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28-460: The House of Ulfeldt is an old and distinguished Dano-German noble family from Funen . The oldest known members of the family lived in 12th century. The family was represented by several royal Danish councilors during the 15th and 16th century, when the family was among the most influential in Denmark . The family was first mentioned in a written document from 1186, with the name Strange , but in

56-608: A glottal stop [ʔ] when preceded by a vowel. This is known as sprængansats . Stress, stød and intonation are prosodic features used in Danish phonology. Durational distinctions are also present and affected by the grammatical context, but are usually considered part of the vowel phonemes. Stress is phonemic and distinguishes words like billigst /ˈbilisd/ ('cheapest') and bilist /biˈlisd/ ('car driver'), but such word pairs are rare. In syntactic phrases, verbs lose their stress (and stød, if any) with an object without

84-489: A counter-clockwise vowel shift to /ʉː, uː, oː/ . Some phonemes and phones that only occur in unstressed position often merge with full phonemes and phones: The vowel system is unstable, and according to a study by Ejstrup & Hansen (2004), the contemporary spoken language might be experiencing a merger of several of these vowels. The following vowel pairs may be merged by some speakers (only vowels not adjacent to |r| were analyzed): In addition to /ɐ/ , which stems from

112-418: A definite or indefinite article : e.g. ˈJens ˈspiser et ˈbrød [ˈjens ˈspiˀsɐ e̝t ˈpʁœ̝ðˀ] ('Jens eats a loaf') ~ ˈJens spiser ˈbrød [ˈjens spisɐ ˈpʁœ̝ðˀ] ('Jens eats bread'). In names, only the surname is stressed, e.g. [johæn̩ luiːsə ˈhɑjˌpɛɐ̯ˀ] Johanne Luise Heiberg . Three degrees of stress - primary, secondary and unstressed - are distinguished. In a number of words, stressed syllables with

140-482: A distinct |ŋ| . Beyond morphological boundaries, [ŋ] may also appear as the result of an optional assimilation of /n/ before /k, ɡ/ . /n, t, d, s, l/ are apical alveolar [n̺, t̺s̺ʰ, t̺, s̺, l̺] , although some speakers realize /s/ dentally ( [ s̪ ] ). /p, t, k/ are voiceless aspirated , with /t/ also affricated: [pʰ, tsʰ, kʰ] . The affricate [tsʰ] is often transcribed with ⟨ tˢ ⟩. In some varieties of standard Danish (but not

168-424: A long vowel or with a short vowel and a sonorant may exhibit a prosodic feature called stød ('thrust'). Acoustically, vowels with stød tend to be a little shorter and feature creaky voice . Historically, this feature operated as a redundant aspect of stress on monosyllabic words that had either a long vowel or final voiced consonant. Since the creation of new monosyllabic words, this association with monosyllables

196-676: A two-phoneme interpretation can be justified with reference to the unexpected vowel quality in words like andre /ˈɑndrɐ/ 'others' or anderledes /ˈɑnɐˌleːðəs/ 'different', and an increasing number of loanwords. The distinction between the short /o/ and /ɔ/ is one of the more conservative features of Danish phonology. Other Scandinavian languages feature just one short mid back vowel, usually transcribed with ⟨ ɔ ⟩. The long /uː/ , /oː/ and /ɔː/ of Danish are also more conservative as compared with their historical counterparts in Norwegian and Swedish, which have undergone

224-439: A word, word-initial /r/ may be realized as a voiced uvular fricative trill [ ʀ̝ ] . In syllable-final position, /r/ is realized as [ɐ̯] . The alveolar realization [ r ] of /r/ is very rare. According to Torp (2001) , it occurs in some varieties of Jutlandic dialect , and only for some speakers (mostly the elderly). The alveolar realization is considered non-standard, even in classical opera singing – it

252-441: Is "-i": ei mar, mar'i, ei post, posti, ei vogn, vogni, ei ovn, ovni, ei kat, katti (a man, the man, a post, the post, a wagon, the wagon, an oven, the oven, a cat, the cat). These articles and endings are usually unstressed . In 2018, on the hill Munkebo Bakke , located in north eastern Funen, have archaeologists found an exceedingly large Viking hall that dates back more than 1,000 years, to around 825 – 1,000 CE. According to

280-463: Is commonly perceived by non-native speakers of Danish as [ l ] . Very rarely, /ð/ can be realized as a fricative. Syllable-initially, /r/ is a voiced uvular fricative [ ʁ ] or, more commonly, an approximant [ ʁ̞ ] . According to Nina Grønnum , the fricative variant is voiceless [ χ ] . Its precise place of articulation has been described as pharyngeal, or more broadly, as "supra-pharyngeal". When emphasizing

308-582: Is elided after /iː, yː/ , and possibly also after /eː, øː/ , and less commonly after /ɛː, aː/ . Similarly, /v/ is elided after /uː/ , and possibly also after /oː/ , and less commonly after /ɔː/ . Modern Standard Danish has around 20 different vowel qualities. These vowels are shown below in a narrow transcription. /ə/ and /ɐ/ occur only in unstressed syllables and thus can only be short. Long vowels may have stød , thus making it possible to distinguish 30 different vowels in stressed syllables. However, vowel length and stød are most likely features of

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336-442: Is no longer as strong. Some other tendencies include: Diphthongs with an underlying long vowel always have stød. Danish intonation reflects the combination of the stress group, sentence type and prosodic phrase, where the stress group is the main intonation unit . In Copenhagen Standard Danish, the stress group mainly has a certain pitch pattern that reaches its lowest peak on the stressed syllable followed by its highest peak on

364-403: Is only weakly fricated. Between vowels, it is often voiced [ ɦ ] . /v/ can be a voiced fricative [ v ] , but is most often a voiced approximant [ ʋ ] . /ð/ – the so-called "soft d" ( Danish : blødt d ) – is a velarized laminal alveolar approximant [ ð̠˕ˠ ] . It is acoustically similar to the cardinal vowels [ ɯ ] and [ ɨ ] . It

392-558: Is phonemically /sj/ and [w] is the syllable-final allophone of /v/ . [w] also occurs syllable-initially in English loans, along with [ ɹ ] , but syllable-initial [w] is in free variation with [v] and these are not considered part of the phonological inventory of Danish. /ŋ/ occurs only before short vowels and stems morphophonologically , in native words, from |nɡ| or |n| preceding |k| and, in French loans, from

420-862: Is probably the only European language in which this is the case. According to Basbøll (2005) , it occurs (or used to occur until recently) in very old forms of certain conservative dialects in Northern Jutland and Bornholm . /l, j, r/ are voiceless [ l̥ , ç ~ ɕ , χ ] after /p, t, k/ , where the aspiration is realized as devoicing of the following consonant, so that /tj/ is normally realized as an alveolo-palatal affricate [ tɕ ] . A voiced velar continuant [ ɣ ] occurred distinctively in older Standard Danish. Some older speakers still use it in high register , most often as an approximant [ ɣ˕ ] . It corresponds to [w] , after back vowels and /r/ , and to /j/ , after front vowels and /l/ , in contemporary Standard Danish. /j/

448-463: Is referred to as Insular Danish , where the dialects have retained three grammatical genders : masculine, feminine and neuter. This is in contrast to Zealand, where, like in Swedish, a reduction to two genders has taken place, and large parts of Jutland, where, like in English, no such distinction is made. For instance in masculine, the indefinite article is "ei" and the ending in the definite form

476-452: Is the 165th -largest island in the world. It is located in the central part of the country and has a population of 469,947 as of 2020. Funen's main city is Odense , which is connected to the sea by a seldom-used canal . The city's shipyard, Odense Steel Shipyard , has been relocated outside Odense proper. Funen belongs administratively to the Region of Southern Denmark . From 1970 to 2006

504-472: The Great Belt , and a long road suspension bridge (the second longest in the world at the time of opening) connects Funen the rest of the way to Zealand, paralleled by a rail tunnel. Two bridges connect Funen to the Danish mainland, Jutland . The Old Little Belt Bridge was constructed in the 1930s, shortly before World War II, for both cars and trains. The New Little Belt Bridge , a suspension bridge,

532-585: The 16th century they began to call themselves Ulfeldt after the family coat of arms. Family members held the title of Count in Denmark and Imperial Count within the Holy Roman Empire , but went extinct in male line in 1769. Funen Funen ( Danish : Fyn , pronounced [ˈfyˀn] ), is the third-largest island of Denmark , after Zealand and Vendsyssel-Thy , with an area of 3,099.7 square kilometres (1,196.8 sq mi). It

560-595: The Copenhagen dialect), /t/ is just aspirated, without the affrication. /b, d, ɡ/ are voiceless unaspirated [p, t, k] . In syllable codas, weak, partial voicing may accompany them especially when between voiced sounds. In spontaneous speech recorded in 1996, 38% of intervocalic /b, d, ɡ/ were voiced. In that environment, /d/ may be realized as a flap [ ɾ ] , as in nor d isk [ˈnoɐ̯ɾisk] 'Nordic'. Utterance-final /b, d, ɡ/ may be realized as [pʰ, t(s)ʰ, kʰ] , particularly in distinct speech. /h/

588-640: The Funen dialects, refers to the variations of Danish spoken on Funen and adjacent islands. Locally, there can be significant variations, even within short distances, for example between neighboring towns. On the island of Funen, at least four main dialects are typically distinguished: East, North, South, and West Funen dialects, as well as sub-dialects such as the Tåsinge, Ærø, and Langeland dialects. West Funen dialects may further be divided into Northwest and Southwest Funen dialects. The Funen dialects belong to what

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616-437: The Funen museum experts, this Viking hall is larger than any found on Funen before. Galgedil is a Viking Age cemetery located in the northern part of Funen. Excavations at the local site revealed 54 graves containing 59 inhumations and 2 cremation burials. Danish phonology#Prosody Danish has at least 17 consonant phonemes : /p, t, k, h/ occur only syllable-initially and [ŋ, ð, w] only syllable-finally. [ɕ]

644-447: The fusion of |ər| , |rə| , or |rər| , /ə/ assimilates to adjacent sonorants in a variety of ways: In casual speech, /ə/ may also be elided after an obstruent , for instance: /ˈmasə/ → [ˈmæs] masse 'mass'. If that occurs after a long vowel, the syllable with the elided /ə/ may be retained by lengthening the vowel preceding the consonant: /ˈhɔːbə/ → [ˈhɔ̝ː(ɔ̝)p] håbe 'hope'. A word-initial vowel may be preceded by

672-414: The immediately following unstressed syllable, after which it declines gradually until the next stress group. The peaks of stress groups in succession will generally be lower later in the utterance. However, the realization of the pitch is different in other varieties of Danish in where the peak is located related to the stressed syllable, and Jutlandic varieties often rise to the peak of the stress group on

700-468: The island formed the biggest part of Funen County , which also included the islands of Langeland , Ærø , Tåsinge , and a number of smaller islands. Funen is linked to Zealand, Denmark's largest island, by the Great Belt Bridge , which carries both trains and cars. The bridge is in reality three bridges; low road and rail bridges connect Funen to the small island of Sprogø in the middle of

728-421: The stressed syllable. The pitch pattern of an utterance can also reflect the type of utterance, with declaratives having a steep falling pitch and questions displaying a level pitch, with other categories in between. The realization of stød also affects pitch, while some varieties also realize it primarily with pitch. The sample text is an indistinct reading of the first sentence of The North Wind and

756-452: The syllable rather than of the vowel. The 26 vowel phonemes of Standard Danish (14 short and 12 long) correspond to 21 morphophonemes (11 short and 10 long). The three way distinction in front rounded vowels /y ø œ/ is upheld only before nasals, e.g. /syns sønˀs sœns/ synes, synds, søns ('seems', 'sin's', 'son's'). /a/ and /aː/ on the one hand and /ɑ/ and /ɑː/ on the other are largely in complementary distribution. However,

784-524: Was constructed in the 1970s and is used for cars only. The populations of the major cities and towns on the island are, as of 1 January 2018: Funen was the birthplace of Hans Christian Andersen , the composer Carl Nielsen , American War of Independence combatant Christian Febiger , pop singer MØ and international footballer Christian Eriksen . The highest natural point on Funen is Frøbjerg Bavnehøj . Fynsk, coloquially known as Funish by local English speakers, but in English most commonly known as

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