.4% Chamling , 5.8% Tamang , 3.9% Maithili , 3.7% Bantawa , 2.7% Rai , 1.8% Danuwar , 1.1% Newar , 0.5% Puma , 0.4% Majhi , 0.4% Sunuwar , 0.3% Thulung , 0.3% Urdu , 0.3% Wambule , 0.2% Bahing , 0.2% Bhojpuri , 0.1% Dumi , 0.1% Limbu , 0.1% Sampang , 0.1% Sherpa and 0.2% other languages. Ethnicity/caste: 21.5% were Chhetri , 17.3% Rai , 13.9% Magar , 7.6% Tharu , 6.9% Tamang , 6.0% Hill Brahmin , 5.2% Kami , 3.4% Newar , 2.9% Danuwar, 2.8% Damai /Dholi, 2.6% Sarki , 1.2% Musahar , 1.0% Majhi, 0.9% Gharti/ Bhujel , 0.9% Sunuwar , 0.7% Musalman , 0.7% Thakuri , 0.6% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.4% Kathabaniyan, 0.4% Teli , 0.3% Chamling, 0.3% Halwai , 0.2% Hajam /Thakur, 0.2% Kalwar , 0.2% Sherpa , 0.2% Sudhi, 0.2% Yadav , 0.1% Bantawa, 0.1% Bote, 0.1% Dhimal , 0.1% Dom , 0.1% Gurung , 0.1% Limbu , 0.1% Sonar , 0.1% other Terai, 0.1% Thami and 0.3% others. Religion: 72.6% were Hindu , 12.1% Buddhist , 9.9% Kirati , 2.4% Christian , 2.1% Prakriti , 0.7% Muslim and 0.2% others. Literacy: 68.6% could read and write, 2.6% could only read and 28.8% could neither read nor write. Udayapur District

110-624: A source of territorial disputes when they shift. One such example is the Rio Grande , which defines part of the border between the United States and Mexico , whose movement has led to multiple conflicts . Natural borders are not to be confused with landscape borders, which are also geographical features that demarcate political boundaries. Although landscape borders, like natural borders, also take forms of forests, water bodies, and mountains, they are manmade instead of natural. Installing

132-580: Is about 30 km (19 mi) long and from 2 to 4 km (1.2 to 2.5 mi) wide, it is drained by the Triyuga river flowing east to join the Koshi river . Forest cover takes up 67% of the total land area of the district. 28% of the land is cultivated. Small and large river and ponds remain the main source of water in the district. Ponds like Rauta Pokhari, Suke Pokhari, Tapli Pokhari, Jogidaha Chure Forest Pond and Jhilke Pokhari are key water resources in

154-420: Is across the Koshi river . The NH-09 also connects Sindhuli via Udayapurgadhi and Katari. There are some other National Highways that connects Gaighat to the othe nearer destinations. The other Highways are: NH-14 (Basaha to Kunauli Border), NH-20 (Mirchaiya to Okhaldhunga and Diktel via Katari) and NH-12. Natural border A natural border is a border between states or their subdivisions which

176-400: Is administered by Udayapur District Coordination Committee (Udayapur DCC). The Udayapur DCC is elected by Udayapur District Assembly . The head of Udayapur DCC is Mr. Khadag Bahadur Pariyar (Darnal) and Mrs. Ganga Rai is deputy head of Udayapur DCC. Udayapur District Administration Office under Ministry of Home Affairs co-operate with Udayapur DCC to maintain peace, order and security in

198-808: Is concomitant with natural formations such as rivers or mountain ranges . The "doctrine of natural boundaries" developed in Western culture in the 18th century being based upon the "natural" ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and developing concepts of nationalism . The similar concept in China developed earlier from natural zones of control. Natural borders have historically been strategically useful because they are easily defended . Natural borders remain meaningful in modern warfare even though military technology and engineering have somewhat reduced their strategic value. Expanding until natural borders are reached, and maintaining those borders once conquered, have been

220-443: Is connected with NH-16 ( Sagarmatha Highway ), which connects Udayapur with NH-01 ( East-west Highway ) at Kadmaha. Kadmaha is 28 km (17 mi) at distance from Gaighat. The NH-16 also connects Gaighat to Khotang which is 127 km (79 mi) at distance from Gaighat but the road is not paved. NH-09 ( Madan Bhandari Highway ) connects Gaighat to Chatara via Beltar, Basaha at 70 km (43 mi) at distance in east which

242-867: The Vosges Mountains in 1871 but during World War I , some Germans began to advocate for even more western natural borders—specifically ones that extend all of the way up to Calais and the English Channel —conveniently justifying the permanent German retention of those Belgian and French territories that Germany had just conquered during World War I. As an alternative to the idea of natural borders, Toynbee proposes making free trade, partnership, and cooperation between various countries with interconnected economies considerably easier so that there would be less need for countries to expand even further—whether to their natural borders or otherwise. In addition, Toynbee advocated making national borders based more on

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264-478: The concept of natural borders. Specifically, Toynbee criticized this concept as providing a justification for launching additional wars so that countries can attain their natural borders. Toynbee also pointed out how once a country attained one set of natural borders, it could subsequently aim to attain another, further set of natural borders; for instance, the German Empire set its western natural border at

286-491: The district as mentioned below. Mahabharat hill range in this district stretches from Sun Kosi River on northern side and links to Inner Terai and in some stretches, to Churiya hills. About 60% of the district is covered by middle hills with steep slope and rugged mountain topography. From nearly 1,100 m to 2,310 m, this land consists of high hills like Lekhani, Majhkharka, Rautapokhari. The Churiya hills stretch across elevations between 550 m to 1100 m. reaching from

308-493: The district at elevations between 360m to 550 m above sea level. This region is mainly situated on the border of Triyuga and Tawa River. Where inner Tarai exists the Churiya range lies to the south of this region. This region is highly affected by the problem of river cutting or floods. Major places of district like Gaighat , Katari and Beltar lie in this region. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census , Udayapur District had

330-628: The district. The district does not possess larger lakes. Triyuga is the largest river in this district. Other two major rivers are Tawa Khola from Western side and Vaidyanath River from mid-side unite with Tawa River. Other rivers in the district are Kakaru Khola, Yari Khola, Rakula, Baruwa Khola, Andheri, Bahadura Khola and Rasuwa Khola. Sunkosi, Saptakosie, Kamala rivers lie on the district border. This inner Terai district (low mid-hills) covers elevations between 360 metres to 2,310 metres above sea level. Different topography , geology and altitude have established three distinct physiographic zones in

352-439: The district. The officer of District Administration office called CDO and current CDO of Udayapur DAO is Bishnu Kumar Karkee. Udayapur District Court is a Judicial court to see the cases of people on district level. Udayapur District is divided into total 8 local level bodies, 4 local level body categorized into Rural municipality and 4 into Municipality : Formerly, Udayapur had three municipality and many VDCs. VDCs were

374-713: The east in Udayapur, Sunsari and Saptari Districts. According to the former administrative divisions of Nepal, Udayapur falls in Eastern Development Region in Sagarmatha Zone . Before the unification of modern Nepal by Shah kings . Udayapur District was under Sen dynasty . The Kingdom name was Chaudandi and capital of the Kingdom was chaudandigadhi . The last king of the Chaudandi

396-425: The local administrative units for villages. Fulfilling the requirement of the new constitution of Nepal 2015, on 10 March 2017 all VDCs were nullified and formed new units after grouping VDCs. Nametar , Bhuttar , Laphagaun , Pokhari , Rauta and Aaptar Udayapur District is divided into 2 Parliamentary constituencies and 4 Provincial constituencies : Gaighat, the headquarter (center) of Udaydpur District

418-525: The principle of national self-determination —as in, based on which country the people in a particular area or territory actually wanted to live in. Katari Katari is a Municipality in Udayapur District in the Koshi province of south-eastern Nepal . It lies by the Tawa river (formed by unification of original Tawa river and Baidhyanath river) having the bridge of length 123.5m. This

440-411: The upper Mahabharata to Terai land in the south leaving some plain inner Tarai land in between. It occupies about 9% of land of the district and consists of small valleys of inner Terai including Nepaltar, Murkuchi and Mainatar as well as plains like Bahuntar, Bhuttar, and Hardeni. These valleys are situated on Panchawati, Rauta, Bayaldanda and Tawashri VDC respectively. This region occupies around 31% of

462-477: Was Karna Sen who fled to Bijayapur when Gorkha army evaded and captured the Sen Kingdom Chaudandi. Before 1972, Panchawati was Headquarter of Udayapur District, it moved to Gaighat in 1972. Udayapur district is surrounded by Mahabharat hills from north and Shiwalik from south, whereas both hills meet together by west which forms the region a valley Udayapur valley . Udayapur valley

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484-432: Was established by merging two existing village development committees i.e. Triveni and Katari on 18 May 2014. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 7230 people living in 1410 individual households. Thirty years later, Katari had undergone rapid growth, achieving a population of 56,146 people by the 2011 census. There is a big Government school Triveni secondary school This article about

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