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89-419: In 2006, the company conducted some 91% of oil, 27% of natural-gas condensate and 17% of gas extraction in the country. As of 2020, the company produced around 1.5 million tonnes of oil, 1.13 billion m of natural gas and 117 thousands tonnes of LPG . The company was established in 1994 through privatization of the "Ukrnafta producing association" state enterprise that existed since 1945. Its initial predecessor

178-700: A ρ w 1 − ρ a ρ w = R D V − ρ a ρ w 1 − ρ a ρ w . {\displaystyle RD_{\mathrm {A} }={{\rho _{\mathrm {s} } \over \rho _{\mathrm {w} }}-{\rho _{\mathrm {a} } \over \rho _{\mathrm {w} }} \over 1-{\rho _{\mathrm {a} } \over \rho _{\mathrm {w} }}}={RD_{\mathrm {V} }-{\rho _{\mathrm {a} } \over \rho _{\mathrm {w} }} \over 1-{\rho _{\mathrm {a} } \over \rho _{\mathrm {w} }}}.} In

267-465: A ) . {\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {w} }=g\left(m_{\mathrm {b} }-\rho _{\mathrm {a} }{\frac {m_{\mathrm {b} }}{\rho _{\mathrm {b} }}}+V\rho _{\mathrm {w} }-V\rho _{\mathrm {a} }\right).} If we subtract the force measured on the empty bottle from this (or tare the balance before making the water measurement) we obtain. F w , n = g V ( ρ w − ρ

356-445: A ) = ρ s − ρ a ρ w − ρ a . {\displaystyle SG_{\mathrm {A} }={\frac {gV(\rho _{\mathrm {s} }-\rho _{\mathrm {a} })}{gV(\rho _{\mathrm {w} }-\rho _{\mathrm {a} })}}={\frac {\rho _{\mathrm {s} }-\rho _{\mathrm {a} }}{\rho _{\mathrm {w} }-\rho _{\mathrm {a} }}}.} This

445-418: A ) , {\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {s,n} }=gV(\rho _{\mathrm {s} }-\rho _{\mathrm {a} }),} where ρ s is the density of the sample. The ratio of the sample and water forces is: S G A = g V ( ρ s − ρ a ) g V ( ρ w − ρ

534-439: A ) , {\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {w,n} }=gV(\rho _{\mathrm {w} }-\rho _{\mathrm {a} }),} where the subscript n indicated that this force is net of the force of the empty bottle. The bottle is now emptied, thoroughly dried and refilled with the sample. The force, net of the empty bottle, is now: F s , n = g V ( ρ s − ρ

623-405: A m p l e {\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {sample} }} is the density of the sample and ρ H 2 O {\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {H_{2}O} }} is the density of water. The apparent specific gravity is simply the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of sample and water in air: S G a p p

712-670: A m p l e V m H 2 O V = m s a m p l e m H 2 O g g = W V , sample W V , H 2 O , {\displaystyle SG_{\mathrm {true} }={\frac {\rho _{\mathrm {sample} }}{\rho _{\mathrm {H_{2}O} }}}={\frac {\frac {m_{\mathrm {sample} }}{V}}{\frac {m_{\mathrm {H_{2}O} }}{V}}}={\frac {m_{\mathrm {sample} }}{m_{\mathrm {H_{2}O} }}}{\frac {g}{g}}={\frac {W_{\mathrm {V} ,{\text{sample}}}}{W_{\mathrm {V} ,\mathrm {H_{2}O} }}},} where g

801-405: A r e n t = W A , sample W A , H 2 O , {\displaystyle SG_{\mathrm {apparent} }={\frac {W_{\mathrm {A} ,{\text{sample}}}}{W_{\mathrm {A} ,\mathrm {H_{2}O} }}},} where W A , sample {\displaystyle W_{A,{\text{sample}}}} represents the weight of

890-524: A specific gravity ranging from 0.5 to 0.8, and is composed of hydrocarbons such as propane , butane , pentane , and hexane . Natural gas compounds with more than two carbon atoms exist as liquids at ambient temperatures and pressures. Propane , butane , and isobutane are liquid at normal temperatures only under pressure. Additionally, condensate may contain: There are hundreds of different equipment configurations to separate natural gas condensate from raw natural gas. The schematic flow diagram to

979-473: A byproduct of natural gas extraction. It is also known as "condensate", "natural gasoline", "casing head gas", "raw gas", "white gas" and "liquid gold". Drip gas is defined in the United States Code of Federal Regulations as consisting of butane , pentane , and hexane hydrocarbons . Within set ranges of distillation , drip gas may be extracted and used to denature fuel alcohol. Drip gas

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1068-411: A liquid can be measured using a hydrometer. This consists of a bulb attached to a stalk of constant cross-sectional area, as shown in the adjacent diagram. First the hydrometer is floated in the reference liquid (shown in light blue), and the displacement (the level of the liquid on the stalk) is marked (blue line). The reference could be any liquid, but in practice it is usually water. The hydrometer

1157-756: A mention in Terrence Malick's movie Badlands . Drip gas was sold commercially at gas stations and hardware stores in North America until the early 1950s. The white gas sold today is a similar product but is produced at refineries with the carcinogen benzene removed. In 1975, the New Mexico State Police's drip gas detail – three men in pickup trucks – began patrolling oil and gas fields, catching thieves and recovering barrels of stolen gas. The detail stopped its work in 1987. The use of drip gas in cars and trucks

1246-412: A molar volume of 22.259 L under those same conditions. Those with SG greater than 1 are denser than water and will, disregarding surface tension effects, sink in it. Those with an SG less than 1 are less dense than water and will float on it. In scientific work, the relationship of mass to volume is usually expressed directly in terms of the density (mass per unit volume) of the substance under study. It

1335-413: A relative density of about 0.91, will float. A substance with a relative density greater than 1 will sink. Temperature and pressure must be specified for both the sample and the reference. Pressure is nearly always 1 atm (101.325 kPa ). Where it is not, it is more usual to specify the density directly. Temperatures for both sample and reference vary from industry to industry. In British brewing practice,

1424-486: A single production and economic complex. The Company consists of: The company has one of the biggest networks of gas filling stations owning 537 stations on 31 December 2014. There 28 regional administrations to provide more efficient management of the stations. The main educational institutions and centers where training was conducted are: On the management of PJSC "Ukrnafta" there are four children's health camps and sanatoriums in different regions of Ukraine. There

1513-717: A special depository account managed by the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. In September 2022, the National Anti-Corruption Bureau informed officials of Ukrnafta and directors of several enterprises about the suspicion of embezzlement of company property and funds worth 13.3 billion hryvnias On 1 February 2023 the Economic Security Bureau of Ukraine announced that it had exposed an alleged $ 1 billion embezzlement scheme affecting Ukrtatnafta and Ukrnafta. The misappropriated ₴40 billion

1602-462: A specific, but not necessarily accurately known volume, V and is placed upon a balance, it will exert a force F b = g ( m b − ρ a m b ρ b ) , {\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {b} }=g\left(m_{\mathrm {b} }-\rho _{\mathrm {a} }{\frac {m_{\mathrm {b} }}{\rho _{\mathrm {b} }}}\right),} where m b

1691-429: Is a dimensionless quantity , as it is the ratio of either densities or weights R D = ρ s u b s t a n c e ρ r e f e r e n c e , {\displaystyle {\mathit {RD}}={\frac {\rho _{\mathrm {substance} }}{\rho _{\mathrm {reference} }}},} where R D {\displaystyle RD}

1780-409: Is a device used to determine the density of a liquid. A pycnometer is usually made of glass , with a close-fitting ground glass stopper with a capillary tube through it, so that air bubbles may escape from the apparatus. This device enables a liquid's density to be measured accurately by reference to an appropriate working fluid, such as water or mercury , using an analytical balance . If

1869-573: Is a medical unit with a hospital in Dolyna, where oil workers and members of their families are treated. This is the schematic composition of the directive table of the company: The company distributes its oil products through some 531 petrol stations. On November 6, 2022, the government led by President Volodymyr Zelenskiy used martial law to seize control of the company. “Such steps, which are necessary for our country in conditions of war, are carried out in accordance with current laws and will help meet

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1958-400: Is also used as a cleaner and solvent as well as a lantern and stove fuel. Some early internal combustion engines —such as the first types made by Karl Benz , and early Wright brothers aircraft engines—used natural gasoline , which could be either drip gas or a similar range of hydrocarbons distilled from crude oil. Natural gasoline has an octane rating of about 30 to 50, sufficient for

2047-420: Is being measured. For true ( in vacuo ) relative density calculations air pressure must be considered (see below). Temperatures are specified by the notation ( T s / T r ) with T s representing the temperature at which the sample's density was determined and T r the temperature at which the reference (water) density is specified. For example, SG (20 °C/4 °C) would be understood to mean that

2136-422: Is being measured. For true ( in vacuo ) specific gravity calculations, air pressure must be considered (see below). Temperatures are specified by the notation ( T s / T r ), with T s representing the temperature at which the sample's density was determined and T r the temperature at which the reference (water) density is specified. For example, SG (20 °C/4 °C) would be understood to mean that

2225-408: Is called the apparent relative density , denoted by subscript A, because it is what we would obtain if we took the ratio of net weighings in air from an analytical balance or used a hydrometer (the stem displaces air). Note that the result does not depend on the calibration of the balance. The only requirement on it is that it read linearly with force. Nor does RD A depend on the actual volume of

2314-462: Is claimed to involve the former management of Ukrnafta and Ukrtatnafta. The illegal schemes involved tax evasion and money laundering. Searches included properties of Ihor Kolomoiskyi . Natural-gas condensate Natural-gas condensate , also called natural gas liquids , is a low-density mixture of hydrocarbon liquids that are present as gaseous components in the raw natural gas produced from many natural gas fields . Some gas species within

2403-424: Is dangerous for crew due to the danger of explosions, oxygen displacement and the threat of asphyxiating and anaesthetizing, which can occur within a few human breaths. Because condensate is typically liquid in ambient conditions and also has very low viscosity, condensate is often used to dilute highly viscous heavier oils that cannot otherwise be efficiently transported via pipelines . In particular, condensate

2492-422: Is easy to measure, the volume of an irregularly shaped sample can be more difficult to ascertain. One method is to put the sample in a water-filled graduated cylinder and read off how much water it displaces. Alternatively the container can be filled to the brim, the sample immersed, and the volume of overflow measured. The surface tension of the water may keep a significant amount of water from overflowing, which

2581-786: Is especially problematic for small samples. For this reason it is desirable to use a water container with as small a mouth as possible. For each substance, the density, ρ , is given by ρ = Mass Volume = Deflection × Spring Constant Gravity Displacement W a t e r L i n e × Area C y l i n d e r . {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {\text{Mass}}{\text{Volume}}}={\frac {{\text{Deflection}}\times {\frac {\text{Spring Constant}}{\text{Gravity}}}}{{\text{Displacement}}_{\mathrm {WaterLine} }\times {\text{Area}}_{\mathrm {Cylinder} }}}.} When these densities are divided, references to

2670-473: Is extremely important that the analyst enter the table with the correct form of relative density. For example, in the brewing industry, the Plato table , which lists sucrose concentration by mass against true RD, were originally (20 °C/4 °C) that is based on measurements of the density of sucrose solutions made at laboratory temperature (20 °C) but referenced to the density of water at 4 °C which

2759-417: Is extremely important that the analyst enter the table with the correct form of specific gravity. For example, in the brewing industry, the Plato table lists sucrose concentration by weight against true SG, and was originally (20 °C/4 °C) i.e. based on measurements of the density of sucrose solutions made at laboratory temperature (20 °C) but referenced to the density of water at 4 °C which

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2848-501: Is filled with air but as that air displaces an equal amount of air the weight of that air is canceled by the weight of the air displaced. Now we fill the bottle with the reference fluid e.g. pure water. The force exerted on the pan of the balance becomes: F w = g ( m b − ρ a m b ρ b + V ρ w − V ρ

2937-422: Is frequently mixed with bitumen from oil sands to create dilbit . In 2013, the increased use of condensate as diluent significantly increased its price in certain regions. Drip gas , so named because it can be drawn off the bottom of small chambers (called drips ) sometimes installed in pipelines from gas wells, is another name for natural-gas condensate, a naturally occurring form of gasoline obtained as

3026-487: Is in industry where specific gravity finds wide application, often for historical reasons. True specific gravity of a liquid can be expressed mathematically as: S G t r u e = ρ s a m p l e ρ H 2 O , {\displaystyle SG_{\mathrm {true} }={\frac {\rho _{\mathrm {sample} }}{\rho _{\mathrm {H_{2}O} }}},} where ρ s

3115-607: Is more easily and perhaps more accurately measured without measuring volume. Using a spring scale, the sample is weighed first in air and then in water. Relative density (with respect to water) can then be calculated using the following formula: R D = W a i r W a i r − W w a t e r , {\displaystyle RD={\frac {W_{\mathrm {air} }}{W_{\mathrm {air} }-W_{\mathrm {water} }}},} where This technique cannot easily be used to measure relative densities less than one, because

3204-515: Is necessary to specify the temperatures and pressures at which the densities or masses were determined. It is nearly always the case that measurements are made at nominally 1 atmosphere (101.325 kPa ignoring the variations caused by changing weather patterns) but as relative density usually refers to highly incompressible aqueous solutions or other incompressible substances (such as petroleum products) variations in density caused by pressure are usually neglected at least where apparent relative density

3293-437: Is normally assumed to be water at 4 ° C (or, more precisely, 3.98 °C, which is the temperature at which water reaches its maximum density). In SI units, the density of water is (approximately) 1000  kg / m or 1  g / cm , which makes relative density calculations particularly convenient: the density of the object only needs to be divided by 1000 or 1, depending on the units. The relative density of gases

3382-424: Is now illegal in many states. It is also harmful to modern engines due to its low octane rating, much higher combustion temperature than that of gasoline, and lack of additives. It has a distinctive smell when used as a fuel, which allowed police to sometimes catch people using drip gas illegally. Specific gravity Relative density , also called specific gravity , is a dimensionless quantity defined as

3471-623: Is often measured with respect to dry air at a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa absolute, which has a density of 1.205 kg/m . Relative density with respect to air can be obtained by R D = ρ g a s ρ a i r ≈ M g a s M a i r , {\displaystyle {\mathit {RD}}={\frac {\rho _{\mathrm {gas} }}{\rho _{\mathrm {air} }}}\approx {\frac {M_{\mathrm {gas} }}{M_{\mathrm {air} }}},} where M {\displaystyle M}

3560-455: Is relative density, ρ s u b s t a n c e {\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {substance} }} is the density of the substance being measured, and ρ r e f e r e n c e {\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {reference} }} is the density of the reference. (By convention ρ {\displaystyle \rho } ,

3649-505: Is taken from this work which uses SG (17.5 °C/17.5 °C). As a final example, the British RD units are based on reference and sample temperatures of 60 °F and are thus (15.56 °C/15.56 °C). Relative density can be calculated directly by measuring the density of a sample and dividing it by the (known) density of the reference substance. The density of the sample is simply its mass divided by its volume. Although mass

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3738-403: Is the molar mass and the approximately equal sign is used because equality pertains only if 1 mol of the gas and 1 mol of air occupy the same volume at a given temperature and pressure, i.e., they are both ideal gases . Ideal behaviour is usually only seen at very low pressure. For example, one mol of an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L at 0 °C and 1 atmosphere whereas carbon dioxide has

3827-511: Is the local acceleration due to gravity, V is the volume of the sample and of water (the same for both), ρ sample is the density of the sample, ρ H 2 O is the density of water, W V represents a weight obtained in vacuum, m s a m p l e {\displaystyle {\mathit {m}}_{\mathrm {sample} }} is the mass of the sample and m H 2 O {\displaystyle {\mathit {m}}_{\mathrm {H_{2}O} }}

3916-606: Is the mass of an equal volume of water. The density of water and of the sample varies with temperature and pressure, so it is necessary to specify the temperatures and pressures at which the densities or weights were determined. Measurements are nearly always made at 1 nominal atmosphere (101.325 kPa ± variations from changing weather patterns), but as specific gravity usually refers to highly incompressible aqueous solutions or other incompressible substances (such as petroleum products), variations in density caused by pressure are usually neglected at least where apparent specific gravity

4005-422: Is the mass of the bottle and g the gravitational acceleration at the location at which the measurements are being made. ρ a is the density of the air at the ambient pressure and ρ b is the density of the material of which the bottle is made (usually glass) so that the second term is the mass of air displaced by the glass of the bottle whose weight, by Archimedes Principle must be subtracted. The bottle

4094-412: Is then filled with a liquid of known density, in which the powder is completely insoluble. The weight of the displaced liquid can then be determined, and hence the relative density of the powder. A gas pycnometer , the gas-based manifestation of a pycnometer, compares the change in pressure caused by a measured change in a closed volume containing a reference (usually a steel sphere of known volume) with

4183-432: Is then floated in a liquid of unknown density (shown in green). The change in displacement, Δ x , is noted. In the example depicted, the hydrometer has dropped slightly in the green liquid; hence its density is lower than that of the reference liquid. It is necessary that the hydrometer floats in both liquids. The application of simple physical principles allows the relative density of the unknown liquid to be calculated from

4272-544: Is very close to the temperature at which water has its maximum density of ρ ( H 2 O ) equal to 0.999972 g/cm (or 62.43 lb·ft ). The ASBC table in use today in North America, while it is derived from the original Plato table is for apparent relative density measurements at (20 °C/20 °C) on the IPTS-68 scale where the density of water is 0.9982071 g/cm . In the sugar, soft drink, honey, fruit juice and related industries sucrose concentration by mass

4361-577: Is very close to the temperature at which water has its maximum density, ρ H 2 O equal to 999.972 kg/m in SI units ( 0.999 972  g/cm in cgs units or 62.43 lb/cu ft in United States customary units ). The ASBC table in use today in North America for apparent specific gravity measurements at (20 °C/20 °C) is derived from the original Plato table using Plato et al.‘s value for SG(20 °C/4 °C) = 0.998 2343 . In

4450-497: The Archimedes buoyancy principle, the buoyancy force acting on the hydrometer is equal to the weight of liquid displaced. This weight is equal to the mass of liquid displaced multiplied by g , which in the case of the reference liquid is ρ ref Vg . Setting these equal, we have m g = ρ r e f V g {\displaystyle mg=\rho _{\mathrm {ref} }Vg} or just Exactly

4539-461: The mineral content of a rock or other sample. Gemologists use it as an aid in the identification of gemstones . Water is preferred as the reference because measurements are then easy to carry out in the field (see below for examples of measurement methods). As the principal use of relative density measurements in industry is determination of the concentrations of substances in aqueous solutions and these are found in tables of RD vs concentration it

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4628-466: The ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material. Specific gravity for solids and liquids is nearly always measured with respect to water at its densest (at 4 °C or 39.2 °F); for gases, the reference is air at room temperature (20 °C or 68 °F). The term "relative density" (abbreviated r.d. or RD ) is preferred in SI , whereas

4717-478: The Greek letter rho , denotes density.) The reference material can be indicated using subscripts: R D s u b s t a n c e / r e f e r e n c e {\displaystyle RD_{\mathrm {substance/reference} }} which means "the relative density of substance with respect to reference ". If the reference is not explicitly stated then it

4806-508: The above formula: ρ s u b s t a n c e = S G × ρ H 2 O . {\displaystyle \rho _{\mathrm {substance} }=SG\times \rho _{\mathrm {H_{2}O} }.} Occasionally a reference substance other than water is specified (for example, air), in which case specific gravity means density relative to that reference. The density of substances varies with temperature and pressure so that it

4895-523: The appointment of Mark Rollins (ex BP and BG Gas) as CEO in 2015 the company is widely considered as having transformed itself into a leading model of corporate governance in the new economy of Ukraine. Starting from 1 May 2019 Oleg Gez as acting Ukrnafta CEO. Ukrnafta had 85 permits for hydrocarbons extraction (commercial development of reserves). As of year-end 2020, Ukrnafta had 1 813 oil wells and 155 gas wells in operation, including main and joint activity. Ukrnafta Public Joint Stock Company operates as

4984-405: The change in displacement. (In practice the stalk of the hydrometer is pre-marked with graduations to facilitate this measurement.) In the explanation that follows, Since the floating hydrometer is in static equilibrium , the downward gravitational force acting upon it must exactly balance the upward buoyancy force. The gravitational force acting on the hydrometer is simply its weight, mg . From

5073-411: The change in pressure caused by the sample under the same conditions. The difference in change of pressure represents the volume of the sample as compared to the reference sphere, and is usually used for solid particulates that may dissolve in the liquid medium of the pycnometer design described above, or for porous materials into which the liquid would not fully penetrate. When a pycnometer is filled to

5162-487: The densities used here and in the rest of this article are based on that scale. On the previous IPTS-68 scale, the densities at 20 °C and 4 °C are 0.998 2041 and 0.999 9720 respectively, resulting in an SG (20 °C/4 °C) value for water of 0.998 232 . As the principal use of specific gravity measurements in industry is determination of the concentrations of substances in aqueous solutions and as these are found in tables of SG versus concentration, it

5251-406: The densities used here and in the rest of this article are based on that scale. On the previous IPTS-68 scale the densities at 20 °C and 4 °C are, respectively, 0.9982041 and 0.9999720 resulting in an RD (20 °C/4 °C) value for water of 0.99823205. The temperatures of the two materials may be explicitly stated in the density symbols; for example: where the superscript indicates

5340-410: The density of dry air at 101.325 kPa at 20 °C is 0.001205 g/cm and that of water is 0.998203 g/cm we see that the difference between true and apparent relative densities for a substance with relative density (20 °C/20 °C) of about 1.100 would be 0.000120. Where the relative density of the sample is close to that of water (for example dilute ethanol solutions) the correction

5429-407: The density of the sample was determined at 20 °C and of the water at 4 °C. Taking into account different sample and reference temperatures, while SG H 2 O = 1.000 000 (20 °C/20 °C), it is also the case that SG H 2 O = 0.998 2008 ⁄ 0.999 9720 = 0.998 2288 (20 °C/4 °C). Here, temperature is being specified using the current ITS-90 scale and

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5518-399: The density of the sample was determined at 20 °C and of the water at 4 °C. Taking into account different sample and reference temperatures, while SG H 2 O = 1.000000 (20 °C/20 °C) it is also the case that RD H 2 O = ⁠ 0.9982008 / 0.9999720 ⁠ = 0.9982288 (20 °C/4 °C). Here temperature is being specified using the current ITS-90 scale and

5607-412: The flask is weighed empty, full of water, and full of a liquid whose relative density is desired, the relative density of the liquid can easily be calculated. The particle density of a powder, to which the usual method of weighing cannot be applied, can also be determined with a pycnometer. The powder is added to the pycnometer, which is then weighed, giving the weight of the powder sample. The pycnometer

5696-422: The fuel. Most were also equipped with thermosiphon cooling systems that used no water pumps. Natural convection allowed the water to flow up and out of the engine block and into the top of the radiator, where it cooled and dropped and fell to continue the cycle. Woody Guthrie 's autobiographical novel Seeds of Man begins with Woody and his uncle Jeff tapping a natural gas pipeline for drip gas. The gas also has

5785-419: The heavy fuel would flow to the carburetor. Shutters or curtains were typically used to restrict airflow to the radiator, keeping the engine sufficiently hot for efficient operation. Coolant temperatures in the 200 degree F range were normal. John Deere two-cylinder all-fuel tractors worked well on heavy fuel, as their long piston strokes, slow engine speeds and low compression ratios allowed for effective use of

5874-411: The heavy fuel. They were equipped with a small gasoline tank and a large fuel tank, both of which fed into a common valve supplying the fuel to the carburetor. The engine would be started on gasoline and the tractor would then be worked until the engine was sufficiently warm to change over. At that point, the fuel valve would be turned to switch the fuel supply from the gasoline tank to the fuel tank and

5963-493: The high and low pressure separators may need to be processed to remove hydrogen sulfide ( H 2 S ) before the water can be disposed of underground or reused in some fashion. Some of the raw natural gas may be re-injected into the producing formation to help maintain the reservoir pressure, or for storage pending later installation of a pipeline. Natural gas condensate is generally more flammable and explosive than normal crude oil. Operating in areas where condensate has escaped

6052-561: The low pressure separator is sent to a "booster" compressor that raises the gas pressure and sends it through a cooler, and then to the main gas compressor. At the raw natural gas processing plant, the gas will be dehydrated and acid gases and other impurities will be removed from the gas. Then, the ethane ( C 2 ), propane ( C 3 ), butanes ( C 4 ), and pentanes ( C 5 )—plus higher molecular weight hydrocarbons referred to as C 5+ —will also be removed and recovered as byproducts. The water removed from both

6141-469: The low-compression engines of the early 20th century. By 1930, improved engines and higher compression ratios required higher-octane, refined gasolines to produce power without knocking or detonation. Beginning in the Great Depression , drip gas was used as a replacement for commercial gasoline by people in oil-producing areas. "In the days of simple engines in automobiles and farm tractors it

6230-420: The operating pressure of and the distance to the raw natural gas processing plant and may require a multi-stage compressor. The gas condensate from the high pressure separator flows through a throttling control valve to a low pressure separator. The reduction in pressure across the control valve causes the condensate to undergo a partial vaporization referred to as flash vaporization . The raw natural gas from

6319-438: The pycnometer. Further manipulation and finally substitution of RD V , the true relative density (the subscript V is used because this is often referred to as the relative density in vacuo ), for ρ s / ρ w gives the relationship between apparent and true relative density: R D A = ρ s ρ w − ρ

6408-632: The raw natural gas will condense to a liquid state if the temperature is reduced to below the hydrocarbon dew point temperature at a set pressure. The natural gas condensate is also called condensate , or gas condensate , or sometimes natural gasoline because it contains hydrocarbons within the gasoline boiling range, and is also referred to by the shortened name condy by many workers on gas installations. Raw natural gas used to create condensate may come from any type of gas well such as: There are many condensate sources, and each has its own unique gas condensate composition. In general, gas condensate has

6497-766: The reference liquid, and the known properties of the hydrometer. If Δ x is small then, as a first-order approximation of the geometric series equation ( 4 ) can be written as: R D n e w / r e f ≈ 1 + A Δ x m ρ r e f . {\displaystyle RD_{\mathrm {new/ref} }\approx 1+{\frac {A\Delta x}{m}}\rho _{\mathrm {ref} }.} This shows that, for small Δ x , changes in displacement are approximately proportional to changes in relative density. A pycnometer (from Ancient Greek : πυκνός , romanized :  puknos , lit.   'dense'), also called pyknometer or specific gravity bottle ,

6586-409: The right depicts just one of the possible configurations. The raw natural gas feedstock from a gas well or a group of wells is cooled to lower the gas temperature to below its hydrocarbon dew point at the feedstock pressure. This condenses a large part of the gas condensate hydrocarbons. The feedstock mixture of gas, liquid condensate and water is then routed to a high pressure separator vessel where

6675-417: The same equation applies when the hydrometer is floating in the liquid being measured, except that the new volume is V − A Δ x (see note above about the sign of Δ x ). Thus, Combining ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) yields But from ( 1 ) we have V = m / ρ ref . Substituting into ( 3 ) gives This equation allows the relative density to be calculated from the change in displacement, the known density of

6764-500: The sample measured in air and W A , H 2 O {\displaystyle {W_{\mathrm {A} ,\mathrm {H_{2}O} }}} the weight of an equal volume of water measured in air. It can be shown that true specific gravity can be computed from different properties: S G t r u e = ρ s a m p l e ρ H 2 O = m s

6853-405: The sample will then float. W water becomes a negative quantity, representing the force needed to keep the sample underwater. Another practical method uses three measurements. The sample is weighed dry. Then a container filled to the brim with water is weighed, and weighed again with the sample immersed, after the displaced water has overflowed and been removed. Subtracting the last reading from

6942-459: The specific gravity, as specified above, is multiplied by 1000. Specific gravity is commonly used in industry as a simple means of obtaining information about the concentration of solutions of various materials such as brines , must weight ( syrups , juices, honeys, brewers wort , must , etc.) and acids. Relative density ( R D {\displaystyle RD} ) or specific gravity ( S G {\displaystyle SG} )

7031-1256: The spring constant, gravity and cross-sectional area simply cancel, leaving R D = ρ o b j e c t ρ r e f = Deflection O b j . Displacement O b j . Deflection R e f . Displacement R e f . = 3   i n 20   m m 5   i n 34   m m = 3   i n × 34   m m 5   i n × 20   m m = 1.02. {\displaystyle RD={\frac {\rho _{\mathrm {object} }}{\rho _{\mathrm {ref} }}}={\frac {\frac {{\text{Deflection}}_{\mathrm {Obj.} }}{{\text{Displacement}}_{\mathrm {Obj.} }}}{\frac {{\text{Deflection}}_{\mathrm {Ref.} }}{{\text{Displacement}}_{\mathrm {Ref.} }}}}={\frac {\frac {3\ \mathrm {in} }{20\ \mathrm {mm} }}{\frac {5\ \mathrm {in} }{34\ \mathrm {mm} }}}={\frac {3\ \mathrm {in} \times 34\ \mathrm {mm} }{5\ \mathrm {in} \times 20\ \mathrm {mm} }}=1.02.} Relative density

7120-487: The sugar, soft drink, honey, fruit juice and related industries, sucrose concentration by weight is taken from a table prepared by A. Brix , which uses SG (17.5 °C/17.5 °C). As a final example, the British SG units are based on reference and sample temperatures of 60 °F and are thus (15.56 °C/15.56 °C). Given the specific gravity of a substance, its actual density can be calculated by rearranging

7209-418: The sum of the first two readings gives the weight of the displaced water. The relative density result is the dry sample weight divided by that of the displaced water. This method allows the use of scales which cannot handle a suspended sample. A sample less dense than water can also be handled, but it has to be held down, and the error introduced by the fixing material must be considered. The relative density of

7298-426: The temperature at which the density of the material is measured, and the subscript indicates the temperature of the reference substance to which it is compared. Relative density can also help to quantify the buoyancy of a substance in a fluid or gas, or determine the density of an unknown substance from the known density of another. Relative density is often used by geologists and mineralogists to help determine

7387-503: The term "specific gravity" is gradually being abandoned. If a substance's relative density is less than 1 then it is less dense than the reference; if greater than 1 then it is denser than the reference. If the relative density is exactly 1 then the densities are equal; that is, equal volumes of the two substances have the same mass. If the reference material is water, then a substance with a relative density (or specific gravity) less than 1 will float in water. For example, an ice cube, with

7476-425: The tractors were referred to as "all-fuel". The most important factor in burning heavy fuels in a spark-ignition engine is proper fuel vaporization. Tractors designed to run on those fuels usually used a "hot" intake air manifold that allowed exhaust heat to warm the manifold and carburetor to aid vaporization. Given the poor vaporization at low temperatures, all-fuel tractors were started on gasoline, then switched to

7565-487: The urgent needs of our defense sector.” The government of Ukraine also took control of engine maker Motor Sich , energy company Ukrtatnafta , vehicle maker KrAZ and transformer maker Zaporozhtransformator at the same time. Just prior to the seizure, Naftogaz owned 50% +1 share, other shares were held: Ihor Kolomoiskyi and Gennadiy Bogolyubov owned 42% of the shares in Ukrnafta. These shares will be transferred to

7654-453: The usual case we will have measured weights and want the true relative density. This is found from R D V = R D A − ρ a ρ w ( R D A − 1 ) . {\displaystyle RD_{\mathrm {V} }=RD_{\mathrm {A} }-{\rho _{\mathrm {a} } \over \rho _{\mathrm {w} }}(RD_{\mathrm {A} }-1).} Since

7743-404: The water and the raw natural gas are separated and removed. If a pressure boost is required, the raw natural gas from the high pressure separator is sent to the main gas compressor , which raises the pressure of the gases to whatever pressure is required for the pipeline transportation of the gas to the raw natural gas processing plant. The main gas compressor discharge pressure will depend upon

7832-551: Was Ukrnaftcombinat. Ukrnafta is a Ukrainian portmanteau word that is a combination of the words for "Ukrainian" and "oil". Just over 50% plus one share of the company is owned by the state company Naftogaz Ukrainy , 42% of the company belongs to the Privat Group based in Dnipro . Together with Chornomornaftogaz and Ukragazproduction they are the only state companies involved in extraction and refining of gas and oil. After

7921-614: Was not uncommon for anyone having access to a condensate well to fill his tank with 'drip,'" according to the Oklahoma Historical Society. Sometimes it worked fine. "At other times it might cause thundering backfires and clouds of foul-smelling smoke." Certain manufacturers such as John Deere made farm tractors specifically designed to run on heavy, low-octane fuels which were commonly called " distillate " or "tractor fuel". Other names were tractor vaporising oil (United Kingdom) and "power kerosene" (Australia). Often

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