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81-524: Both the V-173 and the XF5U featured an unorthodox "all-wing" design consisting of a flat, somewhat disk-shaped body (like a pancake flying, hence the nickname) serving as the lifting surface. Two piston engines buried in the body drove propellers located on the leading edge, at the wingtips. In the 1930s, Charles H. Zimmerman was a noted aeronautical engineer who advocated the concept of "discoidal" aircraft,

162-660: A VTOL lifting body lander / ascender to visit an Earth-like planet, only to crash in both attempts. His series UFO featured a lifting body craft visually similar to the M2-F2 for orbital operations ("The Man Who Came Back"). In the Buzz Aldrin's Race Into Space computer game, a modified X-24A becomes an alternative lunar capable spacecraft that the player can choose over the Gemini or Apollo capsule. The 1970s television program The Six Million Dollar Man used footage of

243-638: A Vulcan Centaur and land horizontally on conventional runways. Some aircraft with wings also employ bodies that generate lift. Some of the early 1930s high-wing monoplane designs of the Bellanca Aircraft Company , such as the Bellanca Aircruiser , had vaguely airfoil-shaped fuselages capable of generating some lift, with even the wing struts on some versions given widened fairings to give them some lift-generating capability. The Gee Bee R-1 Super Sportster racing plane of

324-712: A crêpe . In Scotland and North America, a leavening agent is used (typically baking powder ) creating a thick fluffy pancake. A crêpe is a thin pancake of Breton origin cooked on one or both sides in a special pan or crepe maker to achieve a lacelike network of fine bubbles. A well-known variation originating from southeast Europe is palatschinke , a thin moist pancake fried on both sides and filled with jam, cream cheese, chocolate, or ground walnuts, but many other fillings—sweet or savoury—can also be used. Commercially prepared pancake mixes are available in some countries. Like waffles , commercially prepared frozen pancakes are available from companies like Eggo . When buttermilk

405-517: A flying wing , which is a wing with minimal or no conventional fuselage , a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing . Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at subsonic speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic flight, or spacecraft re-entry . All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight safety. Lifting bodies were

486-423: A beach. As the pilot made his final approach, he noticed two bathers directly in his path. The pilot locked the aircraft's brakes on landing, causing the aircraft to flip over onto its back. Remarkably, the airframe proved so strong that neither the plane nor the pilot sustained any significant damage. Despite their inability to stall the aircraft they did find low speed handling to be a persistent issue largely due to

567-513: A common breakfast food item in the Punjab . Most of the pitha in Assam are types of pancakes served on occasions such as Bihu festivals . The Bengali semi-sweet pancake pati-shapta is stuffed with grated coconut or thickened milk. In Western India, the multi-grain thalipeeth is popular. In Goa, a traditional crêpe -like pancake known as alebele or alle belle is eaten at tea-time. It

648-546: A delta wing design for the Space Shuttle. Data acquired in flight test using high-speed landing approaches at very steep descent angles and high sink rates was used for modeling Shuttle flight and landing profiles. In planning for atmospheric re-entry, the landing site is selected in advance. For reusable reentry vehicles, typically a primary site is preferred that is closest to the launch site in order to reduce costs and improve launch turnaround time. However, weather near

729-706: A distinctive spherical shape. (The name literally means "apple slices" in Danish , although apples are not an ingredient.) Æbleskiver are cooked on the stove top by baking in a special cast iron pan with several hemispherical indentations. Batter is poured into the oiled indentations and as the æbleskiver begin to cook, they are turned with a knitting needle, skewer or fork to give the cakes their characteristic spherical shape. Æbleskiver are not sweet themselves but are traditionally served dipped in raspberry, strawberry, lingonberry or blackberry jam and sprinkled with powdered sugar. Finnish pancakes greatly resemble plättar (see

810-555: A lifting body aircraft, culled from actual NASA exercises, in the show's title sequence . The scenes included an HL-10's separation from its carrier plane—a modified B-52—and an M2-F2 piloted by Bruce Peterson , crashing and tumbling violently along the Edwards dry lakebed runway. The cause of the crash was attributed to the onset of Dutch roll stemming from control instability as induced by flow separation. The episode "The Deadly Replay" (season 2 episode 8 aired 9/22/1974) features

891-471: A main course. On Shrove Tuesday , it is customary to eat pancakes with one of the usual toppings. Yorkshire pudding is made from a similar recipe, but baked instead of fried. This batter rises because the air beaten into the batter expands, without the need for baking powder; the result is eaten as part of the traditional roast beef dinner. Staffordshire oatcakes are a savoury variety of pancake particularly associated with that county. A variation of pancake

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972-616: A major area of research in the 1960s and 70s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built a number of lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the US Air Force lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the Space Shuttle design process when it became clear that

1053-476: A near-vertical takeoff- and landing-capable fighter had been proven. This project would be improved upon including the addition of potential armament with the Chance Vought XF5U . This project would improve on many of the weaknesses discovered during the testing of the V-173 prototype. As of April 2012, after undergoing a long restoration by Vought Aircraft Heritage Foundation volunteers, the V-173

1134-553: A number of other aerospace programs, the previously mentioned NASA X-38 , Lockheed Martin X-33 , BAC 's Multi Unit Space Transport And Recovery Device , Europe's EADS Phoenix , and the joint Russian-European Kliper spacecraft. Of the three basic design shapes usually analyzed for such programs (capsule, lifting body, aircraft) the lifting body may offer the best trade-off in terms of maneuverability and thermodynamics while meeting its customers' mission requirements. The Dream Chaser

1215-673: A small tailwheel gave the aircraft a 22° "nose-high" angle. The disc wing design featured a low aspect ratio that overcame the built-in disadvantages of induced drag created at the wingtips with the large propellers actively canceling the drag-causing tip vortices. The propellers were arranged to rotate in the opposite direction to the tip vortices, allowing the aircraft to fly with a much smaller wing area. The small wing provided high maneuverability with greater structural strength. The empennage consisted of two vertical fins with rudders, all-moving stabilizers with anti-servo tabs , and two large elevator/trim surfaces on either side of centerline on

1296-498: A snack option. Chinese pancakes may be either savoury or sweet, and are generally made with dough rather than batter. The dough mostly consists of water, flour, and vegetable oil. The dish can be served as a side, usually alongside duck, or as a snack, topped with scallions along with hot and sour sauce. In Japan, okonomiyaki are made from flour, egg, cabbage and a choice of ingredients. Oyaki are pancakes often stuffed with anko , eggplant , or nozawana . Dorayaki are

1377-772: A sort of sandwich made from Western-style pancakes and anko. Sweet crepes are also very popular. The Japanese have also created a soufflé-style cooked-in rings-pancake, which is taller and fluffier than the American pancakes it is inspired by, and found in Singapore, Toronto , Australia, and the United Kingdom. In Korea, pancakes include savoury buchimgae (Korean pancakes) and jeon (egged and battered pan-fries, sometime pancakes), bindae-tteok (pan-friend mung bean cakes), as well as sweet hotteok (filled sweet pancake). These may be served during all times of

1458-534: A substantial amount of lift from its fuselage shape, almost as much as the 35% each of the wings produces. Fighters like the F-15 Eagle also produce substantial lift from the wide fuselage between the wings. Because the F-15 Eagle's wide fuselage is so efficient at lift, an F-15 is able to land successfully with only one wing, albeit under nearly full power, with thrust contributing significantly to lift. In

1539-726: A thick but light caramelized pancake popular in Bavaria and regions of the former Austria-Hungary , is usually split into pieces, filled with fruits or nuts, sprinkled with powdered sugar and served with a fruit sauce. It is believed that this was first prepared for Kaiser Franz Joseph I of Austria . In Swabia , pancakes sliced into ribbons ( Flädle ) are often served in soup. English pancakes have three key ingredients: plain flour, eggs, and milk, though Gervase Markham 's 1615 version in The English Huswife used water instead of milk, and added sweet spices . The batter

1620-581: A thin crepe, which is made from flour, eggs and coconut milk, with turmeric added to give a yellow color. Banana pancakes are a menu item in backpacker -oriented cafes in Southeast Asia. This has given rise to the term Banana Pancake Trail or Banana Pancake Circuit , given to the growing routes travelled by backpackers across Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Pancakes in Indonesia are called panekuk . The Indonesian pancake serabi

1701-509: A wheat flour-based batter. North Indian salty pancakes are made using batter prepared from gram flour or green gram paste ( moong daal ) and are sometimes garnished with paneer , a cottage-style cheese. Dosa , appam , neer dosa and uttapam are pancakes made in a south Indian cooking style. They are prepared by fermenting rice batter and split-skinned urad bean (black lentil) blended with water. Meetha pooda – sweet pancakes often eaten with pickles and chutney – are

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1782-565: Is a potato pancake . Pancakes may be served at any time of the day or year with a variety of toppings or fillings, but they have developed associations with particular times and toppings in different regions. In North America, they are typically considered a breakfast food and serve a similar function to waffles . In Britain and the Commonwealth , they are associated with Shrove Tuesday , commonly known as "Pancake Day", when, historically, perishable ingredients had to be used up before

1863-622: Is a suborbital and orbital vertical-takeoff, horizontal-landing (VTHL) lifting-body spaceplane being developed by Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC). The Dream Chaser design is planned to eventually carry up to seven people to and from low Earth orbit , and the spaceplane is currently planned to be used for delivering cargo to the International Space Station under the Commercial Resupply Services program. The vehicle will launch vertically on

1944-425: Is a flat cake, often thin and round, prepared from a starch -based batter that may contain eggs, milk, and butter, and then cooked on a hot surface such as a griddle or frying pan . It is a type of batter bread . Archaeological evidence suggests that pancakes were probably eaten in prehistoric societies. The pancake's shape and structure varies worldwide. In England, pancakes are often unleavened and resemble

2025-770: Is a similar dish called crespella or scrippella . In this country are also popular some traditional waffle cookies called pizzelle and in some part of Tuscany there are typical thin crispy pancakes named brigidini , made with aniseed. In Brittany , a galette (or galette bretonne ) is a large thin pancake made of buckwheat flour, often cooked on one side only. Crêpes are popular in many South American countries such as Argentina , Brazil , and Chile . They are consumed with sweet fillings (marmalade, dulce de leche ) or with salty fillings (ground meat (Brazil), vegetables, tomato sauce, cheese). They have also become popular East Asian countries, including Japan , South Korea and China , and Southeast Asian countries, such as

2106-522: Is a similar kind of flatbread eaten in Somalia and Yemen . In Eritrea and Ethiopia, injera are usually served with one or more stews known as wat or with salads (especially, for instance, during periods of Ethiopian Orthodox fasting) or with other injera ( injera firfir ). The right hand is used to tear small pieces from the injera to use to pick up and eat the stews or salads. The injera under these stews soaks up juices and flavours and, after

2187-473: Is a subtype of bibingka (Philippine baked rice cakes). Panyalam , a similar rice pancake from Mindanao , is deep-fried rather than baked. Traditional savory pancakes in the Philippines include pudpod (smoked fish flake pancakes) and okoy (a pancake made of battered shrimp, pumpkin, or sweet potatoes). The American style of pancakes is also a common offering in fast-food establishments in

2268-479: Is a variety of dishes that are called pancakes ( bánh xèo , bánh khọt , which are sometimes called Vietnamese pancakes), as well as similar dishes such as bánh căn and bánh khoái in central Vietnam . In Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia , pancakes are called palatschinke , palačinka and palacinka , respectively (plural: palatschinken , palačinky , and palacinky ). Kaiserschmarrn

2349-583: Is also known as the Newari Pizza , as it is served and eaten similarly to American pizza . Besides being served with meat or eggs, it can also be served plain. In Pakistani cuisine , rishiki is a pancake, slightly thicker than a crepe, which is made from whole wheat flour, water and eggs and usually served with honey. It is widely consumed in the far north and is a staple of Chitrali cuisine . Sri Lankan Coconut Pancakes or පොල් පැණි පෑන්කේක් ( pol pani pancake ) are spiced sweet coconut filling wrapped in

2430-621: Is an Austrian pancake including raisins, almonds, apple jam or small pieces of apple, split into pieces, and sprinkled with powdered sugar. In Romania , they are called clătită (plural: clătite ). In countries of former Yugoslavia , they are called palačinka (plural: palačinke ). In these languages, the word derives from the Latin placenta , meaning "cake". These pancakes are thin and filled with apricot, plum, lingonberry , apple or strawberry jam, chocolate sauce, or hazelnut spread. Eurokrem , Nutella , and Lino-Lada fillings are favourite among

2511-491: Is baked in a rice flour batter immersed in jaggery , coconut shavings and garnished with sesame seeds, peanuts and poppy seeds . In the Philippines , traditional dessert pancakes include salukara , a rice pancake made from glutinous rice, eggs, and coconut milk . The batter is placed in a clay pot or pan lined with banana leaves or greased with oil (traditionally lard ), and is baked over hot coals. Salukara

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2592-402: Is called Pek Nga or Lempeng Kelapa . Cooked very similarly to an American or Canadian –style pancake, albeit without a rising agent, it is a savoury pancake usually served during the breakfast hours with fish curry , coconut sticky rice, dried fish , rendang , or sambal . The traditional Burmese pancake is called bein mont , and is a traditional Burmese snack or mont . The pancake

2673-647: Is eaten as a dessert, there are savory spinach pancakes ( pinaattilettu , pl. pinaattiletut ), which are eaten as a main course, typically with boiled potatoes and lingonberry jam . These are available ready-made from multiple brands. Crêpes , popular in France , Belgium , Switzerland and Portugal , are made from flour, milk, and eggs. They are thin pancakes and are served with a sweet (fruit, ice cream, jam, chocolate spread, powdered sugar) or savoury filling (cheese, ham, seafood, spinach). In Francophone Europe, crêpes are often sold in special stands. In Italy there

2754-407: Is either allowed to dissolve into and soften them or, if their crispy texture is to be retained, eaten immediately. They are a staple at Dutch Reformed Church fêtes. Plaatkoekies ("flapjacks", or lit. "plate cookies") are American-style "silver dollar" pancakes. In Uganda , pancakes are locally made with bananas (one of the staple foods of the country) and usually served as a breakfast or as

2835-701: Is made from rice flour and coconut milk. The dish is often served with kinca , a thick, brown-colored coconut sugar syrup. Other toppings may include sugar , ground peanuts , sliced bananas , jackfruit , and other fruits, and chocolate . Other variations include cheddar cheese , corned beef , shredded chicken , and sausage . Other types of pancakes in Indonesia are burgo , dadar gulung , kue ape , kue apem , kue cubit , kue cucur , kue leker , kue terang bulan , laklak , martabak , pannenkoek , poffertjes , roti canai , and roti jala . The traditional Malay pancake in Malaysia

2916-593: Is on loan from the Smithsonian Institution to the Frontiers of Flight Museum in Dallas, Texas. General characteristics Performance Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists [REDACTED] Media related to Vought V-173 at Wikimedia Commons Pancake A pancake , also known as hotcake , griddlecake , or flapjack ,

2997-617: Is rolled or enveloped into a pre-fried blintz and then the blintz is lightly re-fried, sautéed, or baked. Traditionally, Ashkenazi Jews who, prior to 1945, lived in what is today Poland , portions of the Czech Republic , Hungary , and other portions of the former Pale of Settlement also created blintzes, with the key difference of always using a kosher cheese filling with no rennet . The majority of recipes are sweet and are often served with berries or sour cream. These crepe-like dishes would often be served during Shavuot , and today

3078-479: Is runny and forms a thin layer on the bottom of the frying pan when the pan is tilted. It may form some bubbles during cooking, which results in a pale pancake with dark spots where the bubbles were, but the pancake does not rise. English pancakes are similar to French crêpes and Italian crespelle. They may be eaten as a sweet dessert with the traditional topping of lemon juice and sugar, drizzled with golden syrup , or wrapped around savoury stuffings and eaten as

3159-613: Is the crumpet , made from a batter leavened with yeast (or with both yeast and baking powder) and fried in butter to produce a slightly raised flat cake. They are also eaten in the rest of the United Kingdom , the Republic of Ireland , and certain areas of the Commonwealth . Lifting body A lifting body is a fixed-wing aircraft or spacecraft configuration in which the body itself produces lift . In contrast to

3240-511: Is used in place of or in addition to milk, the pancake develops a tart flavor and becomes known as a buttermilk pancake , which is common in Scotland, Ireland and the US. Buckwheat flour can be used in a pancake batter, making for a type of buckwheat pancake , a category that includes blini , kaletez , ploye , and memil-buchimgae . When potato is used as a major portion of the batter, the result

3321-537: Is usually filled with jaggery and coconut. In Eastern India, malpuas are sometimes prepared in the form of pancakes. In some regions of Middle India , thin green Cheelas are made with ginger or garlic leaves' paste, and rice flour batter. Other ingredients included are salt , cummin seeds, green chili, oil, curry leaves and coriander leaves. In Nepal , the Newar people have a savoury rice pancake called chataamari cooked with meat or eggs on top. This dish

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3402-708: The Bor program. The IXV is a European Space Agency lifting body experimental re-entry vehicle intended to validate European reusable launchers which could be evaluated in the frame of the FLPP program. The IXV made its first flight in February 2015, launched by a Vega rocket. Orbital Sciences proposed a commercial lifting-body spaceplane in 2010. The Prometheus is more fully described below. Lifting bodies pose complex control, structural, and internal configuration issues. Lifting bodies were eventually rejected in favor of

3483-592: The German Pfanne and Kuchen meaning "pan" and "cake") except in Berlin, Brandenburg and Saxony, where Pfannkuchen are Berliner pastries and pancakes are known as Eierkuchen . They are generally thicker than French-style crêpes and usually served with sweet or, occasionally, savoury fillings. Usage of a leavening agent or yeast is uncommon. Fried apple rings covered by pancake dough and served with sugar and cinnamon are called Apfelküchle . Kaiserschmarrn ,

3564-510: The Horn of Africa ( Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia and Somalia ) are known as injera (sometimes transliterated as enjera , budenaa ( Oromo ), or canjeero ( Somali )). Injera is a yeast-risen flatbread with a unique, slightly spongy texture. Traditionally, it is made out of teff flour and is a national dish in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Canjeero , also known as lahooh or lahoh ,

3645-504: The International Space Station , but eventually was selected as a resupply vehicle instead. In 2015 the ESA Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle performed the first ever successful reentry of a lifting body spacecraft. The lifting body had been imagined by 1917, in which year an aircraft with something like a delta wing plan form with a thick included fuselage was described in a patent by Roy Scroggs . However at low airspeeds

3726-546: The Philippines and Thailand , where they are sold in crêpe stands and kiosks. They are often served with whipped cream and fruits, or non-sweet spreads such as vegetables. Farinata are popular in Mediterranean regions, including Nice. Also called socca , these are pancakes made from chickpea flour and seasoned with black pepper. They are popular street food in Nice. German pancakes are known as Pfannkuchen (from

3807-467: The fasting period of Lent . The Ancient Greeks made pancakes called τηγανίτης ( tēganitēs ), ταγηνίτης ( tagēnitēs ) or ταγηνίας ( tagēnias ), all words deriving from τάγηνον ( tagēnon ), "frying pan". The earliest attested references to tagenias are in the works of the 5th-century BC poets Cratinus and Magnes . Tagenites were made with wheat flour , olive oil , honey, and curdled milk, and were served for breakfast. Another kind of pancake

3888-510: The port and starboard vertical stabilizers outward and enlarging the center one. Starting 1965 the Russian lifting-body Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105 or EPOS (Russian acronym for Experimental Passenger Orbital Aircraft) was developed and several test flights made. Work ended in 1978 when the efforts shifted to the Buran program , while work on another small-scale spacecraft partly continued in

3969-518: The 1930s, likewise, from more modern aerodynamic studies, has been shown to have had considerable ability to generate lift with its fuselage design, important for the R-1's intended racing role, while in highly banked pylon turns while racing. Vincent Burnelli developed several aircraft between the 1920s and 1950 that used fuselage lift. Like the earlier Bellanca monoplanes, the Short SC.7 Skyvan produces

4050-448: The Philippines, usually as a breakfast fare, as well as in specialty restaurants like IHOP and the local restaurant brand Pancake House . The inexpensive local counterpart, called hotcakes , aside from being commonly prepared for breakfast, is also prepared as an afternoon snack, with street kiosks selling small hotcakes topped with the choice of margarine , sugar , or condensed milk and flavored syrups. In Vietnamese cuisine there

4131-497: The V-173 ( Flying Pancake ), was built of wood and canvas and featured a conventional, fully symmetrical aerofoil section ( NACA 0015 ). Designed as a "proof-of-concept" prototype, the initial configuration V-173 was built as a lightweight test model powered by two 80 hp (60 kW) Continental A-80 engines turning F4U Corsair propellers. Later were fitted with a pair of specially modified 16 ft 6 in. three-bladed propellers. A tall, fixed main undercarriage combined with

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4212-422: The V-173 during this time and found it surprisingly easy to handle and exhibiting impressive low-speed capabilities. Both Lindbergh and Guyton found that they were almost unable to stall the aircraft. Guyton was able to keep the aircraft in flight no matter how hard he pulled the stick in low-speed flight ranges at any altitude under 20,000 ft. On one occasion, the V-173 was forced to make an emergency landing on

4293-421: The aircraft feeling much too heavy when maneuvering for its light weight. In addition to this on the first few flights, the pilot was never able to achieve enough speed to achieve the correct amount of airflow over the control surfaces to pull the aircraft into level flight. The test pilot Guyton discussed these issues with Zimmerman and they worked to eliminate these issues. In addition to this Guyton commented that

4374-799: The batter. The preparation of blini/mlynci dates back to pagan traditions and feasts, which are reflected in today's " pancake week " celebrated in the winter before the Great Lent . In pre- Christian times, blini and mlynci were symbolically considered by early Slavic peoples as a symbol of the sun , due to their round form. Blintzes ( Russian : блинчики blinchiki ) are thin crêpes made without yeast. Filled blintzes are also referred to as nalysnyky ( Ukrainian : налисники ), nalistniki ( Russian : налистники ) or nalesniki ( Russian : налесники ). A filling such as jam, fruits, quark , or cottage cheese , potato, cooked ground meat or chicken, and even chopped mushrooms, bean sprouts, cabbage, and onions,

4455-442: The cockpit design was poor. He explained that in addition to the poor comfort the pilot had limited to no use for the clear bottom panels of the cockpit. He explained that the pilot sat too high in the cockpit to effectively use these lower panels for takeoff or landing. Flight testing of the V-173 went on through 1942 and 1943 with 190 flights, resulting in reports of UFOs from surprised Connecticut locals. Charles Lindbergh piloted

4536-421: The day as side dishes or just snacks. Variants of the dish use the batter of the pancake to make deep fried vegetables, meat, or fish. India has many styles of pancake. Variations range from their taste to the main ingredient used. All are made without the use of added raising agents . Pancakes prepared using a north Indian cooking style are known as cheela . Sweet cheela are made using sugar or jaggery with

4617-470: The description in the Sweden section below) and are called lettu , lätty , räiskäle or ohukainen . In Finland pancakes are usually eaten as dessert with whipped cream or pancake-jam, sugar or vanilla ice cream. Besides the plain lettu , there is also a version with stinging nettle added ( nokkoslettu , pl. nokkosletut ). In Finnish, lettu and pannukakku (literally "pancake") have different meanings,

4698-512: The early 1960s through the mid-1970s at Armstrong Flight Research Center . These included: Lifting bodies have appeared in some science fiction works, including the movie Marooned , and as John Crichton's spacecraft Farscape-1 in the TV series Farscape . The Discovery Channel TV series conjectured using lifting bodies to deliver a probe to a distant earth-like planet in the animated Alien Planet . Gerry Anderson 's 1969 Doppelgänger used

4779-552: The highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. Advanced spaceplane concepts in the 1990s and 2000s did use lifting-body designs. Examples include the HL-20 Personnel Launch System (1990) and the Prometheus spaceplane (2010). The Dream Chaser lifting-body spaceplane, an extension of HL-20 technology, was proposed as one of three vehicles to potentially carry US crew to and from

4860-461: The landing site is a major factor in flight safety. In some seasons, weather at landing sites can change quickly relative to the time necessary to initiate and execute re-entry and safe landing. Due to weather, it is possible the vehicle may have to execute a landing at an alternate site. Furthermore, most airports do not have runways of sufficient length to support the approach landing speed and roll distance required by spacecraft. Few airports exist in

4941-413: The latter having a structurally closer resemblance to a hotcake, and is baked in an oven instead of using a frying pan. Ålandspannkaka , literally "pancake of Åland ", is an extra thick variety of oven-made pancake that includes the addition of cardamom and either rice pudding or semolina porridge to the dough; it is only served in Åland and usually on its Autonomy Day . Besides the sweet lettu , which

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5022-458: The launch vehicle. Failing to be selected for a CCDev phase 2 award by NASA, Orbital announced in April 2011 that they would likely wind down their efforts to develop a commercial crew vehicle. Design principles of lifting bodies are used also in the construction of hybrid airships . The US government developed a variety of proof-of-concept and flight-test vehicle lifting body designs from

5103-590: The lifting body is inefficient and did not enter mainstream airplane design. Aerospace -related lifting body research arose from the idea of spacecraft re-entering the Earth's atmosphere and landing much like a regular airplane . Following atmospheric re-entry, the capsule spacecraft from the Mercury , Gemini , and Apollo series had very little control over where they landed. A steerable spacecraft with wings could significantly extend its landing envelope. However,

5184-488: The recipe still survives in places like Israel and New York. Latkes , potato pancakes with finely shredded or grated potato, can be eaten as part of the celebration of Hanukkah . Small thick pancakes are called oladyi ( Russian : оладьи ) or oladky ( Ukrainian : оладки ). The batter may contain various additions, such as apple and raisins. There also exists a style of pancake made out of quark called syrniki . Æbleskiver are traditional Danish pancakes made in

5265-462: The runway, it never entered true controlled flight. The first flight of the V-173 was on 23 November 1942 with Vought Chief Test Pilot Boone Guyton at the controls. The aircraft's most significant problem concerned its complicated gearbox that routed power from the engines to its two long propeller shafts. The gearbox produced unacceptable amounts of vibration in ground testing, delaying the aircraft's first test flight for months. This contributed to

5346-426: The shape of the lifting body . They found that the aircraft acted as an airbrake when it was pulled into a high angle of attack . This meant that the control surfaces, the horizontal stabilizers, in particular, would become very hard to operate at low speeds such as stalls, takeoff, and landing. The developmental V-173 made its last flight 31 March 1947. In 131.8 hours of flying over 190 flights, Zimmerman's theory of

5427-710: The so-called "Zimmer Skimmer" and worked on a variety of projects on his own and with the Vought company. After testing using scale models, including a remotely controlled, electrically powered large-scale model, designated the Vought V-162, the US Navy approached Zimmerman and offered to fund further development. Data and concept documentation was given to the Navy in 1939, with wind tunnel tests on full-scale models being completed in 1940-1941. The original prototype, designated

5508-752: The starboard wing of a NB-52B, a derivative of the B-52 jet bomber. The first flights started in 1966. Of the Dryden lifting bodies, all but the unpowered NASA M2-F1 used an XLR11 rocket engine as was used on the Bell X-1 . A follow-on design designated the Northrop HL-10 was developed at NASA Langley Research Center . Air flow separation caused the crash of the Northrop M2-F2 lifting body. The HL-10 attempted to solve part of this problem by angling

5589-510: The stews and salads are finished, is also consumed. Injera thus acts simultaneously as food, eating utensil, and plate. When the "tablecloth" formed by the injera is finished, the meal is over. Lahoh is a pancake-like bread originating in Somalia, Djibouti and Yemen. It is often eaten along with honey , ghee and tea . During lunch, lahoh is sometimes consumed with curry , soup or stew. In Kenya , pancakes are eaten for breakfast as an alternative to bread. They are served plain with

5670-430: The story of the one-winged landing: as far as their planning models were concerned, this was an impossibility. In 2010, Orbital Sciences proposed the Prometheus "blended lifting-body" spaceplane vehicle, about one-quarter the size of the Space Shuttle , as a commercial option for carrying astronauts to low Earth orbit under the commercial crew program . The Vertical Takeoff, Horizontal Landing (VTHL) vehicle

5751-471: The sugar already added to the batter to sweeten them. Kenyan pancakes are similar to English pancakes and French crepes. A "pancake" in South Africa is a crêpe . In Afrikaans , it is known as a pannekoek (plural pannekoeke ) and, traditionally, is prepared on gas stoves and eaten on wet and cold days. Pannekoeke are usually served with cinnamon-flavoured sugar (and, sometimes, lemon juice) that

5832-563: The summer of 1983, an Israeli F-15 staged a mock dogfight with Skyhawks for training purposes, near Nahal Tzin in the Negev desert. During the exercise, one of the Skyhawks miscalculated and collided forcefully with the F-15's wing root . The F-15's pilot was aware that the wing had been seriously damaged, but decided to try and land in a nearby airbase, not knowing the extent of his wing damage. It

5913-514: The tail design would prove to make the aircraft controllable. In January 1942, BuAer requested a proposal for two prototype aircraft of an experimental version of the V-173, known as the VS-135 . The development version, the Vought XF5U -1, was a larger aircraft with all-metal construction, and was almost five times heavier. Although a prototype was constructed, it only performed brief hops on

5994-411: The trailing edge of the wing planform. Zimmerman chose to include the all-moving stabilizer design because he realized that the increased drag, prop wash, and large wing area would make the aircraft difficult to control at low speeds. Wind tunnel tests would prove that this was a success to an extent. The aircraft would prove to require a lot of force to control at low speeds during in-flight testing but

6075-415: The vehicle's wings would have to be designed to withstand the dynamic and thermal stresses of both re-entry and hypersonic flight. One proposal eliminated wings altogether: design the fuselage body to produce lift by itself. NASA 's refinements of the lifting body concept began in 1962 with R. Dale Reed of NASA 's Armstrong Flight Research Center . The first full-size model to come out of Reed's program

6156-466: The world that can support or be modified to support this type of requirement. Therefore, alternate landing sites are very widely spaced across the U.S. and around the world. The Shuttle's delta wing design was driven by these issues. These requirements were further exacerbated by requirements that extended the Shuttle's flight landing envelope. Nonetheless, the lifting body concept has been implemented in

6237-556: The younger population. A traditional version includes filling pancakes with cheese, pouring yoghurt over them, and then baking in an oven. Eastern-Slavic cuisines have a long tradition of pancake cooking and include a variety of pancake types. In Belarus , Russia , and Ukraine , pancakes may be breakfast food, appetizers, main courses, or desserts. Blini ( Russian : блины ) or mlynci ( Ukrainian : млинцi ) are thin pancakes, somewhat thicker than crêpes, made from wheat or buckwheat flour, butter, eggs, and milk, with yeast added to

6318-409: Was only after he had landed, when he climbed out of the cockpit and looked backward, that the pilot realized what had happened: the wing had been completely torn off the plane, and he had landed the plane with only one wing attached. A few months later, the damaged F-15 had been given a new wing, and returned to operational duty in the squadron. The engineers at McDonnell Douglas had a hard time believing

6399-638: Was the NASA M2-F1 , an unpowered craft made of wood. Initial tests were performed by towing the M2-F1 along a dry lakebed at Edwards Air Force Base California, behind a modified Pontiac Catalina . Later the craft was towed behind a C-47 and released. Since the M2-F1 was a glider , a small rocket motor was added in order to extend the landing envelope. The M2-F1 was soon nicknamed the "Flying Bathtub". In 1963, NASA began programs with heavier rocket-powered lifting-body vehicles to be air launched from under

6480-474: Was to have been launched on a human-rated Atlas V rocket but would land on a runway. The initial design was to have carried a crew of 4, but it could carry up to 6, or a combination of crew and cargo. In addition to Orbital Sciences, the consortium behind the proposal included Northrop Grumman , which would have built the spaceplane, and the United Launch Alliance , which would have provided

6561-547: Was σταιτίτης ( staititēs ), from σταίτινος ( staitinos ), "of flour or dough of spelt", derived from σταῖς ( stais ), "flour of spelt". Athenaeus mentions, in his Deipnosophistae , staititas topped with honey, sesame, and cheese. The Middle English word pancake appears in English in the 15th century. The Ancient Romans called their fried concoctions alia dulcia , Latin for "other sweets". These were much different from what are known as pancakes today. Pancakes in

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