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35-721: Voskhod (Russian: Восход : sunrise) may refer to: Voskhod programme , the Soviet programme of human spaceflight Voskhod (spacecraft) , a spacecraft used in the Voskhod programme Voskhod (rocket) , a rocket that was used to launch Voskhod spacecraft Voskhod, Russia , several rural localities in Russia Voskhod, Yalta Municipality , an urban-type settlement in Crimea , disputed between Ukraine and Russia Voskhod motorcycle ,

70-666: A 22-minute spacewalk wearing the Chinese-developed Feitian space suit , with taikonaut Liu Boming wearing the Russian-derived Orlan space suit assisting him in the process. Zhai completely exited the craft, while Liu stood by at the airlock, straddling the portal. Since 2021, China has carried out several more extravehicular activities lasting several hours for the construction of the Tiangong space station . American company SpaceX conducted

105-551: A brand of motorcycle Voskhod (hydrofoil) , a class of hydrofoil boat built in Ukraine Voskhod (magazine) , a periodical published in 1881–1906 in the Russian Empire See also [ edit ] Sunrise Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Voskhod . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

140-449: A critical spacecraft malfunction before the EVA could be conducted. Astronauts on the next three Gemini flights ( Eugene Cernan , Michael Collins , and Richard Gordon ), performed several EVAs, but none was able to successfully work for long periods outside the spacecraft without tiring and overheating. Cernan attempted but failed to test an Air Force Astronaut Maneuvering Unit which included

175-589: A second female flight. However, there were delays preparing for Voskhod 3, and during that time the Gemini programme accomplished most of what had been planned for future Voskhods. In the end, the Voskhod programme was abandoned, aided by a change in Soviet leadership which was less concerned about stunt and prestige flights, and this allowed the Soviet designers to concentrate on the Soyuz programme . Extra-vehicular activity Extravehicular activity ( EVA )

210-723: A self-contained oxygen system. On November 13, 1966, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin became the first to successfully work in space without tiring during Gemini XII , the last Gemini mission. Aldrin worked outside the spacecraft for 2 hours and 6 minutes, in addition to two stand-up EVAs in the spacecraft hatch for an additional 3 hours and 24 minutes. Aldrin's interest in scuba diving inspired the use of underwater EVA training to simulate weightlessness, which has been used ever since to allow astronauts to practice techniques of avoiding wasted muscle energy. On January 16, 1969, Soviet cosmonauts Aleksei Yeliseyev and Yevgeny Khrunov transferred from Soyuz 5 to Soyuz 4 , which were docked together. This

245-465: A spacecraft were made by Charles "Pete" Conrad , Joseph Kerwin , and Paul J. Weitz on May 26, June 7, and June 19, 1973, on the Skylab 2 mission. They rescued the functionality of the launch-damaged Skylab space station by freeing a stuck solar panel , deploying a solar heating shield, and freeing a stuck circuit breaker relay. The Skylab 2 crew made three EVAs, and a total of ten EVAs were made by

280-432: Is any activity done by an astronaut in outer space outside a spacecraft . In the absence of a breathable Earthlike atmosphere , the astronaut is completely reliant on a space suit for environmental support. EVA includes spacewalks and lunar or planetary surface exploration (commonly known from 1969 to 1972 as moonwalks ). In a stand-up EVA (SEVA), an astronaut stands through an open hatch but does not fully leave

315-718: The Gemini program was spun off to develop the capability for astronauts to work outside a two-person Earth orbiting spacecraft. However, the Soviet Union was fiercely competitive in holding the early lead it had gained in crewed spaceflight, so the Soviet Communist Party , led by Nikita Khrushchev , ordered the conversion of its single-pilot Vostok capsule into a two- or three-person craft named Voskhod , in order to compete with Gemini and Apollo . The Soviets were able to launch two Voskhod capsules before U.S.

350-610: The Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER), a safety device worn on tethered U.S. EVAs. NASA planners invented the term extravehicular activity (abbreviated with the acronym EVA) in the early 1960s for the Apollo program to land humans on the Moon, because the astronauts would leave the spacecraft to collect lunar material samples and deploy scientific experiments. To support this, and other Apollo objectives,

385-588: The 11A57, a Molniya 8K78M with the Blok L stage removed and later the basis of the Soyuz booster. The ejection seat was removed and two or three crew couches were added to the interior at a 90-degree angle to that of the Vostok crew position. However, the position of the in-flight controls was not changed, so the crew had to crane their heads 90° to see the instruments. In the case of Voskhod 2, an inflatable exterior airlock

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420-616: The Space Shuttle program were designated as EV-1, EV-2, EV-3 and EV-4 (assigned to mission specialists for each mission, if applicable). For EVAs from the International Space Station , NASA employed a camp-out procedure to reduce the risk of decompression sickness. This was first tested by the Expedition 12 crew. During a camp-out, astronauts sleep overnight in the airlock prior to an EVA, lowering

455-600: The United States resumed EVAs on April 7, 1983, astronauts started using an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) for self-contained life support independent of the spacecraft. STS-6 was the first Space Shuttle mission during which a spacewalk was conducted. Also, for the first time, American astronauts used an airlock to enter and exit the spacecraft like the Soviets. Accordingly, the American definition of EVA start time

490-477: The United States' first space station. EVAs may be either tethered (the astronaut is connected to the spacecraft; oxygen and electrical power can be supplied through an umbilical cable ; no propulsion is needed to return to the spacecraft), or untethered. Untethered spacewalks were only performed on three missions in 1984 using the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU), and on a flight test in 1994 of

525-399: The Vostok, the Voskhod descent module landed with the crewmen still inside. Unlike Vostok and the later Soyuz, Voskhod had no launch abort system, meaning that the crew lacked any means of escape from a malfunctioning launch vehicle. Voskhod had a solid-fueled backup retrorocket on top of the capsule in case the main one failed (as it did on Voskhod 2 ). While Vostok lacked this feature, it

560-491: The depressurized cabin through an open hatch. Because of this, the American and Soviet space programs developed different definitions for the duration of an EVA. The Soviet (now Russian ) definition begins when the outer airlock hatch is open and the cosmonaut is in vacuum . An American EVA began when the astronaut had at least their head outside the spacecraft. The USA has changed its EVA definition since. The first EVA

595-653: The first private sector-financed EVA on September 12, 2024. Entrepreneur Jared Isaacman and SpaceX engineer Sarah Gillis briefly ventured outside a Dragon capsule, for a stand-up EVA (SEVA) during the Polaris Dawn mission to conduct spacesuit mobility testing. The other two crew members were exposed to the vacuum of space in the capsule, but did not leave it. SpaceX plans to launch at least two more missions involving an EVA, including one that involves SpaceX's still-in-development Starship launch vehicle. The first spacewalk, made by Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov,

630-461: The first woman to perform a spacewalk, conducting EVA outside the Salyut 7 space station for 3 hours and 35 minutes. On the last three Moon missions, astronauts also performed deep-space EVAs on the return to Earth, to retrieve film canisters from the outside of the spacecraft. American Astronauts Pete Conrad , Joseph Kerwin , and Paul Weitz also used EVA in 1973 to repair launch damage to Skylab ,

665-527: The human body, Voskhod's two flights were more aimed towards spectacular firsts. Although achieving the first EVA ("spacewalk") became the main success of the programme, beating the American Project Gemini to put the first multiman crew in orbit was the objective that initially motivated the programme. After those goals were realized, the programme planned to focus on other advances the spacecraft could accomplish, such as longer duration and

700-472: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voskhod&oldid=1255850976 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Russian-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Voskhod programme Voskhod development

735-496: The pressure in his suit, risking " the bends ". This added another 12 minutes to his time in vacuum, and he was overheated by 1.8 °C (3.2 °F) from the exertion. It would be almost four years before the Soviets tried another EVA. They misrepresented to the press how difficult Leonov found it to work in weightlessness and concealed the problems encountered until after the end of the Cold War . The first American spacewalk

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770-475: The spacecraft but difficult to use for moving around, contrary to Leonov's claim. However, a defect in the capsule's hatch latching mechanism caused difficulties opening and closing the hatch, which delayed the start of the EVA and put White and his crewmate at risk of not getting back to Earth alive. No EVAs were planned on the next three Gemini flights. The next EVA was planned to be made by David Scott on Gemini VIII , but that mission had to be aborted due to

805-596: The spacecraft. EVAs have been conducted by the Soviet Union /Russia, the United States, Canada, the European Space Agency and China. On March 18, 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first human to perform a spacewalk, exiting the Voskhod 2 capsule for 12 minutes and 9 seconds. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human to perform a moonwalk, outside his lunar lander on Apollo 11 for 2 hours and 31 minutes. In 1984, Svetlana Savitskaya became

840-550: The three Skylab crews. They found that activities in weightlessness required about 2 1 ⁄ 2 times longer than on Earth because many astronauts suffered spacesickness early in their flights. After Skylab, no more EVAs were made by the United States until the advent of the Space Shuttle program in the early 1980s. In this period, the Soviets resumed EVAs, making four from the Salyut 6 and Salyut 7 space stations between December 20, 1977, and July 30, 1982. When

875-464: The vacuum of space, stiffening so much that he could not activate the shutter on his chest-mounted camera. At the end of his space walk, the suit stiffening caused a more serious problem: Leonov had to re-enter the capsule through the inflatable cloth airlock, 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) in diameter and 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) long. He improperly entered the airlock head-first and got stuck sideways. He could not get back in without reducing

910-401: Was able to launch its first crewed Gemini. The Voskhod's avionics required cooling by cabin air to prevent any kind of overheating, therefore an airlock was required for the spacewalking cosmonaut to exit and re-enter the cabin while it remained pressurized. Unusually, and by contrast, the Gemini avionics did not require air cooling, allowing the spacewalking astronaut to exit and re-enter

945-404: Was also added to the descent module opposite the entry hatch. The airlock was jettisoned after use. This apparatus was needed because the vehicle avionics and environmental systems were air-cooled, and depressurization in orbit would cause overheating. A solid-fueled braking rocket was also added to the parachute lines to provide for a softer landing at touchdown. This was necessary because, unlike

980-464: Was both a follow-on to the Vostok programme and a recycling of components left over from that programme's cancellation following its first six flights. The Voskhod programme was superseded by the Soyuz programme . The Voskhod spacecraft was basically a Vostok spacecraft that had a backup, solid-fueled retrorocket added to the top of the descent module. As it was much heavier, the launch vehicle would be

1015-590: Was commemorated in 1965 with several Eastern Bloc stamps (see Alexei Leonov#Stamps ). Since the Soviet Union did not publish details of the Voskhod spacecraft at the time, the spaceship depiction in the stamps was purely fictional. The U.S. Post Office issued a postage stamp in 1967 commemorating Ed White 's first American spacewalk. The engraved image has an accurate depiction of the Gemini IV spacecraft and White's space suit . NASA "spacewalkers" during

1050-411: Was not considered a problem since the spacecraft would decay from orbit within 10 days. Relatively lightweight, Voskhod was well below the 11A57 booster's lift capacity, meaning that it launched into a much higher orbit and would not decay as quickly. The Voskhod flights, with launch dates: While the Vostok programme was dedicated more toward understanding the effects of space travel and microgravity on

1085-504: Was performed on June 3, 1965, by Ed White from the second crewed Gemini flight, Gemini IV , for 21 minutes. White was tethered to the spacecraft, and his oxygen was supplied through a 25-foot (7.6 m) umbilical , which also carried communications and biomedical instrumentation. He was the first to control his motion in space with a Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit , which worked well but only carried enough propellant for 20 seconds. White found his tether useful for limiting his distance from

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1120-455: Was performed on March 18, 1965, by Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov , who spent 12 minutes and 9 seconds outside the Voskhod 2 spacecraft. Carrying a white metal backpack containing 45 minutes' worth of breathing and pressurization oxygen, Leonov had no means to control his motion other than pulling on his 15.35 m (50.4 ft) tether. After the flight, he claimed this was easy, but his space suit ballooned from its internal pressure against

1155-628: Was redefined to when the astronaut switches the EMU to battery power. Numerous EVAs were conducted during the assembly of the ISS , often using the Quest Joint Airlock , designed to support both US EMUs, and Russian Orlan space suits. China became the third country to independently carry out an EVA on September 27, 2008, during the Shenzhou 7 mission. Chinese taikonaut Zhai Zhigang completed

1190-575: Was the last Apollo astronaut to step off the surface of the Moon. Apollo 15 command module pilot Al Worden made an EVA on August 5, 1971, on the return trip from the Moon, to retrieve a film and data recording canister from the service module. He was assisted by Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin standing up in the Command Module hatch. This procedure was repeated by Ken Mattingly and Charles Duke on Apollo 16 , and by Ronald Evans and Harrison Schmitt on Apollo 17 . The first EVA repairs of

1225-671: Was the second Soviet EVA, and it would be almost another nine years before the Soviets performed their third. American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin performed the first EVA on the lunar surface on July 21, 1969 ( UTC ), after landing their Apollo 11 Lunar Module spacecraft. This first Moon walk, using self-contained portable life support systems , lasted 2 hours and 36 minutes. A total of fifteen Moon walks were performed among six Apollo crews, including Charles "Pete" Conrad , Alan Bean , Alan Shepard , Edgar Mitchell , David Scott , James Irwin , John Young , Charles Duke , Eugene Cernan , and Harrison "Jack" Schmitt . Cernan

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