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72-609: Valley Forge station is a former railroad station at the Valley Forge park in Pennsylvania . The station was completed in 1911 by the Reading Railroad and was the point of entry to the park for travelers who came by rail through the 1950s from Philadelphia , 23.7 miles (38.1 km) distant. The station building was restored in 2009 and is now being used as a museum and information center that offers visitors

144-469: A warship is referred to as a magazine or the "ship's magazine" by sailors. Historically, when artillery was fired with gunpowder , a warship's magazines were built below the water line—especially since the magazines could then be readily flooded in case of fire or other dangerous emergencies on board the ship. An open flame was never allowed inside the magazine. More modern warships use semi-automated or automated ammunition hoists . The path through which

216-457: A "dangerous mutiny" fomenting, because of the lack of provision. Washington continued with a dire warning to Congress: "unless some great and capital change suddenly takes place in that line, this Army must inevitably be reduced to one or other of these three things, Starve, dissolve, or disperse, in order to obtain subsistence in the best manner they can." While Washington dealt with serious circumstances, he may have exaggerated slightly to obtain

288-496: A Prussian drill master who had recently arrived from Europe, instituted a rigorous training program for the troops. He drilled the soldiers, improving their battle and formation techniques. Under Steuben's leadership, the Continentals practiced volley fire, improved their maneuverability, standardized their march paces, exercised skirmishing operations, and drilled bayonet proficiency. These new efforts to train and discipline

360-471: A better understanding of Washington's headquarters and the village of Valley Forge. Constructed of the same type stone as Washington's Headquarters, the building was erected on a large man-made embankment overlooking the headquarters site. Near the Visitor Center is another station at Port Kennedy, on the same line. Also owned by the park, the station, both platforms and the former parking area are in

432-402: A catastrophe." In a letter to his wife Adrienne , Lafayette described the huts as "small barracks, which are scarcely more cheerful than dungeons." The Continental Army that marched into Valley Forge consisted of about 12,000 people, including soldiers, artificers, women, and children. Throughout the winter, patriot commanders and legislators faced the challenge of supplying a population

504-450: A clog upon every movement." Yet women on the whole proved invaluable, whether on the march or at an encampment like Valley Forge. They often earned income either by laundering clothes or by nursing troops, which kept soldiers cleaner and healthier. In turn, this made the troops appear more professional and disciplined. Lucy Flucker Knox , Catharine Littlefield "Caty" Greene , and other senior officers' wives journeyed to Valley Forge at

576-535: A concentration of soldiers at Valley Forge, Washington ordered nearly 2,000 soldiers to encamp at Wilmington, Delaware. He posted the army's mounted troops at Trenton, New Jersey , and additional outposts at Downingtown and Radnor , Pennsylvania, among other places. In the two winter encampments prior to Valley Forge, the Continental army had sheltered themselves in a combination of tents, constructed huts, civilian barns and other buildings. Valley Forge marked

648-424: A designated place would be used to shelter the ready ammunition. In the case of batteries of towed artillery the temporary magazine would be placed, if possible, in a pit, or natural declivity, or surrounded by sandbags or earthworks . Circumstances might require the establishment of multiple field magazines so that one lucky hit or accident would not disable the entire battery. The ammunition storage area aboard

720-553: A formal ceremony consisting of a rapid and sequential firing of guns down the ranks. Continental officer George Ewing wrote that "the troops then shouted, three cheers and 'Long live the King of France!' after this…three cheers and shout of 'God Save the friendly Powers of Europe!'…and cheers and a shout of 'God Save the American States!'" Each soldier received an extra gill of rum (about four ounces) to enjoy that day, and after

792-534: A free black woman who worked as a laundress at Washington's Headquarters . Hannah Till's legal owner Reverend John Mason lent her out to Washington, but Hannah secured an arrangement whereby she eventually bought her freedom. By Spring 1778, Wappinger , Oneida and Tuscarora warriors who were on the side of the Patriots, with prominent Oneida leader Joseph Louis Cook of the St. Regis Mohawk among them, had joined

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864-535: A general policy" to prevent such intelligence from reaching the British. The outlook for the army's situation improved when a five-man congressional delegation arrived on January 24. The delegates consisted of " Francis Dana of Massachusetts, Nathaniel Folsom of New Hampshire, John Harvie of Virginia, Gouverneur Morris of New York, and Joseph Reed of Pennsylvania." According to historian Wayne Bodle, they came to understand through their visit "how vulnerable

936-463: A half pounds of flour or bread, one pound of salted beef or fish, or three-quarters pound of salted pork, or one and a half pounds of flour or bread, a half pound of bacon or salted pork, a half pint of peas or beans, and one gill of whiskey or spirits. In practice, however, the army could not reliably supply the full ration. Perishable foods began to rot before reaching the troops because of poor storage, transportation problems, or confusion regarding

1008-519: A limited water supply for cooking, washing, and bathing. Dead horse remains often lay unburied, and Washington found the smell of some places intolerable. Neither plumbing nor a standardized system of trash collection existed. To combat the spread of contagion, Washington commanded soldiers to burn tar or "the Powder of a Musquet Cartridge " in the huts everyday, to cleanse the air of putrefaction. On May 27, Washington had ordered his soldiers remove

1080-633: A mixture of various types of missiles: surface-to-air missiles , antisubmarine missiles such as the ASROC missile , and anti-ship missiles such as the Harpoon missile . See especially the Oliver Hazard Perry -class frigates , owned by several different navies around the world, in which one 40-missile magazine carries a mixture of all three types of missiles: surface-to-air, surface-to-surface, and surface-to-underwater. In aircraft carriers ,

1152-445: A place where large quantities of ammunition are stored for later distribution. This usage is less common. In the early history of tube artillery drawn by horses (and later by mechanized vehicles), ammunition was carried in separate unarmored wagons or vehicles. These soft-skinned vehicles were extremely vulnerable to enemy fire and to explosions caused by a weapons malfunction. Therefore, as part of setting up an artillery battery ,

1224-555: A quicker response from the Continental Congress. That winter was not particularly harsh at Valley Forge, but many soldiers remained unfit for duty, owing to the disease, lack of proper clothing and uniforms ("naked" referred to a ragged or improperly attired individual). Years later, Lafayette recalled that "the unfortunate soldiers were in want of everything; they had neither coats, hats, shirts, nor shoes; their feet and legs froze till they had become almost black, and it

1296-616: A state of disrepair. Valley Forge Valley Forge was the winter encampment of the Continental Army , under the command of George Washington , during the American Revolutionary War . The Valley Forge encampment lasted six months, from December 19, 1777, to June 19, 1778. It was the third and harshest of the eight winter encampments that Washington and the Continental Army endured during

1368-435: A week, without any kind of flesh, and the rest for three or four days. Naked and starving as they are, we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery, that they have not been ere this excited by their sufferings, to a general mutiny or dispersion. Strong symptoms, however, discontent have appeared in particular instances; and nothing but the most active efforts every where can long avert so shocking

1440-420: A year later at Valley Forge, smallpox broke out again. An investigation uncovered that 3,000–4,000 troops had not received inoculations, despite having long-term enlistments. So, Washington ordered inoculations for any soldiers vulnerable to the disease. A precursor to vaccination (introduced by Edward Jenner in 1798), inoculation gave the patient a milder form of smallpox with better recovery rates than if

1512-537: The Continental Army 's first large-scale construction of living quarters. While no accurate account exists for the number of log huts built, experts estimate a range between 1,300 and 1,600 structures. There are no known contemporary images of the Valley Forge cantonment. The correspondence of General Washington and other soldiers’ letters and notebooks are the only accounts of what took place. Brigadier General Louis Lebègue de Presle Duportail selected grounds for

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1584-453: The Harpoon missile and the Exocet missile . Naval magazines face considerable risk of detonation , especially in cases of attack, accident, or fire. Such detonations have sunk many warships and caused many other incidents. Battleships were highly armored to protect from external attack, but the strength of the construction aids to constrict and worsen the impact of internal explosions, as

1656-659: The Thirteen Colonies . About 30% of Continental soldiers at Valley Forge did not speak English as their first language. Many soldiers and commanders hailed from German -speaking communities, as with Pennsylvania-born Brigadier General Peter Muhlenberg . Still others spoke Scottish- or Irish-Gaelic , and a few descended from French-speaking Huguenot and Dutch-speaking communities in New York . Local residents sometimes conversed in Welsh . Several senior officers in

1728-620: The naval artillery 's ammunition passed typically has blast-resistant airlocks and other safety devices, including provisions to flood the compartment with seawater in an emergency. The separation of shell and propellant gave the storage of the former the name "shell room" and the latter "powder room". Surface warships that have carried torpedoes , and ones that still do (such as the Mark 46 torpedo for antisubmarine warfare ), have had torpedo magazines for carrying these dangerous antiship and antisubmarine weapons in well-defended compartments. With

1800-683: The Americans at Valley Forge. Most served as scouts , keeping an eye out for British raiding parties in the area, and in May 1778, they fought under Lafayette at Barren Hill . In the oral history of the Oneida people, a prominent Oneida woman named Polly Cooper brought "hundreds of bushels of white corn " to hungry troops, teaching them how to process it for safe consumption. During the Revolutionary War, most Native American tribes sided with

1872-585: The British Army destroyed property and confiscated supplies and food, inspiring growing enmity among the area's civilians. Meanwhile, small-scale cooperative operations between the Continental Army and the New Jersey Patriot militia harassed and exhausted British forces. The armies clashed on the morning of June 28, beginning the Battle of Monmouth , where Continental Army soldiers under

1944-560: The British in order to protect their traditional homelands from the encroachment of American settlers. However, several tribes, including the Oneida, sided with the Patriots due in part to ties with American settlers, such as Presbyterian minister Samuel Kirkland . The Seven Nations of Canada and the Iroquois at what would be the Six Nations Reserve , who were mostly emigrants from the colony of New York, were brought to

2016-548: The Clouds five days later, on September 16, several hundred soldiers under General Wilhelm von Knyphausen raided the supply magazine at Valley Forge on September 18. Despite the best efforts of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton and Captain Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee , the two Continental Army officers decided to evacuate the supplies at Valley Forge, and British soldiers captured supplies, destroyed others, and burned down

2088-459: The Continental Army originally came from France , Prussia , Poland , Ireland , and Hungary . Although Native American and African American men served the Continental Army as drovers, wagoners, and laborers, others fought as soldiers, particularly from Rhode Island and Massachusetts . The smallest of the states, Rhode Island had difficulty meeting recruitment quotas for white men, spurring Brigadier General James Mitchell Varnum to suggest

2160-528: The Continental Army struggled to manage a disastrous supply crisis while simultaneously retraining and reorganizing their units in an effort to mount successful counterattacks against the British. During the encampment at Valley Forge, an estimated 1,700 to 2,000 soldiers died from disease, possibly exacerbated by malnutrition. In 1976, in recognition of the enormous historical significance of Valley Forge in American history, Valley Forge National Historical Park

2232-406: The Continental Army's performance on the battlefield. Valley Forge long occupied a prominent place in U.S. storytelling and memory. The encampment in Pennsylvania later became a historic national park where many efforts were taken to preserve and capture the meaning and feelings many had behind the location’s historic significance and well-known myths; this perceived enduring atmosphere regarding

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2304-667: The Continental Congress also believed that the army might be able to launch a winter campaign. Interested parties suggested other sites for an encampment, including Lancaster, Pennsylvania and Wilmington, Delaware . Following the inconclusive Battle of Whitemarsh from December 5–8, however, increasing numbers of officers and politicians began to appreciate the need to defend the greater Philadelphia region from British attack. Considering these questions, an encampment at Valley Forge had notable advantages. Valley Forge's high terrain meant that enemy attacks would be difficult. Its location allowed for soldiers to be readily detached to protect

2376-584: The Crown 's valuable possessions in the West Indies . The British also feared a French naval blockade of Philadelphia , leading Clinton to abandon it for New York City , a loyalist stronghold. On June 18, Washington and his troops marched after them, with the remainder vacating Valley Forge one day later, exactly six months after the Continental Army arrived in Valley Forge. As they marched through south and central New Jersey on their way to New York City ,

2448-676: The Enemy has never as yet been adapted by the Commander in Chief." The most organized threat to Washington's leadership was the so-called Conway Cabal . The cabal consisted of a handful of military officers and American politicians who attempted to replace Washington with Major General Horatio Gates as the head of the Continental army. The movement was nominally led by Thomas Conway, a foreign Continental army general and critic of Washington's leadership. A series of leaks and embarrassing exposures in

2520-607: The Mount Joy Iron Forge in Valley Forge. Capital improvements made by John Potts and his family over the following decade permitted the small community to expand its ironworks , establish mills, and construct new dwellings for the village's residents. Valley Forge was surrounded by rich farmland, where mainly Welsh Quaker farmers grew wheat, rye, hay, Indian corn , and other crops, and raised livestock, including cattle, sheep, pigs, and barnyard fowl. Settlers of German and Swedish descent also lived nearby. In

2592-530: The Valley Forge encampment, mostly at general hospitals located in six different towns. Valley Forge had the highest mortality rate of any Continental Army encampment, and even most military engagements of the war. Despite the mortality rate, Washington did curb the spread of smallpox , which had plagued the Continental Army since the American Revolution had begun in 1775. In January 1777, Washington had ordered mass inoculation of his troops, but

2664-425: The advent of missile-equipped warships , the term missile "magazine" has also been applied to the storage area for guided missiles on the ship, usually carried below the main decks of the warships. For ships with both forward and aft surface-to-air missile launchers, there are at least two missile magazines. Sometimes the magazines of guided-missile frigates and guided-missile destroyers have carried or do carry

2736-490: The army also improved morale among the soldiers. Initially, France remained reluctant to directly involve themselves in the war against Great Britain. In part, they worried that revolutionary fervor might spread into their own empire (which it did by 1789), but they also did not think the American colonists could win. However, the October 1777 surrender of British General John Burgoyne 's army at Saratoga won for Americans

2808-580: The army's proposal. Mifflin heeded Dewees' concerns but established a magazine at Valley Forge anyway. After the British landed at the Head of Elk in present-day Elkton, Maryland , on August 25, 1777, the British Army maneuvered out of the Chesapeake basin and headed north as part of the Philadelphia campaign . Following the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, and the abortive Battle of

2880-529: The assistance they needed from other foreign powers. France and the United States subsequently signed a treaty on February 6, 1778, creating a military alliance between the two countries. In response, Great Britain declared war on France five weeks later, on March 17. On May 6, having already received word of the French alliance, Washington ordered the Continental Army to perform a Grand Feu de Joie ,

2952-495: The behest of their husbands. On December 22, Martha Washington predicted that her husband would send for her as soon as his army went into winter quarter, and that "if he does I must go." Indeed, she did, traveling in wartime with a group of slaves over poor roads, reaching her destination in early February. Washington's aide-de-camp Colonel Richard Kidder Meade met her at the Susquehanna ferry dock to escort her into

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3024-412: The blood from their feet, and almost as often without provisions as with; marching through frost and snow and at Christmas taking up their winter quarters within a day's march of the enemy, without a house or hut to cover them till they could be built, and submitting to it without a murmur is a mark of patience and obedience which in my opinion can scarce be paralleled." The Valley Forge encampment became

3096-471: The brigade encampments and planned the defenses. Afterwards, brigadier generals appointed officers from each regiment to mark out the precise spot for every officer and all enlisted men's huts. Despite commanders' attempts at standardization, the huts varied in terms of size, materials, and construction techniques. Military historian John B. B. Trussell Jr. writes that many squads "dug their floors almost two feet below ground level," to reduce wind exposure or

3168-618: The brink of war by the Anglo-American conflict. Poor organization was a major challenge facing the Continental Army during the Valley Forge winter. Two years of war, shuffling leadership, and uneven recruitment resulted in irregular unit organization and strength. During the Valley Forge encampment, the army was reorganized into five divisions under Major Generals Charles Lee , Marquis de Lafayette, Johan de Kalb , and William Alexander "Lord Stirling" , with Brigadier General Anthony Wayne serving in place of Mifflin. Unit strength and

3240-514: The command of General Charles Lee engaged the British in approximately five hours of continuous fighting in a ferocious heat. That evening, British General Sir Henry Clinton moved the British Army out of Freehold , and resumed their march to Manhattan . Both sides claimed elements of victory. The British Army completed its march to New York City, while the Continental Army had forced a battle and performed admirably on an open field. The standardized training instilled at Valley Forge had improved

3312-538: The countryside. Proximity to the Schuylkill River could facilitate supply movements down the river. Wide, open areas provided space for drilling and training. On December 19, Washington conducted his 12,000-man army to Valley Forge to establish the encampment. The encampment was primarily situated along the high, flat ground east of Mount Joy and south of the Schuylkill River. In addition to

3384-455: The encampment. Over the next six months, Martha hosted political leaders and military officials, managing domestic staff within the confined space of Washington's Headquarters . Martha was one of many important women at Valley Forge. She also organized meals and kept spirits high during the rough times at the encampment. Valley Forge had a high percentage of racial and ethnic diversity, since Washington's army comprised individuals from each of

3456-477: The end of December 1777 Washington had no way to feed or to adequately clothe the soldiers. Washington chose the area partly for its strategic benefits, but wintertime road conditions impeded supply wagons on route to the encampment. That winter, starvation and disease killed more than 1,000 soldiers and perhaps as many as 1,500 horses. The men suffered from continual, gnawing hunger and cold. Washington ordered that soldiers' rations include either one to one and

3528-492: The enlistment of slaves for his 1st Rhode Island Regiment . Over a four-month period in 1778, the Rhode Island General Assembly allowed for their recruitment. In exchange for enlisting, soldiers of the 1st Rhode Island Regiment gained immediate emancipation, and their former owners received financial compensation equal to the slave's market value. They bought freedom for 117 enslaved recruits before

3600-586: The fall and winter of 1777 and 1778 dissolved the cabal, and Washington's reputation improved. Increasing military efficiency, morale, and discipline improved the army's well being, along with a better supply of food and arms. The Continental Army had been hindered in battle because units administered training from a variety of field manuals, making coordinated battle movements awkward and difficult. They struggled with basic formations and lacked uniformity, thanks to multiple drilling techniques taught in various ways by different officers. Baron Friedrich von Steuben ,

3672-513: The first time Washington ordered the Continental Army primarily to concentrate into a more permanent post, which required them to construct their own shelters. This strategic shift encouraged a whole new host of problems for the American Patriots . Washington later wrote of the march into Valley Forge, "To see men without clothes to cover their nakedness, without blankets to lay on, without shoes by which their marches might be traced by

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3744-446: The forges and other buildings. Political, strategic, and environmental factors all influenced the Continental Army 's decision to establish their encampment near Valley Forge , in the winter of 1777–1778. The site was selected after George Washington conferred with his officers to select a strategic location that would prove most advantageous to the Continental Army. On October 29, 1777, Washington first presented his generals with

3816-427: The historical context behind the site, molded history’s patriotic view on Valley Forge. Many historians have supported and conveyed Valley Forge’s relevance in mythological context versus its historic understanding. The image of Valley Forge as a site of terrible suffering and unshakeable perseverance emerged years after the encampment ended. Magazine (artillery) The term is also used for an ammunition dump ,

3888-496: The law allowing them to do so was repealed, but these free African American Soldiers continued to enlist in the military. By January 1778, nearly 10% of Washington's effective force consisted of African-American troops. Commanders brought servants and enslaved people with them into the encampment, usually black people. Washington's enslaved domestic staff included his manservant William Lee , as well as cooks Hannah Till and her husband Isaac. William Lee had married Margaret Thomas,

3960-516: The magazines are required to store not only the aircraft carrier's own defensive weapons, but all of the weapons for her warplanes , including rapid-fire gun ammunition, air-to-air missiles such as the Sidewinder missile , air-to-surface missiles such as the Maverick missile , Mk 46 ASW torpedoes , Joint Direct Attack Munitions , "dumb bombs", HARM missiles , and anti-ship missiles such as

4032-517: The mud-and-straw chinking from huts "to render them as airy as possible." Outbreaks of typhoid and dysentery spread through contaminated food and water. Soldiers contracted influenza and pneumonia, while still others succumbed to typhus , caused by body lice . Although the inconsistent delivery of food rations did not cause starvation, it probably exacerbated the health of ailing soldiers. Some patients might have suffered from more than one ailment. In total, about 1,700–2,000 troops died during

4104-502: The new army could be to logistical disruption, owing to its size, its organizational complexity, and its increasing mobility." Washington and his aides convinced them to implement recommended reforms to the supply department. In March 1778, Congress also appointed Nathanael Greene as Quartermaster General , who reluctantly accepted at Washington's behest. One of the Continental Army's most able generals, Greene did not want an administrative position. Yet he and his staff better supplied

4176-460: The number of logs required for construction. In addition, some huts had thatched straw roofs, while others consisted of brush, canvas, or clapboards. On February 16, 1778 from Valley Forge, Washington reached out to George Clinton , then governor of the Province of New York , for support, writing, "for some days past, there has been little less, than a famine in camp. A part of the army has been

4248-420: The patient had acquired the disease naturally. The procedure provided lifetime immunity from a disease with a roughly 15–33% mortality rate. In June 1778, when the Continental Army marched out of Valley Forge, they had completed "the first large-scale, state-sponsored immunization campaign in history." By continuing the inoculation program for new recruits, Washington better maintained military strength among

4320-516: The question of where to quarter the Continental Army in the winter of 1777–1778. In addition to suggestions from his officers, Washington also had to contend with the recommendations of politicians. Pennsylvania state legislators and the Second Continental Congress expected the Continental Army to select an encampment site that could protect the countryside around the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia . Some members of

4392-520: The regular, Continental Army troops throughout the remainder of the war. While each hut housed a squad of twelve enlisted soldiers, sometimes soldiers' families joined them to share that space as well. Throughout the encampment period, Mary Ludwig Hays and approximately 250–400 other women had followed their soldier husbands or sweethearts to Valley Forge, sometimes with children in tow. Washington once wrote that "the multitude of women in particular, especially those who are pregnant, or have children, are

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4464-498: The rigid steel does not allow blast waves to dissipate. The USS Iowa turret explosion was such an example: in 1989 a loading incident caused a gun turret explosion, which spread to further powder stores in the turret, which eventually killed all 47 men in the turret. The turret served to contain the blast, protecting the rest of the ship, but amplified the blast inside the turret ensuring deadly conditions. During World War II, many ships met their end via magazine detonations. During

4536-493: The size of a colonial city. In May and June 1777, the Continental Congress authorized the reorganization of the supply department. Implementation of those changes never fully took effect, because of the fighting surrounding Philadelphia. Consequently, the supply chain had broken down even before the Continental Army arrived at Valley Forge. In large part, supplies dried up through the neglect of Congress so that by

4608-442: The summer of 1777, the Continental Army 's quartermaster general, Thomas Mifflin , decided to station a portion of the Continental Army's supplies in buildings around the forges because the region had a variety of structures and was a secluded location surrounded by two hills. Fearing such a concentration of military supplies would become a target for British raids, the forge's ironmaster, William Dewees Jr., expressed concerns about

4680-475: The supplies' whereabouts. Other rations became lost or captured by the enemy. Traveling to market proved dangerous for some vendors. When combined with the Continental Army's lack of hard currency, prices for perishable goods inflated. Therefore, during the first few days of constructing their huts, the Continentals primarily ate firecakes , a tasteless mixture of flour and water cooked upon heated rocks. In his memoir, Joseph Plumb Martin wrote that "to go into

4752-560: The terms of service became more standardized, improving the Continental Army's efficiency. Washington enjoyed support among enlisted soldiers, but commissioned officers and congressional officials were not as enthusiastic. During the winter encampment at Valley Forge, Washington's detractors attacked his leadership ability in both private correspondence and in public publications. One anonymous letter in January 1778 disparaged Washington: "The proper methods of attacking, beating, and conquering

4824-408: The troops at a time when the weather and road conditions began to improve. The Schuylkill River also thawed, allowing the Continental Army to more easily transport convoys from the main supply depot at Reading . Maintaining cleanliness was a challenge for the Continental Army . Scabies and other deadly ailments broke out because of the filthy conditions in the encampment. The Continental Army had

4896-469: The troops' dismissal, Washington and other officers drank many patriotic toasts and concluded the day "with harmless Mirth and jollity." As empires, both France and Great Britain had territory around the world that required protection. Sir Henry Clinton replaced General Sir William Howe as British Commander-in-Chief of Land Forces in North America, and had to divert troops from Philadelphia to

4968-673: The war. Three months prior to the encampment at Valley Forge, in September 1777, the Second Continental Congress was forced to flee the revolutionary capital Philadelphia to escape what they perceived was an imminent British attack on the city following Washington's defeat in the Battle of Brandywine , a key battle during the British Army's Philadelphia campaign , which sought to capture Philadelphia. Unable to defend Philadelphia, Washington led his 12,000-man army into winter quarters at Valley Forge, located approximately 18 miles (29 km) northwest of Philadelphia. At Valley Forge,

5040-489: The wild woods and build us habitations to stay (not to live) in, in such a weak, starved and naked condition, was appalling in the highest degree." Resentment swelled within the ranks towards those deemed responsible for their hardship. On December 23, Washington wrote Henry Laurens , the President of the Continental Congress. Washington related how his commanders had just exerted themselves with some difficulty to quell

5112-481: Was established and named a national historic site , which protects and preserves over 3,500 acres of the original Valley Forge encampment site. The park is a popular tourist destination, drawing 1.3 million visitors in 2011. In 1777, Valley Forge consisted of a small proto-industrial community located at the juncture of the Valley Creek and the Schuylkill River . In 1742, Quaker industrialists established

5184-425: Was often necessary to amputate them." On January 7, Christopher Marshall related how "ten teams of oxen, fit for slaughtering, came into camp, driven by loyal Philadelphia women. They also brought 2,000 shirts, smuggled from the city, sewn under the eyes of the enemy." While these women provided crucial assistance, most people remained relatively unaware of the Continental Army's plight—"an unavoidable result of

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