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32-632: Muhammad's pilgrimage defined several of the rituals and rites of the Hajj and is one of the most well-recorded moments of his life, later transmitted through his sahaba , who accompanied him on this occasion, observing every gesture of Muhammad, which has become a precedent to be followed by Muslims all over the world ( sunnah ). Muhammad had lived in Medina for ten years since the Hijrah and had not partaken in any Hajj pilgrimage , although he had performed

64-610: A Muslim . The Sunni scholar ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852 H) said, The most correct of what I have come across is that a Sahâbî (Companion) is one who met the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, whilst believing in him, and died as a Muslim. So, that includes the one who remained with him for a long or a short time, and those who narrated from him and those who did not, and those who saw him but did not sit with him and those who could not see him due to blindness. Anyone who died after rejecting Islam and becoming an apostate

96-563: Is an open and level area near Mecca in the Hejazi region of Saudi Arabia that is associated with the Ḥajj (" Pilgrimage "). It lies just southeast of Mina , on the route between Mina and Arafat . In Pre-Islamic times the Hums being the Quraysh , Banu Kinanah , Banu Khuza'a and Banu 'Amir would camp at Muzdalifah and refuse to go to Mount Arafat with the other Arabs. With

128-742: Is not considered as a companion. Those who saw him but held off believing in him until after his death are not considered ṣahābah, only tābiʻūn (if they saw the companions). According to Sunni scholars, Muslims of the past should be considered companions if they had any contact with Muhammad, and they were not liars or opposed to him and his teachings. If they saw him, heard him, or were in his presence even briefly, they are companions. All companions are assumed to be just ( ʻudul ) unless they are proven otherwise; that is, Sunni scholars do not believe that companions would lie or fabricate hadith unless they are proven liars, untrustworthy or opposed to Islam. Some Quranic references are important to Sunni Muslim views of

160-499: The Banu Umayyah , selected Umar as the second caliph after the death of Abu Bakr and the other Anṣār and Muhajirun accepted him. Sunni Muslim scholars classified companions into many categories, based on a number of criteria. The hadith quoted above shows ranks of ṣaḥābah, tābi'īn, and tābi' at-tābi'īn. Al-Suyuti recognized eleven levels of companionship. The general involvement in military campaign with Muhammad by

192-870: The Kaaba ( tawaf ), after which he once again touched and kissed the Black Stone. After his prayers, Muhammad drank from the Zamzam well , prayed, and then continued to the hills of As Safa and Al Marwah , where he performed the ritual walking between the two mountains ( sa'ee ). Muhammad then moved to Al Hujūn; he had not removed his ihram after the Sa'ee as he had intended to perform Hajj Qirān, which involves performing Umrah and Hajj together. Muhammad then ordered those who had arrived without sacrificial animals to observe ihram for Umrah and to perform Tawaf and Sa'ee, following which they relieved themselves of ihram . On

224-750: The Kitáb-i-Íqán , the primary theological work of the Baháʼí religion. According to the History of the Prophets and Kings , after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Abu Bakr , Umar and Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah and the Anṣār of Medina held consultations and selected Abu Bakr as the first caliph. Then Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf and Uthman , companion and son-in-law of Muhammad and also essential chief of

256-816: The Masjid al-Haram . He then drank from the Zamzam well before returning to Mina on the same day and continuing the Stoning of the Devil . Muhammad then spent the next three days, the 11th, 12th, and 13th of Dhu al-Hijjah, known as the Days of Tashrīq, in Mina performing the Stoning of the Devil. Al Mubarakpuri says that Muhammad delivered another speech on the 12th, following the revelation of Surah 110, An Nasr . Companions of

288-860: The Muhajirun who accompanied Muhammad from Mecca to Medina , the Ansar who lived in Medina, and the Badriyyun who fought at the Battle of Badr . Two important groups among the companions are the Muhajirun "migrants", those who had faith in Muhammad when he began to preach in Mecca and who departed with him when he was persecuted there, and the Ansar , the people of Medina who welcomed Muhammad and his companions and stood as their protectors. Lists of prominent companions usually include 50 or 60 names of

320-601: The Quran was revealed and other important matters in Islamic history and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators ( asānīd ), was the basis of the developing Islamic tradition . From the traditions ( hadith ) of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life ( sunnah ), the code of conduct ( sharia ) it requires, and Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh ). The two largest Islamic denominations ,

352-454: The Sunni and Shia , take different approaches to weighing the value of the companions' testimonies, have different hadith collections and, as a result, have different views about the ṣaḥābah. The second generation of Muslims after the ṣaḥāba, born after the death of Muhammad, who knew at least one ṣaḥāba, are called Tābi'ūn (also "the successors"). The third generation of Muslims after

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384-535: The Tābi'ūn , who knew at least one Tābi , are called tābi' al-tābi'īn . The three generations make up the salaf of Islam. The term sahaba means "companions" and derives from the verb صَحِبَ meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with". "Al-ṣaḥāba" is definite plural; the indefinite singular is masculine صَحَابِيٌّ ( ṣaḥābiyy ), feminine صَحَابِيَّةٌ ( ṣaḥābiyyah ). In Islam, companions of Muhammad are classified into categories including

416-494: The Umrah on two previous occasions. Muslims believe the revelation of verse 27 of Surah 22, Al Hajj : And proclaim to the people the Hajj [pilgrimage]; they will come to you on foot and on every lean camel; they will come from every distant pass. Muhammad committed to the Hajj that year. The Muslims in Medina and the surrounding regions gathered with Muhammad to undertake the journey. Muhammad appointed Abu Dujana al-Ansari as

448-530: The Zuhr prayer at the miqat before leaving on a camel named Al Qaswa'. Muhammad then proceeded with his journey until he reached Mecca, arriving eight days later. Spending the night at Dhi Tuwa outside Mecca, Muhammad and his companions arrived at the Masjid al-Haram the next day. They entered from what is the Al Salam Gate today and approached the Kaaba . Muhammad then proceeded to the circumambulate

480-536: The consultation of companions about the successor of Muhammad, Shi'i scholars, therefore, deprecate hadith believed to have been transmitted from alleged unjust companions and place much more reliance on hadith believed to have been related by Muhammad's family members, the Ahl al-Bayt , and by the companions who supported Ali . The Shia claim that Muhammad announced his successor during his lifetime at Da'wat Dhu al-Ashira, then many times during his prophethood and finally at

512-485: The event of Ghadir Khumm . Shias consider that any hadith where Muhammad is claimed to have absolved all ṣaḥābah from sin is a false report by those who opposed the Ahl al-Bayt. Once a male or female Muslim has seen Muhammad only for a short time, no matter whether he/she is a child or an adult, he/she is called a Sahaba with the proviso of dying with as a believer; the same rule applies to blind Muslims who have talked with

544-590: The Governor of Medina during his absence. On 25 Dhu al-Qi'dah (c. February 632), he left Medina, accompanied by all his wives. Before leaving for Mecca , Muhammad stayed at the Miqat Dhu al-Hulayfah and taught the Muslims the manner of wearing Ihram . He first performed ghusl , before putting on his ihram , which is said to have consisted of two pieces of Yemeni unsewed white cotton. Muhammad then performed

576-710: The Mu'tazilites preferring to restrict it. The Shia as well as some Sunni scholars like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi and Amin Ahsan Islahi follow a stricter definition, believing that not every Muslim who met Muhammad should be considered a companion. In their view, the Qurʻan requires companions to demonstrate a high level of faith; thus, only those individuals who had substantial contact with Muhammad should be considered, e.g., those that lived with him, took part in military campaigns, or proselytized. This stricter definition means that

608-539: The Prophet The Companions of the Prophet ( Arabic : اَلصَّحَابَةُ , romanized :  aṣ-ṣaḥāba , lit.   'the companions') were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence. Later Islamic scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which

640-491: The Prophet at least once. If a disbeliever sees Muhammad and then joins the Believers after the demise of Muhammad, he is not a Sahaba; nor is a person called a Sahaba if he converted to Islam afterward although he had seen Muhammad as a Muslim. A person who converts to Islam after being a Sahaba and then becomes a Believer again after the demise of Muhammad is a Sahaba. Muzdalifah Muzdalifah ( Arabic : مُزْدَلِفَة )

672-465: The Qurʻan and the hadith of the Cloak . Shia Muslims believe that some of the companions are accountable for the loss of the caliphate by Ali 's family. As verses 30-33 from Al-Aḥzāb , Shias believe their argument that one must discriminate between the virtues of the companions by verses relating to Muhammad's wives. The Baháʼí Faith recognizes the companions of Muhammad. They are mentioned in

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704-569: The Shia consider each ṣaḥābiyy differently, depending on what they accomplished. They do not accept that the testimony of nearly all ṣaḥābah are an authentic part of the chain of narrators for a hadith. The Shia further argue that the righteousness of ṣaḥābah can be assessed by their loyalty towards Muhammad's family after his death, and they accept hadith from the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt , believing them to be cleansed from sin through their interpretation of

736-469: The coming of Islam, the Hums were reprimanded for this behaviour and told to depart with the other Arabs in Quran 2:199. The stay at Muzdalifah is preceded by a day at Mount Arafat , consisting of glorifying God , repeating the duʿāʾ (Supplication), repentance to God, and asking him for forgiveness. At Arafat, Ẓuhr and ʿAṣr prayers are performed in a combined and abbreviated form during

768-462: The morning and carrying out the ritual of the Stoning of the Devil , reciting the takbir every time he threw a stone at the Jamrah . Muhammad then ordered the sacrifice of the sacrificial animals that he had brought with him. Muhammad and his companions ate little of what they had sacrificed and gave the rest to charity. Muhammad then returned to Mecca, performed another Tawaf and prayed Zuhr at

800-620: The people thought to be most closely associated with Muhammad. However, there were clearly many others who had some contact with Muhammad, and many of those names and biographies were recorded in religious reference texts such as ibn Sa'd 's early Book of the Major Classes . Al-Qurtubi 's Istīʻāb fī maʻrifat al-Aṣhāb (d. 1071 CE) consists of 2770 biographies of male and 381 biographies of female ṣaḥābah. According to an observation in al-Qastallani 's Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah , an untold number of persons had already converted to Islam by

832-539: The reverence due to all companions; It sometimes admonishes them, as when Aisha , wife of Muhammad and daughter of the first Sunni caliph Abu Bakr , was accused of infidelity. Differing views on the definition of a companion were also influenced by the debate between the Traditionalists and the Muʿtazila with the traditionalists preferring to extend the definition to as many people as possible and

864-421: The sunset of the 8th of Dhu al-Hijjah , Muhammad left for Mina and performed all prayers from Zuhr to Fajr , before leaving for Mount Arafat the next morning, walking alongside his camel. As he ascended the mountain, he was surrounded by thousands of pilgrims chanting Talbiyah and Takbir . Muhammad ordered a tent be erected for him on the east side of Mount Arafat at a spot called Namirah . He rested in

896-495: The tent until the sun passed the zenith , then he rode his camel until he reached the valley of Uranah . Muhammad delivered his final Friday sermon ( khutbah ), known as the Farewell Sermon , to more than 100,000 Sahaba , before leading the Zuhr and Asr prayers in conjunction. Then he moved to plain of Arafat and spent the afternoon in supplication. According to Al Mubarakpuri , verse 3 of Surah 5, Al Ma'idah ,

928-622: The time Muhammad died. There were 10,000 by the time of the Conquest of Mecca and 70,000 during the Expedition of Tabuk in 630. Some Muslims assert that they were more than 200,000 in number: it is believed that 124,000 pilgrims witnessed the Farewell Sermon Muhammad delivered after making Farewell Pilgrimage to Mecca. The most widespread definition of a companion is someone who met Muhammad, believed in him, and died

960-509: The time of Zuhr . After sunset on the ninth day of the Islamic month of Dhūl-Ḥijjah , Muslim pilgrims travel to Muzdalifah, sometimes arriving at night because of over-crowding. After arriving at Muzdalifah, pilgrims pray the Maghrib and ʿIshāʾ prayers jointly, whereas the Isha prayer is shortened to 2 rakat s. At Muzdalifah, pilgrims collect pebbles for the Stoning of

992-468: The ṣaḥāba was highlighted by the third generation scholar named Ibn al-Mubarak , who was once asked to choose between Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan , who was a companion, and Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz , who was famous for his piety. Ibn al-Mubarak simply responded: " ...dust particles in Mu'awiya's nose (while fighting in Hunayn under Muhammad) were better than six hundred Umar (ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz)..." Following

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1024-406: Was revealed to Muhammad after having delivered this sermon: This day I have perfected your religion for you, completed My Favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion. Upon sunset of the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, Muhammad arrived at Muzdalifah and performed his Maghrib and Isha prayer before taking rest. At the break of dawn, he prayed and supplicated before returning to Mina in

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