35-519: Others In terms of Ihsan : Uthman ibn Affan ( Arabic : عُثْمَان بْن عَفَّان , romanized : ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān ; c. 573 or 576 – 17 June 656) was the third caliph , ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656. Uthman, a second cousin, son-in-law, and notable companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad , played a major role in early Islamic history . During his reign as caliph, he
70-639: A committee of six people, all from the Muhajirun (early Meccan converts), to choose the next caliph from amongst themselves. This committee was: According to Yaqoubi history, Umar appointed Abu Talha Ansari to this task and said: If four people gave an opinion and two disagreed, behead those two, and if three agreed and three disagreed, the three people whom Abd al-Rahman is not among them, behead them, and if three days passed and they didn't reach an agreement on anyone, behead them all". Yaqoubi further adds that many negotiations took place in these three days and
105-872: A discussion with Abu Bakr , Uthman decided to convert to Islam, and Abu Bakr brought him to Muhammad to declare his faith. Uthman thus became one of the earliest converts to Islam , following Ali , Zayd , Abu Bakr and a few others. His conversion to Islam angered his clan, the Banu Umayyah , who strongly opposed Muhammad's teachings. He is listed as one of the twenty two Meccans at the dawn of Islam who knew how to write. Uthman and his wife, Ruqayya, migrated to Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia ) in April 615, along with ten Muslim men and three women. Scores of Muslims joined them later. As Uthman already had some business contacts in Abyssinia, he continued to practice his profession as
140-468: A hundred for all other expenses. Later, Uthman presented the armour back to Ali as a wedding present. Uthman participated in all major battles which took place in the early period of Islam except for Badr and that too because the Prophet of Islam commanded him to stay back and tend to his wife who was unwell at the time. Regarding this, there is a hadith which states, "You (Uthman) will have the reward and
175-594: A righteous person, a doer of good ( muhsin ), but a truly good and righteous person is both a Muslim and a true person of faith. Some Islamic scholars explain ihsan as being the inner dimension of Islam whereas shariah is often described as the outer dimension. Ihsan "constitutes the highest form of worship" ( ibadah ). It is excellence in work and in social interactions. For example, ihsan includes sincerity during Muslim prayers and being grateful to parents, family, and God. Ansari (nesbat) Others In terms of Ihsan : Al-Ansari or Ansari
210-602: A standardised version of the Quran. Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death, the Quran was committed to written form. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, with the other versions ordered to been burnt by Uthman. While the Shī‘ah use the same Qur'an as Sunni Muslims, they do not believe however that it was first compiled by Uthman. The Shī‘ah believe that
245-594: A trader and he continued to flourish. After four years, the news spread among the Muslims in Abyssinia that the Quraysh of Mecca had accepted Islam, and this acceptance persuaded Uthman, Ruqayya and 39 Muslims to return. However, when they reached Mecca, they found that the news about the Quraysh's acceptance of Islam was false. Nevertheless, Uthman and Ruqayya re-settled in Mecca. Uthman had to start his business afresh, but
280-538: A very close relationship with Abu Bakr, as it was due to him that Uthman had converted to Islam. When Abu Bakr was selected as the caliph, Uthman was the first person after Umar to offer his allegiance. During the Ridda wars (Wars of Apostasy), Uthman remained in Medina, acting as Abu Bakr's adviser. On his deathbed, Abu Bakr dictated his will to Uthman, saying that his successor was to be Umar. Umar, on his deathbed formed
315-776: Is an Arab community, found predominantly in the Arab and South Asian countries. They are descended from the Ansar of Madinah . The Ansari are an Urdu -speaking community also called Muhajir , although the Ansari clan of Gujarat have Gujarati as their mother tongue. The Ansaris are the descendants of the Ansar tribe of Madinah . They are found throughout the middle east and South Asia . The Ansaris that are still living today in Arabia have migrated to other places such as Qatar , Bahrain and other parts of Saudi Arabia . The people of
350-561: Is one of the three dimensions of the Islamic religion ( ad-din ): In contrast to the emphases of islam (what one should do) and iman (why one should do), the concept of ihsan is primarily associated with intention. One who "does what is beautiful" is called a muhsin . It is generally held that a person can only achieve true Ihsan with the help and guidance of God , who governs all things. While traditionally Islamic jurists have concentrated on islam and theologians on iman ,
385-591: Is the Muslim responsibility to obtain perfection, or excellence, in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe that He is constantly watching over them. That definition comes from the Hadith of Gabriel in which Muhammad states, "[Ihsan is] to worship God as though you see Him, and if you cannot see Him, then indeed He sees you". ( Al-Bukhari and Al-Muslim ). According to Muhammad's hadith "God has written ihsan on everything". Ihsan
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#1732765728363420-467: The Sufis have focused their attention on ihsan . Those who are muhsin are a subset of those who are mu'min , and those who are mu'min are a subset of muslims : From the preceding discussion it should be clear that not every Muslim is a man or woman of faith ( mu'min ), but every person of faith is a Muslim . Furthermore, a Muslim who believes in all the principles of Islam may not necessarily be
455-450: The 711 campaign by Tariq. Ihsan Ihsan ( Arabic : إحسان ʾiḥsān , also romanized ehsan ), is an Arabic term meaning "to do beautiful things", "beautification", "perfection", or "excellence" (Arabic: husn , lit. ' beauty ' ). Ihsan is a matter of taking one's inner faith ( iman ) and showing it in both deed and action, a sense of social responsibility borne from religious convictions. In Islam , Ihsan
490-781: The Byzantine navy at the Battle of the Masts in 655, opening up the Mediterranean. In Hijri year 15 (c. 647), Uthman sent Abdullah ibn Zubayr and Abdullah ibn Saad to reconquer the Maghreb , where he met the army of Gregory the Patrician , Exarch of Africa and relative of Heraclius , which is recorded to have numbered between 120,000 and 200,000 soldiers, The opposing forces clashed at Sabuthilag (or Sufetula ), which became
525-545: The Caliphate expanded further into Persia in 650 and reached as far as the provinces of Khorasan in 651. Uthman instituted centralized reforms in order to create a more cohesive administrative structure and fostered rapid economic growth . However, the last years of his reign were marked by discontent that eventually evolved into an armed revolt , leading to a siege upon his residence and ultimately culminating in his assassination. Sunni Muslim tradition considers him
560-574: The Qur'an was gathered and compiled by Muhammad during his lifetime. Uthman was a shrewd businessman and a successful trader from his youth, which contributed greatly to the Rashidun Caliphate. Umar had established a public allowance and, on assuming office, Uthman increased it by about 25%. Umar had placed a ban on the sale of lands and the purchase of agricultural lands in conquered territories. Uthman withdrew these restrictions, in view of
595-542: The Rashidun Empire, enjoyed an economically prosperous life during his reign. Byzantine Empire Sassanid Persia Caucasus Other regions The Levant Egypt North Africa Anatolia & Constantinople Border conflicts Sicily and Southern Italy Naval warfare Byzantine reconquest Khuzestan Central Persia Caucasus Pars Khorasan Other geographies During his rule, Uthman's military-style
630-434: The coastal areas of Al-Andalus. It is not known where the Muslim force landed, what resistance they met, and what parts of Spain they actually conquered. However, it is clear that the Muslims did conquer some portion of Spain during the caliphate of Uthman, presumably establishing colonies on its coast. On this occasion, Uthman is reported to have addressed a letter to the invading force: Constantinople will be conquered from
665-443: The conquest of northern Africa was completed, Abdullah ibn Sa'd continued to Spain . Other prominent Muslim historians , like Ibn Kathir , have quoted the same narration. In the description of this campaign, two of Abdullah ibn Saad's generals, Abdullah ibn Nafiah ibn Husain, and Abdullah ibn Nafi' ibn Abdul Qais, were ordered to invade the coastal areas of Spain by sea , aided by a Berber force. They allegedly succeeded in conquering
700-510: The considerable fortune he had amassed with him to Medina. Most Muslims of Medina were farmers with little interest in trade, and Jews had conducted most trading in the town. Uthman realized there was a considerable commercial opportunity to promote trade among Muslims and soon established himself as a trader in Medina. With hard work and honesty, his business flourished, making him one of the richest men in Medina. Both of Uthman's wives having been elder daughters of Muhammad and Khadija earned him
735-462: The contacts that he had already established in Abyssinia worked in his favour and his business prospered once again. In 622, Uthman and his wife, Ruqayya, were among the third group of Muslims to migrate to Medina . Upon arrival, Uthman stayed with Abu Talha ibn Thabit before moving into the house he purchased a short time later. Uthman was one of the richest merchants of Mecca, with no need of financial help from his Ansari brothers, as he had brought
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#1732765728363770-421: The fact that the trade could not flourish. Uthman also permitted people to draw loans from the public treasury. Under Umar, it had been laid down as a policy that the lands in conquered territories were not to be distributed among the combatants, but were to remain the property of the previous owners. The army felt dissatisfied at this decision, but Umar suppressed the opposition with a strong hand. Uthman followed
805-542: The governor of Syria by Umar in 639 to stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars . He succeeded his elder brother Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan , who died in a plague, along with Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah , the governor before him, and 25,000 other people. Now under Uthman's rule in 649, Muawiyah was allowed to set up a navy, manned by Monophysitic Christians , Copts , and Jacobite Syrian Christian sailors and Muslim troops, which defeated
840-466: The honorific title Dhū al-Nurayn ("The Possessor of Two Lights"). Across the Muslim world, Uthman is known by his honorific title "Ghani" that translates to "exceedingly generous" which was bestowed upon him for his remarkable donations towards helping those in need and for the cause of Islam. When Ali married Fatima , Uthman bought Ali's shield for five hundred dirhams . Four hundred was set aside as mahr ( dower ) for Fatimah's marriage, leaving
875-510: The name of this battle. Records from al-Bidayah wal Nihayah state that Abdullah's troops were completely surrounded by Gregory's army. However, Abdullah ibn Zubayr spotted Gregory in his chariot and asked Abdullah ibn Sa'ad to lead a small detachment to intercept him. The interception was successful, and Gregory was slain by Zubayr's ambush party. Consequently, the morale of Byzantine army started crumbling and soon they were routed. Some Muslim sources ( Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari ) claim that after
910-417: The policy devised by Umar and there were more conquests, and the revenues from land increased considerably. Umar had been very strict in the use of money from the public treasury—indeed, apart from the meagre allowance that had been sanctioned in his favour, Umar took no money from the treasury. He did not receive any gifts, nor did he allow any of his family members to accept any gifts from any quarter. During
945-565: The result was hesitant between Ali and Uthman. Abd al-Rahman asked Ali: If we pledge allegiance to you, would you be willing to follow the Book of God (Quran) and the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah and behave in the manner of the two previous caliphs (Umar and Abu Bakr)? Ali's answer to Abd al-Rahman was: I will only follow the Book of God and the Sunnah of the Messenger of God. Abd al-Rahman asked
980-624: The same question to Uthman and Uthman answered positively and accepted all the conditions and therefore he became the caliph. In about AD 650, Uthman began noticing slight differences in recitations of the Quran as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Persia , the Levant , and North Africa. In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd ibn Thabit to use caliph Abu Bakr 's copy and prepare
1015-530: The share of booty of a man who was present at Badr". Furthermore, during the campaigns of Ghatafan and Dhat al-Riqa the Prophet of Islam left Uthman in charge of Madinah when the Muslim army ventured out of the city. In 632, the year Muhammad died, Uthman participated in the Farewell Pilgrimage . Uthman was also present at the event of Ghadir Khumm , where, according to Shia sources, he was among those who pledged allegiance to Ali . Uthman had
1050-568: The side of Al-Andalus . Thus, if you conquer it, you will have the honor of taking the first step towards the conquest of Constantinople. You will have your reward in this behalf both in this world and the next. Although raids by Berbers and Muslims were conducted against the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain during the late 7th century, there is no evidence that Spain was invaded nor that parts of it were conquered or settled by Muslims prior to
1085-656: The third rightly-guided caliph . Uthman was born in the Hejaz . The exact date is disputed, both 573 and 576 are indicated. He was born to an affluent family of the noble Umayyad clan. His father, Affan ibn Abi al-As was of the Umayyad, and his mother, Arwa bint Kurayz was of the Abdshams , which were both powerful and wealthy clans in Mecca . Uthman had one sister, Amina. Uthman is related to Muhammad through his mother, who
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1120-569: The time of Uthman, these restrictions were relaxed. Although Uthman still drew no personal allowance from the treasury, nor did he receive a salary , as he was a wealthy man with sufficient resources of his own, but, unlike Umar, Uthman accepted gifts and allowed his family members to do likewise from certain quarters. Uthman honestly expressed that he had the right to utilize the public funds according to his best judgment, and no one criticized him for that. The economic reforms introduced by Uthman had far-reaching effects; Muslims, as well as non-Muslims of
1155-413: Was known for ordering the official compilation of the standardized version of the Quran that is still being used today. Before his predecessor, Caliph Umar ( r. 634–644 ), died in office, he appointed a committee of trustees to elect a successor. Uthman, who was then aged 68–71 years, was elected to succeed him and became the oldest person to hold such a high position. During his premiership,
1190-438: Was more autonomical in nature as he delegated much military authority to his trusted kinsmen—e.g., Abd Allah ibn Amir , Mu'awiya I and Abd Allah ibn Sa'd —unlike Umar 's more centralized policy. Consequently, this more independent policy allowed more expansion until Sindh, in modern Pakistan , which had not been touched during the tenure of Umar. The conquest of Armenia had begun by the 640s. Muawiyah I had been appointed
1225-479: Was the first cousin of Muhammad and made Uthman his first cousin's son. His father died at a young age while on a caravan travel , leaving Uthman with a large inheritance. He brilliantly invested the wealth in trade and became a highly successful merchant, making him one the wealthiest people from the Quraysh . On returning from a business trip to Syria in 611, Uthman learned of Muhammad's declared mission. After
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