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65-543: The Van Allen Building , also known as Van Allen and Company Department Store , is a historic commercial building at Fifth Avenue and South Second Street in Clinton, Iowa . The four-story building was designed by Louis Sullivan and commissioned by John Delbert Van Allen (October 5, 1850 – December 30, 1928). Constructed 1912–1914 as a department store , it now has upper floor apartments with ground floor commercial space. The exterior has brick spandrels and piers over

130-498: A ceramic glaze. Terracotta sculptures in the West were rarely left in their "raw" fired state until the 18th century. Terracotta female figurines were uncovered by archaeologists in excavations of Mohenjo-daro , Pakistan (3000–1500 BCE). Along with phallus-shaped stones, these suggest some sort of fertility cult. The Burney Relief is an outstanding terracotta plaque from Ancient Mesopotamia of about 1950 BCE. In Mesoamerica ,

195-586: A church as well as a bank in Cedar Rapids, Iowa ." On April 3, 1912, Mr. Sullivan wrote Mr. Van Allen stating, "My feeling is moving away from white enamelled terra cotta into a conception of brick and terra cotta in soft low tones. I trust you will follow me with your approval as this design seems to tend this way of its own accord: That is, with a sort of logic of its own." Mr. Van Allen's granddaughter, Mary Jane Case (1917–2004), has described how her grandfather related to her that Mr. Sullivan would sit on

260-531: A female householder with no spouse or partner present and 21.4% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 40.6% of all households were non-families. 33.7% of all households were made up of individuals, 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 41.4 years. 24.9% of the residents were under the age of 20; 5.1% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 23.7% were from 25 and 44; 26.5% were from 45 and 64; and 19.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of

325-518: A few of the many churches in Clinton. Catholic Church Lutheran Churches LDS Non-denominational Christian Churches Baptist Church Terra cotta Usage and definitions of the term vary, such as: Glazed architectural terracotta and its unglazed version as exterior surfaces for buildings were used in East Asia for centuries before becoming popular in the West in

390-494: A household in the city was $ 34,159, and the median income for a family was $ 43,157. Males had a median income of $ 34,210 versus $ 20,882 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,320. About 10.0% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.5% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over. U.S. Route 30 ( Lincoln Highway ), U.S. Route 67 ( Great River Road ), and Iowa Highway 136 pass through Clinton. For air travel,

455-622: A keg of nails across the street from the building when it was under construction and direct the work on the building. Clinton, Iowa Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Clinton County, Iowa , United States. It borders the Mississippi River . The population was 24,469 as of 2020 . Clinton, along with DeWitt (also located in Clinton County), was named in honor of the sixth governor of New York , DeWitt Clinton . Incorporated on January 26, 1857, Clinton

520-411: A speciality of terracotta temples, with the sculpted decoration from the same material as the main brick construction. Terracotta tiles have also been used extensively for floors since ancient times. The quality of terracotta floor tiles depends on the suitability of the clay, the manufacturing methods (kiln-fired being more durable than sun baked), and whether the terracotta tiles are sealed or not. In

585-535: A very early date. The famous Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin Shi Huang , 209–210 BCE, was somewhat untypical, and two thousand years ago reliefs were more common, in tombs and elsewhere. Later Buddhist figures were often made in painted and glazed terracotta, with the Yixian glazed pottery luohans , probably of 1150–1250, now in various Western museums, among the most prominent examples. Brick-built tombs from

650-777: Is 5,200' long, and 14-32 which is 3700' long. Numerous instrument approaches are available. Major railroads include the Union Pacific Railroad and the Canadian Pacific . A national U.S. recreation trail, the Mississippi River Trail passes through Clinton. For intracity transit, residents can rely on the MTA 's 6 bus routes that run throughout the city. Disabled residents can rely on the MTA's para-transit service. Prince of Peace Catholic Academy

715-424: Is a Private Catholic K-12 school. The Clinton Community School District is a public district home to many schools: Gateway Area Community Center is an alternative high school for students who struggle to learn in a regular classroom. The Lighthouse School is a boarding and computer-based self-learning program. Eastern Iowa Community Colleges also has a branch, Clinton Community College Note: These are just

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780-401: Is a limit on the stress that can be imposed on terracotta, and terracotta statues of unsupported standing figures are limited to well under life-size unless extra structural support is added. This is also because large figures are extremely difficult to fire, and surviving examples often show sagging or cracks. The Yixian figures were fired in several pieces, and have iron rods inside to hold

845-669: Is located adjacent to US Highway 30 and the Clinton Municipal Airport. The Union Pacific East-West Mainline runs to the south, with a dedicated spur running into the park. Targeted industries for the Clinton Region included chemicals processing, metal fabrication, and value-added agriculture. Rail.One, HeroBX, and Atlas Roofing Corporation were expected to occupy the Rail Park in 2025. In the 2010s-2020s, many businesses expanded, adding hundreds of new jobs to

910-426: Is not watertight , but its porousness decreases when the body is surface-burnished before firing. Glazes can used to decrease permeability and hence increase watertightness. Unglazed terracotta is suitable for use below ground to carry pressurized water (an archaic use), for garden pots and irrigation or building decoration in many environments, and for oil containers, oil lamps, or ovens. Most other uses require

975-462: Is not covered. Prior to firing, terracotta clays are easy to shape. Shaping techniques include throwing , slip casting as well as others . After drying, it is placed in a kiln or, more traditionally, in a pit covered with combustible material, then fired . The typical firing temperature is around 1,000 °C (1,830 °F), though it may be as low as 600 °C (1,112 °F) in historic and archaeological examples. During this process,

1040-487: Is seasonal, reaching its peak during the harvest festival, when new pottery and votive idols are required. During the rest of the year, the makers rely on agriculture or some other means of income. The designs are often redundant as crafters apply similar reliefs and techniques for different subjects. Customers suggest subjects and uses for each piece. To sustain the legacy, the Indian Government has established

1105-612: Is the principal city of the Clinton Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is coterminous with Clinton County. Elijah Buell, among the first European-American settlers in the Clinton area, established the town of Lyons in 1837. It was named after the French city Lyon . It grew with the lumber and railroad industry through the century, and merged in 1895 with the City of Clinton. Clinton was platted as

1170-661: The Aphrodite Heyl ; the Romans too made great numbers of small figurines, which were often used in a religious context as cult statues or temple decorations. Etruscan art often used terracotta in preference to stone even for larger statues, such as the near life-size Apollo of Veii and the Sarcophagus of the Spouses . Campana reliefs are Ancient Roman terracotta reliefs , originally mostly used to make friezes for

1235-728: The Auditorium Hotel and Carson Pirie Scott in Chicago, with special mention of the National Farmer's Bank of Owatonna, Minnesota and the fact that Mr. Sullivan was decorated for his work by the French government. He concluded his letter by stating, "The interesting feature of this whole matter is that Mr. Sullivan does not charge more than other architects." On March 20, 1911, Mr. Sullivan wrote Mr. Van Allen stating, "I shall take pleasure in handling your work, and will be pleased to see you at any time, as I am now building

1300-695: The Gateway Bridge (Illinois-Iowa) was opened. In 1965, the Mississippi River crested at 24.85 feet, effectively flooding the city of Clinton as well as many other cities along the Mississippi. The US Army Corps of Engineers began a seven-year, $ 28.9 million levee project. An 8.1-mile dyke , 4,330 feet of concrete flood wall, six pumping stations, seven closure structures, five major street crossings; 17,320 feet of new sewer; and 23 gate wells were completed and dedicated in June 1981. In 2005, Clinton

1365-564: The Gupta period and the centuries immediately following it. Several vigorous local popular traditions of terracotta folk sculpture remain active today, such as the Bankura horses . Precolonial West African sculpture also made extensive use of terracotta. The regions most recognized for producing terracotta art in that part of the world include the Nok culture of central and north-central Nigeria ,

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1430-544: The Han dynasty were often finished on the interior wall with bricks decorated on one face; the techniques included molded reliefs. Later tombs contained many figures of protective spirits and animals and servants for the afterlife, including the famous horses of the Tang dynasty ; as an arbitrary matter of terminology these tend not to be referred to as terracottas. European medieval art made little use of terracotta sculpture, until

1495-518: The Ife - Benin cultural axis in western and southern Nigeria (also noted for its exceptionally naturalistic sculpture), and the Igbo culture area of eastern Nigeria, which excelled in terracotta pottery. These related, but separate, traditions also gave birth to elaborate schools of bronze and brass sculpture in the area. Chinese sculpture made great use of terracotta, with and without glazing and color, from

1560-589: The Quad City International Airport , which is about 40 miles away in Moline, Illinois , is the closest commercial airport and can be reached in less than one hour by car. Chicago's O'Hare International Airport is about 140 miles east, and can typically be reached in less than three hours by car. Clinton has a municipal airport ( Clinton Municipal Airport , KCWI) that serves the general aviation community. There are two runways, 3-21 which

1625-549: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 38.01 square miles (98.45 km ), of which 35.15 square miles (91.04 km ) is land and 2.86 square miles (7.41 km ) is water. Clinton is on the western shore of the Mississippi River and is the easternmost city in Iowa. The Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge passes through Clinton along the river. The pool of

1690-400: The 19th century, the possibilities of terracotta decoration for buildings were again appreciated by architects, often using thicker pieces of terracotta and styled surfaces. The American architect Louis Sullivan is well known for his elaborate glazed terracotta ornamentation, designs that would have been impossible to execute in any other medium. Terracotta and tile were used extensively in

1755-628: The 19th century. Architectural terracotta can also refer to decorated ceramic elements such as antefixes and revetments , which had a large impact on the appearance of temples and other buildings in the classical architecture of Europe , as well as in the Ancient Near East . This article covers the senses of terracotta as a medium in sculpture, as in the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines , and architectural decoration. East Asian and European sculpture in porcelain

1820-496: The Mississippi River above Lock and Dam No. 13 is the widest section of the river at 1.8 miles (2.9 km) across. As of the census of 2020, there were 24,469 people, 10,440 households, and 6,201 families residing in the city. The population density was 687.3 inhabitants per square mile (265.4/km ). There were 11,864 housing units at an average density of 333.3 per square mile (128.7/km ). The racial makeup of

1885-541: The Roman Emperors adorning Hampton Court Palace , by Giovanni da Maiano , 1521, were another example of Italian work in England. They were originally painted but this has now been lost from weathering. In the 18th-century unglazed terracotta, which had long been used for preliminary clay models or maquettes that were then fired, became fashionable as a material for small sculptures including portrait busts. It

1950-453: The Romans and is seen nowhere else in the country. Contemporary centres for terracotta figurines include West Bengal , Bihar , Jharkhand , Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu . In Bishnupur , West Bengal, the terracotta pattern–panels on the temples are known for their intricate details. The Bankura Horse is also very famous and belongs to the Bengal school of terracotta. Madhya Pradesh is one of

2015-498: The Town of New York in 1836 by Joseph Bartlett. He was looking for gold deposits in the area. In 1855, the Chicago, Iowa, Nebraska Railroad announced it would build a bridge across the Mississippi River at Little Rock Island. The Iowa Land Company named the town as Clinton, in honor of DeWitt Clinton , governor of New York State. A general city charter was adopted in 1857. Clinton's population grew to more than 1,000 as construction of

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2080-435: The area. These businesses include Big River Packaging, Nestle Purina , and Archer Daniels Midland. They invested millions of dollars into the community. This catalyzed the development of new suburban housing developments, restaurants, and recreational attractions. In 2020, Clinton received a grant from ‘Iowa Great Places’. It dedicated to a project known as ‘Even More Things to Do with a River View.’ Funds were used to improve

2145-578: The average family size was 2.93. Age spread: 24.6% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males. In the 2000 census 37.7% of the population reported they were of German ancestry, 15.3% of Irish ancestry, 11.4% of British (English, Scottish, Welsh or Scots-Irish) ancestry, 7.8% of Scandinavian ancestry and 5.8% of Dutch ancestry. The median income for

2210-402: The baking time, the colour differed from red to light orange. The Satavahanas used two different moulds- one for the front and the other for the back and kept a piece of clay in each mould and joined them together, making some artefacts hollow from within. Some Satavahana terracotta artefacts also seem to have a thin strip of clay joining the two moulds. This technique may have been imported from

2275-505: The bridge continued. In 1859, the railroad line was completed to Cedar Rapids . Fifty years later, the single-track railroad bridge was replaced by a double-track bridge that was completed in 1909. Between the 1850s and 1900, Lyons and Clinton quickly became centers of the lumber industry and together were regarded as the "Lumber Capital of the World." In the 1880s and 1890s, Clinton boasted more millionaires per capita than any other city in

2340-494: The building and emphasize the wide spans of the interior aisles which made the building so unique. Louis Sullivan was recommended as the architect by F.H. Shaver of the Peoples Savings Bank in Cedar Rapids, Iowa in a letter dated September 20, 1910. In addition to mentioning the work that Sullivan was doing for him, Mr. Shaver mentioned Sullivan's Transportation Building at the 1893 World Columbian Exposition ,

2405-496: The building was designed to have urban appeal with plain surfaces, clean lines and harmonious proportions. In order to avoid anonymity amongst other buildings, the structure features ornamentation with a strong sense of Sullivan's signature natural design motifs. Themes of dark brick and terra cotta ornamentation dominate the building's exterior design. The clean and simple lines and earth tones were intended to complement three unique ornamental terra cotta mullions. While at first glance,

2470-544: The city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female. As of the census of 2010, there were 26,885 people, 11,246 households, and 6,889 families residing in the city. The population density was 764.9 inhabitants per square mile (295.3/km ). There were 12,202 housing units at an average density of 347.1 per square mile (134.0/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 91.0% White , 4.3% African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.7% Asian , 1.1% from other races , and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.3% of

2535-436: The city was 85.9% White , 5.1% Black or African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.8% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 1.5% from other races and 6.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino persons of any race comprised 4.3% of the population. Of the 10,440 households, 26.7% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.9% were married couples living together, 9.4% were cohabitating couples, 29.4% had

2600-462: The city's riverfront and improve public access. In 2023, the historic Clinton High School was torn down. The newly built Clinton High was opened for student use. Additionally, the 'Tailgate N' Tallboys' concert brought nearly 9,000 people to Clinton for a 3-day concert series. Clinton is located at 41°50′49″N 90°12′26″W  /  41.84694°N 90.20722°W  / 41.84694; -90.20722 (41.846863, -90.207330). According to

2665-426: The city. The population density was 780.9 inhabitants per square mile (301.5/km ). There were 12,412 housing units at an average density of 349.0 per square mile (134.7/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 93.80% White , 3.22% African American , 0.32% Native American , 0.81% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.51% from other races , and 1.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.68% of

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2730-463: The fingers, allows the artist to take a more free and flexible approach. Small details that might be impractical to carve in stone, of hair or costume for example, can easily be accomplished in terracotta, and drapery can sometimes be made up of thin sheets of clay that make it much easier to achieve a realistic effect. Reusable mold-making techniques may be used for production of many identical pieces. Compared to marble sculpture and other stonework,

2795-418: The finished product is far lighter and may be further painted and glazed to produce objects with color or durable simulations of metal patina. Robust durable works for outdoor use require greater thickness and so will be heavier, with more care needed in the drying of the unfinished piece to prevent cracking as the material shrinks. Structural considerations are similar to those required for stone sculpture; there

2860-524: The first floor. The walls are made of long thin bricks in a burnt gray color with a tinge of purple. Above the ground floor all the windows are framed by a light gray terra cotta. The tile panels in Dutch blue and white pay tribute to Mr. Van Allen's Dutch heritage of which he was quite proud. (Mr. Van Allen was accepted for membership in the Holland Society of New York in 1908). The Van Allen Building

2925-599: The great majority of Olmec figurines were in terracotta. Many ushabti mortuary statuettes were also made of terracotta in Ancient Egypt . The Ancient Greeks ' Tanagra figurines were mass-produced mold-cast and fired terracotta figurines, that seem to have been widely affordable in the Hellenistic period , and often purely decorative in function. They were part of a wide range of Greek terracotta figurines , which included larger and higher-quality works such as

2990-414: The iron oxides in the body reacts with oxygen, often resulting in the reddish colour known as terracotta . However, color can vary widely, including shades of yellow, orange, buff, red, pink, grey or brown. A final method is to carve fired bricks or other terracotta shapes. This technique is less common, but examples can be found in the architecture of Bengal on Hindu temples and mosques. Terracotta

3055-589: The late 14th century, when it became used in advanced International Gothic workshops in parts of Germany. The Virgin illustrated at the start of the article from Bohemia is the unique example known from there. A few decades later, there was a revival in the Italian Renaissance , inspired by excavated classical terracottas as well as the German examples, which gradually spread to the rest of Europe. In Florence , Luca della Robbia (1399/1400–1482)

3120-413: The material to be glazed, such as tableware, sanitary piping, or building decorations built for freezing environments. Terracotta will also ring if lightly struck, as long as it is not cracked. Painted ( polychrome ) terracotta is typically first covered with a thin coat of gesso , then painted. It is widely used, but only suitable for indoor positions and much less durable than fired colors in or under

3185-510: The most famous is The Abduction of Hippodameia depicting the Greek mythological scene of a centaur kidnapping Hippodameia on her wedding day. Terracotta tiles have a long history in many parts of the world. Many ancient and traditional roofing styles included more elaborate sculptural elements than the plain roof tiles , such as Chinese Imperial roof decoration and the antefix of western classical architecture . In India West Bengal made

3250-599: The most prominent production centres of terracotta art today. The tribes of the Bastar have a rich tradition. They make intricate designs and statues of animals and birds. Hand-painted clay and terracotta products are produced in Gujarat . The Aiyanar cult in Tamil Nadu is associated with life-size terracotta statues. Traditional terracotta sculptures, mainly religious, also continue to be made. The demand for this craft

3315-407: The mullions appear to be little more than creative personal flourish on the part of Sullivan, careful study of the building's structure reveals the genius behind the design. Sullivan used the ornamental mullions to visually correct imbalances in the building's proportions which were the result of designing the interior spaces first. Additionally, the decorative mullions serve to accentuate the height of

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3380-559: The nation. In 1895, the town of Lyons officially merged with the city of Clinton. By the end of 1900, the northern forests were depleted and the sawmills closed. The railroad and river, providing economical transportation in all directions, attracted manufacturing and heavy industry. The city still boasts a number of magnificent Victorian mansions built during that time. Among these is the George M. Curtis House . In 1925, Clinton acquired Eagle Point Park as part of its park system. In 1956,

3445-463: The outside of buildings, as a cheaper substitute for stone. Indian sculpture made heavy use of terracotta from as early as the Indus Valley civilization (with stone and metal sculpture being rather rare), and in more sophisticated areas had largely abandoned modeling for using molds by the 1st century BCE. This allows relatively large figures, nearly up to life-size, to be made, especially in

3510-443: The population. There were 11,246 households, of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.0% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.7% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

3575-410: The population. There were 11,427 households, out of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.9% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.6% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and

3640-424: The reputation of the material. By about 1930, the widespread use of concrete and Modernist architecture largely ended the use of terracotta in architecture. As compared to bronze sculpture , terracotta uses a far simpler and quicker process for creating the finished work with much lower material costs. The easier task of modelling, typically with a limited range of knives and wooden shaping tools, but mainly using

3705-416: The structural steel skeletal frame . Terra cotta is used for horizontal accent banding and for three slender, vertical applied mullion medallions on the front facade running through three stories, from ornate corbels at the second-floor level to huge outbursts of vivid green terra cotta foliage in the attic. There is a very slight cornice . Black marble facing is used around the glass show windows on

3770-574: The structure together. Terracotta has been a medium for art since the Harappan civilization, although techniques used differed in each time period. In the Mauryan times, they were mainly figures of mother goddesses, indicating a fertility cult. Moulds were used for the face, whereas the body was hand-modelled. In the Shungan times, a single mould was used to make the entire figure and depending upon

3835-427: The town buildings of Victorian Birmingham , England. Terracotta was marketed as a miracle material, largely impervious to the elements. Terracotta, however, can be damaged by water penetration, exposure, or failure through faulty design or installation. An excessive faith in the durability of the material led to shortcuts in design and execution, coupled with a belief that the material did not require maintenance, tainted

3900-440: Was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age in the city was 40.4 years. 23.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.8% were from 25 to 44; 27.6% were from 45 to 64; and 17.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 27,772 people, 11,427 households, and 7,358 families residing in

3965-484: Was a sculptor who founded a family dynasty specializing in glazed and painted terracotta, especially large roundels which were used to decorate the exterior of churches and other buildings. These used the same techniques as contemporary maiolica and other tin-glazed pottery . Other sculptors included Pietro Torrigiano (1472–1528), who produced statues, and in England busts of the Tudor royal family. The unglazed busts of

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4030-458: Was awarded one of the inaugural Iowa Great Places designations. Under this award, Clinton received a $ 1 million state budget allocation for cultural and landscape improvements along the city's riverfront. In 2009, Archer Daniels Midland began construction of a new cogeneration plant to Clinton. This has brought more jobs and workers to Clinton. In 2016, the city obtained the certification for Lincolnway Industrial Rail and Air Park. The park

4095-409: Was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its architecture. Rather unusually, Van Allen and Sullivan planned the building around intended use of the interior space. The men carefully laid out floor plans and designed displays, showcases, and aisles before creating plans for the building itself. The main floor of the new store was for general dry goods and men's furnishings. The second floor

4160-545: Was much easier to work than carved materials, and allowed a more spontaneous approach by the artist. Claude Michel (1738–1814), known as Clodion , was an influential pioneer in France . John Michael Rysbrack (1694–1770), a Flemish portrait sculptor working in England, sold his terracotta modelli for larger works in stone, and produced busts only in terracotta. In the next century the French sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse made many terracotta pieces, but possibly

4225-481: Was women's costumes, and the third floor household fabrics, bedding and rugs. The top floor was not planned for immediate use and intended as an area for future growth. The resulting interior design included a plan with only two interior column lines on all four floors, creating open interiors for shopping. The column lines feature three rows of interior columns spanning east–west, which allowed for three spacious retail bays averaging over 28 feet in width. The exterior of

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