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81-654: It is the economic and transportation hub of the Uvira Territory and is also home to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Uvira , a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Bukavu . Uvira is distinguished by a robust trade network , fishing industry , and cultural heritage . Uvira has been significantly impacted by long-term conflict and frequent population displacements, which have affected the city and surrounding regions for nearly four decades. Uvira

162-708: A supereon , but this is also an informal term, not defined by the ICS in its chronostratigraphic guide. Eozoic (from eo- "earliest") was a synonym for pre-Cambrian , or more specifically Archean . A specific date for the origin of life has not been determined. Carbon found in 3.8 billion-year-old rocks (Archean Eon) from islands off western Greenland may be of organic origin. Well-preserved microscopic fossils of bacteria older than 3.46 billion years have been found in Western Australia . Probable fossils 100 million years older have been found in

243-488: A 2013 Prime Ministerial decree granted city status to Uvira. Leading up to the 2018 general elections , the government reaffirmed this designation. On 27 December 2018, President Joseph Kabila formalized Uvira's city status through a presidential decree, which was further strengthened by Decree No. 13/029 on 13 June 2019. This decree conferred city and municipal status to various agglomerations in South Kivu, making Uvira

324-458: A city: The preponderance of Uvira's residents are nationals, with a workforce tallying 194,669 people, equating to 99.8% of the populace. Foreign nationals constitute just 0.2%, with most of them residing in Kilibula, which accommodates 26.7% of the expatriate demographic. Burundians form the largest foreign contingent, comprising 55.2%, followed by Rwandans at approximately 37.5%. In Mulongwe,

405-540: A community of fishermen along Lake Tanganyika 's shores. The region was subsequently occupied by the Banyalenge (or Benelenge ), immigrants who derived their name from their chief, Lenge, who likely migrated from Maniema around the 17th century. Over time, the Banyalenge became known as the Bavira and emerged as the ruling clan of the ethnic group. The name " Bavira " is derived from " Kivira ", meaning " oil palm " in

486-402: A critical indicator of water safety , was detected in merely 8% of household water samples, predominantly from piped supplies. Sanitation infrastructure was similarly inadequate, with no centralized wastewater management system in place. Households rely predominantly on shared latrines (41%), private outdoor latrines (27%), or engage in open defecation (20%). In response to these challenges,

567-474: A distinctly Congolese Christian sect, constitutes a significant facet of the city's religious identity. Non-Christian faiths, although constituting a minority, contribute to the city's spiritual diversity. This includes a small Muslim community as well as other religious entities such as the Church of "Dieu Poisson", colloquially referred to as Mayebo. Uvira health system is characterized by limited resources and

648-499: A diverse array of soil types , from clay -rich soils in hilly areas to sandy alluvium in the valley floor. The city experiences a tropical climate with a clear division between wet and dry seasons . The wet season in Uvira typically occurs from January to mid-May and from mid-September to December, and a dry season spanning from June to September. Temperature variations align with the seasons and elevation, with lower temperatures in

729-512: A few discreet slave dealers in Uzige (in the region of Usumbura ), Bangwana (Islamized people from Unyamwezi or the Congo basin ), Basumbwa, Bavira (from the country of Uvira), and Bayangayanga (peddlers from the southern part of Burundi, specialized in the trade of salt and iron ). He added that a boy was worth two to four fundo or strings of beads, while a girl was worth twice as much (a fundo

810-492: A high prevalence of communicable diseases. The medical infrastructure includes a state-owned general reference hospital , which serves as the principal healthcare facility in the city, alongside four private and denominational polyclinics , 17 community health centers operated by Catholic , Protestant , Kimbanguist , and private churches, 26 dispensaries , and approximately one hundred private pharmacies . Uvira also hosts four therapeutic nutritional centers that are funded by

891-831: A hit among visitors. The city served as a vital crossroads for diverse media outlets, providing the local population with essential news, information, and entertainment in Swahili , Lingala , and French . Some of the city's prominent media outlets includes: The city is also enriched by the presence of several local media outlets: Transport hub A transport hub is a place where passengers and cargo are exchanged between vehicles and/or between transport modes . Public transport hubs include railway stations , rapid transit stations , bus stops , tram stops , airports , and ferry slips . Freight hubs include classification yards , airports, seaports , and truck terminals, or combinations of these. For private transport by car,

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972-477: A key agricultural organization, along with the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture 's research station. Due to Uvira's close location to Lake Tanganyika —the world's second-deepest lake and a source of rich aquatic life— fishing has developed as a primary economic activity, supporting around 1% of residents directly or indirectly. This sector involves local communities, including

1053-498: A major transport hub, often multimodal (bus and rail), may be referred to as a transport centre or, in American English , as a transit center . Sections of city streets that are devoted to functioning as transit hubs are referred to as transit malls . In cities with a central station , that station often also functions as a transport hub in addition to being a railway station. Journey planning involving transport hubs

1134-559: A number of air carriers including Alaska Airlines , American Airlines , Braniff International Airways , Continental Airlines , Delta Air Lines , Eastern Airlines , Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) , Hughes Airwest , National Airlines (1934-1980) , Pan Am , Trans World Airlines ( TWA ), United Airlines and Western Airlines previously operated such cooperative "through plane" interchange flights on both domestic and/or international services with these schedules appearing in their respective system timetables. Delta Air Lines pioneered

1215-735: A possible 2450 Ma red alga from the Kola Peninsula , 1650 Ma carbonaceous biosignatures in north China, the 1600 Ma Rafatazmia , and a possible 1047 Ma Bangiomorpha red alga from the Canadian Arctic. The earliest fossils widely accepted as complex multicellular organisms date from the Ediacaran Period. A very diverse collection of soft-bodied forms is found in a variety of locations worldwide and date to between 635 and 542 Ma. These are referred to as Ediacaran or Vendian biota . Hard-shelled creatures appeared toward

1296-589: A significant expatriate community from countries including Burundi, Rwanda, Zambia, Tanzania, Belgium, France, Sweden, China, and India. Among the native groups, the Vira, who speak Kivira, predominantly occupy the Bavira Chiefdom from Makobola to Kawizi. The Fuliiru predominantly inhabit the mountainous terrains along the Uvira-Bukavu road corridor and represent the majority in the northern regions, whereas

1377-700: A smaller number of Hutus who were harbored in Ruzizi Plain by Bafuliiru. They were later dispersed to various localities in Uvira. Conversely, the majority of Banyarwanda immigrants were mostly Tutsi herders who were accommodated by Fuliiru chief in Mulenge and Upper Sange , incrementally establishing their presence. During the Rwandan Revolution and the Rwandan genocide , a significant number of refugees settled in various regions of Uvira. Between

1458-560: Is also prevalent, with nearly every family in the city engaged in rearing chickens , turkeys , rabbits , guinea pigs , and other fowl . The area is known for its rich cultural heritage and skilled Fuliiru and Vira artisans, who create a wide range of handcrafted products . These artisans specialize in woodworking , pottery , basket weaving , metalwork , and textile production . The city benefits from its close geographical location, which enables it to engage in internal and external trade with Burundi , Tanzania , Zambia , Rwanda ,

1539-689: Is also well-established, represented by diverse sects such as Pentecostals , Free Methodist Church , the Communauté Baptiste au Centre de l'Afrique (CBCA), the Communauté des Églises Libres de Pentecôte en Afrique (CELPA), Missões Evangelísticas Vinde Amados Meus (MEVAM), Church of the Dominators, and Seventh-day Adventist Church . Additionally, there is a notable presence of revivalist congregations and restorationist movements, including Jehovah's Witnesses . The Kimbanguist Church ,

1620-467: Is home to only three women's football teams. In addition to its sporting infrastructure, Uvira offers various recreational venues, such as performance halls like Baraza la Parokya and the chapel school, as well as the grand hall of the Mulongwe parish. Moreover, the city is dotted with bars, clubs, dancing clubs, cabarets, and bistros. Uvira's coastal areas, especially Saga I and Saga II beaches, are also

1701-664: Is known to occur during the RNA replication of extant coronaviruses . Evidence of the details of plate motions and other tectonic activity in the Precambrian is difficult to interpret. It is generally believed that small proto-continents existed before 4280 Ma, and that most of the Earth's landmasses collected into a single supercontinent around 1130 Ma. The supercontinent, known as Rodinia , broke up around 750 Ma. A number of glacial periods have been identified going as far back as

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1782-627: Is located at the northernmost tip of Lake Tanganyika . To the north are Kavimvira's hot springs and the Nyangara marshlands ; to the south lies the Ruzizi River , forming a natural border with the Kalungwe groupement of the Bavira Chiefdom. Lake Tanganyika and Burundi border it to the east, while the Mitumba mountains rise to the west. Kalundu, a lake port located at the southern end of

1863-483: Is more complicated than direct trips, as journeys will typically require a transfer at the hub. Modern electronic journey planners for public transport have a digital representation of both the stops and transport hubs in a network, to allow them to calculate journeys that include transfers at hubs. Airports have a twofold hub function. First, they concentrate passenger traffic into one place for onward transportation. This makes it important for airports to be connected to

1944-507: Is not grown there, but sorghum and maize are bought there". Following the Congo-Arab War , the slave trade began to decline. While the war did not entirely eradicate the slave trade, it significantly contributed to its decline. The conflict disrupted the existing networks and operations of Arab-Swahili slave traders, making it considerably more challenging for them to continue their slave-trading activities as before. Furthermore, with

2025-668: Is the earliest part of Earth's history , set before the current Phanerozoic Eon. The Precambrian is so named because it preceded the Cambrian , the first period of the Phanerozoic Eon , which is named after Cambria , the Latinized name for Wales , where rocks from this age were first studied. The Precambrian accounts for 88% of the Earth's geologic time. The Precambrian is an informal unit of geologic time, subdivided into three eons ( Hadean , Archean , Proterozoic ) of

2106-521: Is thought that the Earth coalesced from material in orbit around the Sun at roughly 4,543 Ma, and may have been struck by another planet called Theia shortly after it formed, splitting off material that formed the Moon (see Giant-impact hypothesis ). A stable crust was apparently in place by 4,433 Ma, since zircon crystals from Western Australia have been dated at 4,404 ± 8 Ma. The term "Precambrian"

2187-731: Is used by geologists and paleontologists for general discussions not requiring a more specific eon name. However, both the United States Geological Survey and the International Commission on Stratigraphy regard the term as informal. Because the span of time falling under the Precambrian consists of three eons (the Hadean , the Archean , and the Proterozoic ), it is sometimes described as

2268-568: The Albertine Rift , a sub-region of the Great Rift Valley . This tectonically active region is characterized by a staircase-like formation of horsts and graben , along with faulting and volcanic activity . Uvira's geological substratum is composed of ancient Precambrian rock formations , such as gneisses , quartzites , and granites , as well as more recent Quaternary alluvial deposits. These formations have produced

2349-546: The CNPSC rebel group launched an attack on the city, which was repelled by the national army and MONUSCO forces. On 17 April 2020, torrential downpours in Uvira resulted in deadly floods, with 24 people losing their lives as the Mulongwe River overflowed. Radio Okapi reported that water descending from the mountains inundated key streets and National Road No. 5. Official records show 3,500 homes damaged, and UM News,

2430-533: The European Union and other international non-governmental organizations , under the supervision of Caritas Internationalis , the Bureau Central de Zone de Santé (BCZS), and Action Against Hunger (ACF). Public health challenges include endemic diseases such as malaria , typhoid , mpox , cholera , and various diarrheal and infectious diseases. Uvira has emerged as a critical epicenter of

2511-851: The First and Second Congo Wars , the region served as a major battleground for various armed groups, national armies, and militias, including the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), Forces Armées Burundaises (FAB), Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), Rally for Congolese Democracy-Goma (RCD-Goma), and various Mai-Mai militias. Uvira and nearby areas experienced violence and loss of civilian lives during these wars. On 18 October 1996, AFDL/RPA units reportedly killed at least 88 civilians in Kiliba , located just thirteen kilometers north of Uvira. On

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2592-547: The First Congo War , leaving the majority of Uvira's residents reliant on unsafe water sources. Before recent upgrades, only 30% of residents had intermittent access to piped water, with most households resorting to rivers (62%), public taps (53%), or Lake Tanganyika (34%) for water according to household surveys conducted in 2016–2017. Water treatment practices remained minimal, with only 6% of households reporting any form of water purification . Free residual chlorine ,

2673-554: The French Development Agency (AFD), the Veolia Foundation (VF), and REGIDESO launched a comprehensive water infrastructure improvement project in 2014. It encompassed significant upgrades to the city's water supply system, including the refurbishment of the primary water intake on the Mulongwe River, modernization of water treatment and pumping stations, construction of a 1,600-m³ storage tank in

2754-534: The Huronian epoch, roughly 2400–2100 Ma. One of the best studied is the Sturtian-Varangian glaciation, around 850–635 Ma, which may have brought glacial conditions all the way to the equator, resulting in a " Snowball Earth ". The atmosphere of the early Earth is not well understood. Most geologists believe it was composed primarily of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other relatively inert gases, and

2835-605: The Kivu region. Uvira's pivotal location at the northern entry to Kivu allowed for monitoring German East Africa positions in neighboring Ruanda-Urundi and Tanganyika. In 1908, King Leopold II ceded the Congo Free State to Belgium , transitioning the territory into what would become the Belgian Congo . A central administrative shift occurred on 11 September 1911, when a ministerial decree formally annexed Kivu to

2916-633: The Stanleyville District (later part of the Orientale Province of the Belgian Congo) and designating Uvira as the district headquarters. This administrative body included three sectors— Tanganyika , Edward, and Rutshuru—with Uvira, Beni , and Rutshuru serving as the sector capitals. In 1914, however, Kivu's capital was transferred from Uvira to Rutshuru. Uvira's administrative structure was further refined in 1928 with

2997-497: The United Methodist Church 's official news outlet, noted that nearly 70,000 people were displaced. The floods also damaged two major bridges in the neighboring areas, including Runingu and Sange. The Uvira's economy is bolstered by its primary sector, driven by extensive family-based subsistence agriculture . The area yields a variety of crops, such as Irish potatoes , maize , beans , cowpeas , cabbage , and

3078-501: The Vira , Fuliru , and Bembe , who cultivate various fish types such as tilapia , catfish , kapenta (referred to locally as ndakala or sambaza), protopterus (locally called njombo), Astatotilapia burtoni (or Kijoli), clarias (known as kambale), Tanganyika killifish , sleek lates (regionally called mukeke), Lake Tanganyika sprat , and Nile perch . Fishing contributes to food security , alleviating malnutrition , and improving

3159-720: The climate and weather patterns in the region, as large bodies of water have an impact on local temperatures and precipitation . Uvira is home to marshlands and hydric meadows , dominated by macrophytes such as reeds that flourish in hydrosaturated environments. Grass -dominated savannas , serving as vital pastoral and agronomic reserves, are dominated by Imperata cylindrica , Hyparrhenia spp. , Eragrostis spp. , Urochloa eminii ( Brachiaria ruziziensis or Congo grass), and Pennisetum spp . Scattered with Acacia kirkii in some wooded zones , these savannas are valuable for their forage and timber . Drought -adapted xerophilous groves host species resilient to

3240-522: The geologic time scale . It spans from the formation of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago ( Ga ) to the beginning of the Cambrian Period, about 538.8 million years ago ( Ma ), when hard-shelled creatures first appeared in abundance. Relatively little is known about the Precambrian, despite it making up roughly seven-eighths of the Earth's history , and what is known has largely been discovered from

3321-747: The hub and spoke system for aviation in 1955 from its hub in Atlanta, Georgia , United States , in an effort to compete with Eastern Air Lines . FedEx adopted the hub and spoke model for overnight package delivery during the 1970s. When the United States airline industry was deregulated in 1978, Delta's hub and spoke paradigm was adopted by several airlines. Many airlines around the world operate hub-and-spoke systems facilitating passenger connections between their respective flights. Intermodal passenger transport hubs in public transport include bus stations, railway stations and metro stations , while

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3402-499: The nutritional status of communities, particularly those living in rural areas or in nearby cities and towns such as Sange, Luvungi, and Kiliba . It also provides significant income-generating opportunities for farmers and entrepreneurs, who sell their fish products in notable markets such as Marché Maendeleo, Marché Kalimabenge, and Marché Mulongwe. Family-based livestock breeding is widespread in Uvira. Common livestock includes cattle , goats , sheep , and pigs . Poultry farming

3483-482: The oxygen catastrophe . At first, oxygen would have quickly combined with other elements in Earth's crust, primarily iron, removing it from the atmosphere. After the supply of oxidizable surfaces ran out, oxygen would have begun to accumulate in the atmosphere, and the modern high-oxygen atmosphere would have developed. Evidence for this lies in older rocks that contain massive banded iron formations that were laid down as iron oxides. A terminology has evolved covering

3564-401: The parking lot functions as an unimodal hub. Historically, an interchange service in the scheduled passenger air transport industry involved a "through plane" flight operated by two or more airlines where a single aircraft was used with the individual airlines operating it with their own flight crews on their respective portions of a direct, no-change-of-plane multi-stop flight. In the U.S.,

3645-653: The 1850s and 1890s, Burundi's shoreline served as an entrepôt for the slave traffic coming from the eastern part of the Congo Free State . Arab-Swahili merchants, who were majorly warlords involved in the Indian Ocean slave trade , procured slaves from the area for the purpose of trading. They operated mainly in the eastern Congo Free State , notably in areas like Uvira, Katanga , Nyangwe , Kasaï , Kabinda , Kirundu , and Baraka . Father Van der Burgt noted in his Dictionary that in 1897–8, there were

3726-401: The 1960s onwards. The Precambrian fossil record is poorer than that of the succeeding Phanerozoic , and fossils from the Precambrian (e.g. stromatolites ) are of limited biostratigraphic use. This is because many Precambrian rocks have been heavily metamorphosed , obscuring their origins, while others have been destroyed by erosion, or remain deeply buried beneath Phanerozoic strata. It

3807-551: The 19th century, several European explorers carried out expeditions to Uvira. In 1857–1858, Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke embarked on a mission that brought them to Lake Tanganyika , while in 1871, Henry Morton Stanley joined David Livingstone at Ujiji , a town situated in the Kigoma-Ujiji District of the Kigoma Region , where they explored the mouth of the Ruzizi River . However, it

3888-576: The Bavira paramount. Gradually, the Bahamba clan expanded their paramountcy, occupying considerable localities along the north-western coastline of the Ruzizi Plain , stretching from Uvira to Luvungi . The expansion led to the establishment of the Bahamba dynasty, which governed the various parts of the region. Inter-marriage between the Bavira and Bafuliiru clans occurred, which further intertwined their cultures and forged social connections . Throughout

3969-683: The Bembe predominantly reside in the southern sectors of Uvira, encompassing the Kakungwe, Kimanga, and Kalundu. Before receiving city status, Uvira consisted of 14 neighborhoods ( quartiers ), with Kakombe having the highest population density. It had a workforce of 24,407 residents, accounting for 12.5% of the city's total population. Mulongwe and Kibondwe neighborhoods had the second and third-highest populations, with 20,531 and 3,687 inhabitants, respectively. The 2014 civil status statistics for Uvira's neighborhoods ( quartiers ) prior to its designation as

4050-532: The Second Congo War, ANC/RPA/FAB operatives killed dozens of civilians in Uvira on 6 August 1998. Hundreds of victims were killed during confrontations with the RCD-Goma when they attempted to seek shelter or escape from the combat zone. Others were executed after the fighting ended during search operations. Women were also subjected to rape by the soldiers during these operations. The official end of

4131-411: The airline does not fly directly between. Airlines have extended the hub-and-spoke model in various ways. One method is to create additional hubs on a regional basis, and to create major routes between the hubs. This reduces the need to travel long distances between nodes that are close together. Another method is to use focus cities to implement point-to-point service for high traffic routes, bypassing

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4212-479: The arid microclimates of the region, while fragmented relics of forested areas persist as ecological vestiges in transitional zones. Extensive deforestation , exacerbated by conflict-induced socio-economic strain, has significantly depleted these once-prominent forests. Uvira lies geologically within the Ruzizi Plain , an integral part of the East African Rift 's western branch, specifically within

4293-715: The arrival of the Force Publique , the Belgian colonial forces in the region, there was an increase in scrutiny and intervention against the slave trade. Motivated by their own economic interests and responding to international pressure, the Belgian colonial authorities actively sought to suppress the slave trade and implemented various anti-slavery measures advocated by abolitionists . Uvira has been afflicted by armed groups, militia groups, inter-communal tensions, and clashes for over three decades, resulting in violence, population displacement , and human rights abuses . During

4374-649: The city of Bukavu , Kalemie , and the Fizi Territory . Itinerant trade, commuting, and freight forwarding are primarily conducted by the local population. The main public markets include Kalundu, Maendeleo, Kalimabenge, Soko Congolese "Zairians", Kasenga, Kanvimvira, and Kilomoni. The primary communication channels that facilitate traffic with the outside world are: Uvira is home to a diverse population consisting of native ethnic groups of Bantu origin, including Vira , Fuliiru , Bembe , Zoba , Lega , Shi , Nyindu , Luba and Bangubangu . The city also hosts

4455-594: The city, serves as a connection point for boats heading to Kalemie in Tanganyika Province , Kigoma in Tanzania, Pulungu in Zambia , and Bujumbura . Located approximately 120 km from Bukavu (South Kivu's capital), Uvira is accessible by road from Bukavu and Bujumbura and is 60 km from Fizi Territory . Lake Tanganyika supports thriving fishing and transportation industries. Uvira is characterized by

4536-576: The conclusion of the extended initiative, 2,368 private connections and 93 community taps had been rendered operational. Uvira is a prominent sporting hub in the region, boasting two basketball courts and several football fields . It is home to the city's biggest and most popular stadium, Stade de l'Unité d'Uvira, as well as Stade Epanza. These stadiums serve as gathering places for sports enthusiasts , political election campaigns , public speaking , football matches, athletics competitions, and various sporting events . Despite having these facilities, Uvira

4617-401: The current scheme based upon numerical ages. Such a system could rely on events in the stratigraphic record and be demarcated by GSSPs . The Precambrian could be divided into five "natural" eons, characterized as follows: The movement of Earth's plates has caused the formation and break-up of continents over time, including occasional formation of a supercontinent containing most or all of

4698-453: The early years of the Earth's existence, as radiometric dating has allowed absolute dates to be assigned to specific formations and features. The Precambrian is divided into three eons: the Hadean (4567.3–4031 Ma), Archean (4031-2500 Ma) and Proterozoic (2500-538.8 Ma). See Timetable of the Precambrian . It has been proposed that the Precambrian should be divided into eons and eras that reflect stages of planetary evolution, rather than

4779-705: The end of that time span, marking the beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon. By the middle of the following Cambrian Period, a very diverse fauna is recorded in the Burgess Shale , including some which may represent stem groups of modern taxa. The increase in diversity of lifeforms during the early Cambrian is called the Cambrian explosion of life. While land seems to have been devoid of plants and animals, cyanobacteria and other microbes formed prokaryotic mats that covered terrestrial areas. Tracks from an animal with leg-like appendages have been found in what

4860-649: The establishment of Uvira Territory , organized into three chiefdoms: Bafuliru , Bavira, and Barundi. Ordinance-Law No. 21/91, issued on 25 February 1938, defined Uvira Territory's boundaries and administrative structure, which included three chiefdoms ( Bafuliiru , Bavira, and the Ruzizi Plain), three urban centers (Uvira, Kiliba , and Sange ), and three administrative posts (Makobola, Luvungi , and Mulenge ). This administrative configuration remained unaltered by Order No. 67-221, issued on 3 May 1967. In recognition of its growing population and economic significance,

4941-468: The high plateau (15° to 25°C) and moderate temperatures (20° to 30°C) in the Ruzizi Plain during the dry season. Uvira's administrative framework is rooted in its historical development since 1911, molded by its strategic role. On 17 October 1900, the Congo Free State —under the rule of King Leopold II of Belgium —established a war council in Uvira to facilitate the conquest and administration of

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5022-537: The hub entirely. There are usually three kinds of freight hubs: sea-road, sea-rail, and road-rail, though they can also be sea-road-rail. With the growth of containerization , intermodal freight transport has become more efficient, often making multiple legs cheaper than through services—increasing the use of hubs. Precambrian The Precambrian ( / p r i ˈ k æ m b r i . ə n , - ˈ k eɪ m -/ pree- KAM -bree-ən, -⁠KAYM- ; or Pre-Cambrian , sometimes abbreviated pC , or Cryptozoic )

5103-430: The interlacustrine kingdoms and chiefdoms. According to Richard Francis Burton : "The Uvira trade is important, the place is very busy because of the abundance and the low price of food: it is a large warehouse of slaves, ivory, clothing of bark and iron objects of the northern region of the lake, and in the travel season, it is rare that a day passes without several canoes coming there to fetch goods and food. Rice

5184-541: The landmass. The earliest known supercontinent was Vaalbara . It formed from proto-continents and was a supercontinent 3.636 billion years ago. Vaalbara broke up c. 2.845–2.803 Ga ago. The supercontinent Kenorland was formed c. 2.72 Ga ago and then broke sometime after 2.45–2.1 Ga into the proto-continent cratons called Laurentia , Baltica , Yilgarn craton and Kalahari . The supercontinent Columbia , or Nuna, formed 2.1–1.8 billion years ago and broke up about 1.3–1.2 billion years ago. The supercontinent Rodinia

5265-462: The local language, a reference to the palm-rich landscape that led neighboring communities to associate the people with the "land of oil palms". Following the Vira settlement, the Bahamba clan of the Fuliiru people arrived in the region, establishing themselves north of the Bavira, partly within Bavira territory. Notably, the Bahamba clan had their own paramount leader who operated independently from

5346-466: The newly introduced carrots , amaranths , onions , and spring onions . Staple crops include maize, Irish potatoes, and bush beans , while cowpeas are cultivated less frequently. Potatoes and maize were said to have been introduced in 1985 by a local NGO, Groupe Milima. Recently, onions were introduced to Kitembe by a pioneering farmer, and amaranths along with spring onions were brought into Kahololo by another farmer. Uvira hosts Nabahya Food Institute ,

5427-631: The ongoing 2023–2024 mpox epidemic within South Kivu Province. The General Hospital of Uvira has been actively engaged in the treatment of mpox patients, providing free treatment to those affected. To mitigate the outbreak, the health zone has established a specialized mpox treatment facility adhering to protocols instituted by the Ministry of Public Health . Despite these interventions, significant obstacles persist, including limited access to emergency healthcare services and difficulties in

5508-475: The presence of several rivers and is rich in streams . The city is dominated by Lake Tanganyika , which borders it from the northeast and southeast. From the west, Uvira is crossed by various rivers, namely the Kamberulu River, Ruzizi River , Kakungwe River, Kibinda River, Kamanyola River, Kalimabenge River, Mulongwe River, and Kanvinvira River. The presence of Lake Tanganyika significantly influences

5589-424: The province's second city after Bukavu . Kiza Muhato, a noted civil society figure, was appointed as mayor, with Kiki Kifara Kapenda serving as the deputy mayor. The city consists of three communes : Uvira has a long and intricate history influenced by the convergence of different ethnic groups over time. According to early accounts by Alfred Moeller de Laddersous , the region's initial inhabitants were Bazoba ,

5670-405: The rehabilitation of 10 kilometers of existing pipes. The project initially targeted the installation of 115 new community taps and the establishment or rehabilitation of 2,997 private water connections. Between September 2019 and December 2021, significant progress was achieved, with 56 community taps installed, 1,191 new private connections established, and 717 existing connections rehabilitated. By

5751-526: The same area. However, there is evidence that life could have evolved over 4.280 billion years ago. There is a fairly solid record of bacterial life throughout the remainder (Proterozoic Eon) of the Precambrian. Complex multicellular organisms may have appeared as early as 2100 Ma. However, the interpretation of ancient fossils is problematic, and "... some definitions of multicellularity encompass everything from simple bacterial colonies to badgers." Other possible early complex multicellular organisms include

5832-516: The same day, AFDL/RPA units were responsible for the deaths of at least 51 civilians in Bwegera , with the Red Cross organizing mass burials for the victims. The capture of Uvira on 25 October 1996 saw renewed atrocities committed by AFDL/RPA/FAB units, including indiscriminate killings that resulted in the deaths of several hundred people, including Hutu refugees and Zairean civilians. During

5913-420: The southern sector, and development of a piped distribution network with household connections. Key improvements included the expansion of the water treatment plant's capacity through advanced coagulation , flocculation , sand filtration, and chlorination processes. Additionally, a new 2,000-m³ storage tank was constructed in the city's northern area, and 24 kilometers of new water pipes were installed alongside

5994-410: The surrounding transport infrastructure, including roads, bus services, and railway and rapid transit systems. Secondly some airports function as intra-modular hubs for the airlines, or airline hubs . This is a common strategy among network airlines who fly only from limited number of airports and usually will make their customers change planes at one of their hubs if they want to get between two cities

6075-633: The timely identification of cases due to insufficient resources. Cholera and diarrheal diseases are entrenched within Uvira's public health profile, rendering the city a recognized cholera "hotspot". Data from the General Hospital of Uvira reveals an average of 1,200 hospital admissions annually for acute diarrheal illnesses between 2009 and 2021, with approximately 40% of these cases attributed to cholera based on rapid diagnostic tests introduced in 2016. The city's water infrastructure , originally built in 1958, suffered extensive damage during

6156-600: The war came in July 2003 with the signing of the Global and All-Inclusive Agreement on Transition in Kinshasa . However, despite the formal end of the war, the region continues to face sporadic outbreaks of violence, often involving armed groups, militias, and inter-communal tensions. These ongoing conflicts have resulted in further violence, population displacement, and human rights abuses in Uvira and its surrounding areas. In 2017,

6237-534: The workforce shows near gender parity, with approximately 98,390 women and 96,696 men. As of 2009, the city's population was estimated at 171,409, including 484 foreign residents. Uvira is predominantly Christian , encompassing a heterogeneous spectrum of denominations. The Roman Catholic Church holds a prominent position in the city, housing the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Uvira alongside its cathedral and three parochial jurisdictions. Protestant Christianity

6318-622: Was in 1898 that Lieutenant Chargeois established a post in Uvira opposite the one the Germans had established in Bujumbura , a year earlier in 1897. He was immediately joined by Catholic missionaries, notably the Reverend Father Victor Roelens . The region experienced an influx of Barundi and Banyarwanda immigrants In the latter half of the 19th century. The Barundi immigrants were predominantly Tutsis, accompanied by

6399-482: Was lacking in free oxygen . There is, however, evidence that an oxygen-rich atmosphere existed since the early Archean. At present, it is still believed that molecular oxygen was not a significant fraction of Earth's atmosphere until after photosynthetic life forms evolved and began to produce it in large quantities as a byproduct of their metabolism . This radical shift from a chemically inert to an oxidizing atmosphere caused an ecological crisis , sometimes called

6480-852: Was mud 551 million years ago. The RNA world hypothesis asserts that RNA evolved before coded proteins and DNA genomes. During the Hadean Eon (4,567–4,031 Ma) abundant geothermal microenvironments were present that may have had the potential to support the synthesis and replication of RNA and thus possibly the evolution of a primitive life form. It was shown that porous rock systems comprising heated air-water interfaces could allow ribozyme - catalyzed RNA replication of sense and antisense strands that could be followed by strand-dissociation, thus enabling combined synthesis, release and folding of active ribozymes. This primitive RNA replicative system also may have been able to undergo template strand switching during replication ( genetic recombination ) as

6561-442: Was valued at 0.30F at that time). In Uvira, Arab-Swahili traders established commercial networks and often collaborated with local intermediaries to capture, enslave, and transport people. The native population also engaged in trade, exchanging slaves , ivory , iron objects , bark clothing , palm oil , bananas , grain , and cassava , which led to the development of a significant commercial center that traded products from all

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