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67-585: The district is located northeast of Lake Beloye and the area of the lake is divided between Vashkinsky and Belozersky Districts. Much of the area of the district belongs to the basin of Lake Beloye and thus of the Caspian Sea . In particular, the Kovzha River , one of the main tributaries of the lake, forms the western border of the district, and the Kema River , another major tributary, crosses

134-444: A plague epidemic in 1605. In 1608, when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar Vasily Shuysky and areas controlled by the pretender False Dmitry II supported by Polish troops, the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry. By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses, but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia. However, abuses and property seizures by

201-642: A diameter of 46 kilometres (29 mi). Its area is 1,130 square kilometres (440 sq mi), and the area of its basin is 14,000 square kilometres (5,400 sq mi). The lake drains into the Sheksna River , which is a tributary of the Rybinsk Reservoir of the Volga River . The Sheksna flows out of the eastern corner of the lake. The main tributaries of Lake Beloye are the Kovzha ,

268-412: A front city. The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches. In the city, bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction, systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed. As a result, though attempts of bombardments were numerous, no bombs fell on the city. To commemorate these events, a monument to the air defense forces

335-650: A new cathedral was built in the new fortress. The Saint Sophia Cathedral became the first stone building in Vologda. The design of the cathedral copied the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin . This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow. He personally supervised the construction, headed by the architect Razmysl Petrov . In 1571, Vologda became

402-603: A specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye, 13 kilometers (8.1 mi) from Vologda. It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia. Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry, and the Vologda butter , a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman, became a world trademark. In 1911, the manor of Fominskoye together with

469-688: A successful terrorist), Mariya Ulyanova , and Alexander Bogdanov were sent to Vologda. Anatoly Lunacharsky chose to go there to join Bogdanov, and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya, Bogdanov's sister. Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917, and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the zemstvo and municipal administration. In February 1918, Vologda became the "diplomatic capital of Russia" for several months. Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by

536-557: A type of fish - Common bleak . According to the Primary Chronicle , Sineus , a brother of Rurik , became the prince of Beloozero in 862. However, it is likely that Sineus never existed. Nevertheless, the archaeological data show that the settlement existed until the 10th century on the northern shore of the lake, close to the selo of Kisnema (now Troitskoye in Vashkinsky District). In the 10th century, it

603-481: A war against Shemyaka, was exiled to Vologda, and got the city as a personal possession. From there Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery where the hegumen released him from the oath. The civil war continued, and in 1450, Vologda was besieged by the troops of Dmitry Shemyaka ; however, they did not manage to occupy the town. After the death of Vasily in 1462, Vologda passed to

670-526: Is a city and the administrative center of Vologda Oblast , Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina . Population: 313,944 ( 2021 Census ) ; 301,755 ( 2010 Census ) ; 293,046 ( 2002 Census ) ; 282,802 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia. The Ministry of Culture of

737-454: Is a lake in the northwestern part of Vologda Oblast in Russia . Administratively , the lake is divided between Belozersky District (south) and Vashkinsky District (north) in the oblast. The town of Belozersk is located on its coast. In terms of area, Lake Beloye is the second natural lake of Vologda Oblast (behind Lake Onega ), and the third lake also behind the Rybinsk Reservoir . It

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804-765: Is among them. Vologda's trademark products include Vologda lace , butter , and flax . In Vologda, there are ten museums, four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery, and the gallery "Red bridge". The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve. Its structure now includes the following museums, Additionally, Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the Museum of Diplomatic Corps which highlights

871-771: Is one of the ten biggest natural lakes in Europe. The basin of the lake includes parts of Belozersky, Vashkinsky, Babayevsky , and Vytegorsky Districts of Vologda Oblast, as well as minor areas in Kargopolsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast . Most of the basin lies north of the lake, in the Andoma Hills , and includes smaller lakes, many of them being of glacial origin. These lakes include Lake Kovzhskoye , Lake Kemskoye , Lake Kushtozero , Lake Sholskoye , Lake Druzhinnoye , and, south of Lake Beloye, Lake Lozskoye . The lake has an approximately round shape with

938-408: Is represented by a number of authors which include Nata Suchkova , Maria Markova , Galina Schekina , and Anton Chorny . Vologda is a major transportation hub, located at the intersection of highways, railways, and waterways. The public transport network is well developed in the city: There are both bus and trolleybus lines. The city has four big automobile bridges: two automobile bridges across

1005-656: Is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast. Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused, hence government has announced giving away free land. Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose. Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments. In Vologda, 193 monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance. The most known of them are Of 116 historical cities of Russia only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture. Vologda

1072-832: The Kema , and the Megra . The lake and the Belozersky Canal around it are a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway . The Belozersky Canal was constructed to connect the Sheksna and the Kovzha Rivers in order to bypass Lake Beloye, where sometimes strong wind occur. The canal follows the southern and the western coasts of the lake. According to the Primary Chronicle , Sineus , a brother of Rurik , became

1139-596: The Trewartha classification . Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months. Spring and autumn are cool, summer is mild, the coldest months are January and February, the warmest month is July. Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn. The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic Russians . A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of different levels – according to various estimates, their number reaches fifty thousand people. The reason

1206-678: The Vologda and two bridges across railways. There is one pedestrian bridge (the Red bridge) in the city center. Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the Northern Railway . It includes the stations Vologda-1, Vologda-2, Rybkino, and Losta. The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the Russian Federation , with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily. Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from

1273-461: The administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ). In 1727, separate Novgorod Governorate was split off. The area became a part of Belozersky Uyezd of Belozersk Oblast of Novgorod Governorate. In 1776, the area was transferred to Novgorod Viceroyalty . In 1796, the viceroyalty

1340-632: The 13th century. Instead, they believe that the city was founded in the 13th century with Vologda being mentioned in a 1264 agreement between the Novgorod Republic and the Grand Prince of Vladimir as an outlying possession of the Novgorod Republic. The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center, but rather the area known now as "Lazy ground" ( Ленивая площадка ), close to

1407-530: The 14th century it entered the Grand Duchy of Moscow . The Mariinsk Canal system was constructed in the early 19th century, and after the reconstruction in the 20th century it became the Volga–Baltic Waterway. Lake Beloye is located at the intersection of the most important waterways of Russia. The ancient Vytegorsko-Belozersky waterway passed through the lake. At the beginning of the 19th century,

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1474-606: The Buman's creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute. Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia. Since the 15th century, Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as "Siberia close to the capital". In the 19th–20th centuries, such persons as Joseph Stalin , Vyacheslav Molotov (later the Minister of Foreign Affairs), Nikolai Berdyaev (the famous Russian philosopher), Boris Savinkov (later known as

1541-528: The City Duma adopted the main city document: the Charter of Vologda . On October 6, 1996, the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place. Alexey Yakunichev was elected and became the head of the city. His term ended in 2008. In 2003, the construction of a ring road started. Before that, the М8 highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center, causing congestion. Since

1608-660: The German army, so Western powers, led by American Ambassador David R. Francis , relocated them to Vologda. However, pressured by the Bolsheviks, on July 24, 1918, the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via Arkhangelsk . During the Russian Civil War , Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the 6th Red Army . The army opposed the White Army under command of Evgeny Miller and

1675-664: The Mariinsk Canal System), connecting the Rybinsk Reservoir in the basin of the Volga River with Lake Onega in the basin of the Neva River , runs through the district, following the course of the Kovzha River. Lake Beloye is also a part of the Volga-Baltic Waterway. The district contains two cultural heritage monuments of federal significance (both are archaeological monuments which are

1742-550: The Resurrection church. This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565. Until that year, no stone constructions existed in Vologda; all of the city fortifications, bridges, houses, churches, and industrial enterprises were made of wood. The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow, Novgorod, and the White Sea (via the Northern Dvina ) made it attractive for the Novgorod Republic , as well as for

1809-564: The Russian Federation has classified Vologda as a historic city, one of 41 in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast. The Russian Cultinfo website wrote that there were 224 monuments of historical, artistic and cultural importance in Vologda. The official founding year of Vologda is 1147, based on the 17th century "Tale of Miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda" and Ivan Slobodsky's 1716 "Chronicler", which tells

1876-597: The Vologda. In 1553, Vologda was visited by the English seafarer Richard Chancellor who officially established diplomatic relations between the Tsardom of Russia and England. In 1554, trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and Novgorod , and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda. Following

1943-469: The administrative center in the selo of Annensky Most ) and Sholsky District (with the administrative center in the selo of Zubovo ) were also established. In 1937, they were transferred from Leningrad Oblast to Vologda Oblast. In 1959, both districts were abolished. The area of Sholsky District was split between Vashkinsky and Belozersky Districts, and the area of Kovzhinsky District was split between Vashkinsky and Vytegorsky Districts. The industry of

2010-411: The capital of the country. The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress. It was decided to build it not in the former town center, but rather in another part of the town, limited on the one side by the river, and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya, Oktyabrskaya, and Mira Streets. The fortress was surrounded by a moat . Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of

2077-457: The cathedral, and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime. The consecration took place only during the reign his son Feodor I in 1587. Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building. The Time of Troubles for Vologda began with

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2144-526: The center of the Diocese of Vologda and Perm that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of Ust-Vym in Perm lands. Thereby, Vologda was strengthened not only in trading, military and political influence, but also in ecclesiastical affairs. However, in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good. Presumably, this

2211-497: The city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard, it remained without sufficient protection, and on September 22, 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance, later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants. After 1613, Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade. During

2278-512: The completion, the ring road connects the highways А114 (Vologda – Novaya Ladoga ), Р5 (Vologda – Medvezhyegorsk ), and М8 (Moscow – Arkhangelsk ). On August 25, 2005, the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda. Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996, the changes were relatively minor. On October 12, 2008, Yevgeny Shulepov

2345-603: The district from north to south. Most of the area of the district is in the Kema's drainage basin. The eastern and northeastern parts of the district belong to the basin of the Onega River , which flows to the White Sea . There are many lakes in the district, the biggest of which are Lake Druzhinnoye , Lake Volotskoye , Lake Unzhinskoye , and Lake Pushtorskoye , all belonging to the basin of Lake Beloye. The name "Vashky" originates from Finnic languages where "vaskala" means

2412-562: The district is essentially food industry and timber industry. There are seven farms in the district, and the number of employees in agriculture in 2010 was 325. The main specializations are cattle breeding (meat and milk production) and crops growing. A highway connecting Vologda and Vytegra crosses the district bypassing Lipin Bor. Another road branches off south, running via Lipin Bor to Belozersk . There are also local roads with bus traffic. The Volga–Baltic Waterway (formerly known as

2479-661: The fortress on April 28, 1566, which was the day to celebrate the memory of Saint Jason (Nason in the Russian tradition) and Saint Sosipater . Therefore, the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the "Nason-gorod" (Nason-town). The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin (currently, the name is sometimes referred only as the Bishop's courtyard). Between 1568 and 1570,

2546-538: The four in Vologda Oblast)—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as Vologda Urban Okrug . The key subjects of power in the city are: Vologda's climate is mild humid continental ( Dfb ) under the Köppen classification and temperate continental with mild summer and cold winter ( Dclo ) under

2613-744: The influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod. In 1397, during the reign of Vasily I , Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Subsequently, the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces. During the Muscovite Civil War , Vologda played a key role. After Vasily II the Blind , the Grand Prince of Moscow, was defeated by Dmitry Shemyaka in 1447, he swore to never start

2680-842: The lake became an integral part of the Mariinsky water system. In the XX century, the Volga-Baltic Waterway passed through the White Lake, which inherited the route of the Mariinsky water system. Wastewater from agricultural and municipal enterprises and the woodworking industry flows into the lake. The main local sources of pollution are located in Belozersk and Lipin Bor . The lake is also used for water supply of settlements lying on its shores. Vologda Vologda ( Russian : Во́логда , IPA: [ˈvoləɡdə] )

2747-458: The lake in 1692, he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose. Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions, on six of which (in 1692, 1693, 1694, 1702, 1722, and 1724) he stayed in the city for extended time. He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman, which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities, and in 1885 was transformed into

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2814-538: The memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda. However, after St. Petersburg was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea , the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed. In 1722, Peter issued the decree restricting trade through Arkhangelsk , which damaged Vologda even further. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708, Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and

2881-684: The military forces of Entente in northern Russia. In 1924 the government ordered to close the Vsegradsky cathedral , that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city. In 1929, the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation, Northern Krai , which also included former Arkhangelsk and Northern Dvina Governorates , as well as the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast . The administrative center of Northern Krai

2948-517: The monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street. Between 1961 and 1985, Anatoly Drygin was the first secretary of the CPSU Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast. During this period, notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred. In particular, a bearing plant, a mechanical plant, and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda. A polytechnical university

3015-551: The new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population. As a result, Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky. Moreover, in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II. In 1612, people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky , which eventually defeated Polish troops. However, after

3082-520: The possession of his son Andrey Menshoy and became the center of the Principality of Vologda . In 1481, after the death of Andrey who had no successors, Vologda passed to Ivan III , the Grand Duke of Moscow, and was included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible , Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russia's trade. The foreign trade

3149-402: The prince of Beloozero in 862. If this would be correct, Belozersk would be one of the oldest towns in Russia. However, most likely Sineus never existed, and the earliest archaeological data in or around Belozersk belong to the 10th century. In the 10th-13th centuries the area was controlled by the Novgorod Republic , then in the 13th century it was part of the Principality of Beloozero , and in

3216-540: The princes of Tver and Moscow , who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries. In 1371, Dmitry Prilutsky , a monk from the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky , founded Nikolsky Monastery, now known as Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery , close to the city. Dmitry Donskoy , the Grand Prince of Moscow, was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of

3283-444: The railway station of Vologda-1. The Rybkino railway station , a railway station for freight trains, is near Vologda. The Vologda Airport is situated 10 km from the city centre along the Arkhangelsk highway . Yak-40 aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow, Ukhta , Velikiy Ustyug , Kichmengsky Gorodok , and Vytegra . Helicopters Mi-2 and Mi-8 are used by the Vologda aviation company. They are used for

3350-408: The reign of Peter the Great , Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia. Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there. Vessels which delivered food supplies to Arkhangelsk were constructed in Vologda. Peter intended to hold them on Lake Kubenskoye , 30 kilometers (19 mi) north of Vologda. However, after personally inspecting

3417-454: The remains of former settlements) and forty-three objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. Most of these are wooden farms built prior to 1917. Vashkinsky District Museum is located in Lipin Bor. Lake Beloye (Vologda Oblast) Lake Beloye or White Lake ( Russian : Бе́лое о́зеро , IPA: [ˈbʲɛləjə ˈozʲɪrə] ; Veps : Vaugedjärv, Valgjärv , lit.   'white lake')

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3484-428: The reports of John Gass, in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city, and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became Osip Nepeya , a native of Vologda. In 1565, Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of Oprichnina and included Vologda in the structure of Oprichnina lands. That year, he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently

3551-433: The short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918. The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda: Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following: Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda. The best known of them were Konstantin Batyushkov , Varlam Shalamov , Nikolay Rubtsov , and Vasily Belov and Vladimir Gilarovsky. Contemporary literature of Vologda

3618-447: The story of the arrival of the monk Gerasimus who founded the Trinity Monastery near the Vologda river. This date, which would make Vologda about the same age as Moscow , was introduced by the historian Aleksey Zasetsky in 1780. However, historians and archaeologists have expressed doubts on the official founding year, due to the age and secondary nature of the sources and also due to archaeological excavations dating no earlier than

3685-428: The uyezds were abolished and Vashkinsky District was established. The administrative center of the district was established in the village of Vashki , hence the name of the district. On September 23, 1937, Vashkinsky District was transferred to newly established Vologda Oblast. In 1938, the administrative center of the district was moved to the selo of Lipin Bor. On August 1, 1927, Kovzhinsky District (with

3752-433: The western part of Vologda Oblast. Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined. In the 1930s, a flax factory, a coach-repair factory, and a sawmill, "Northern Communard," were constructed. During World War II , martial law was declared in Vologda, and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production. In the fall of 1941, Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast, and Vologda thus became

3819-460: Was abolished, and the area was transferred to Novgorod Governorate. In the 19th century, the area was transferred to Kirillovsky Uyezd . In June 1918, five uyezds of Novgorod Governorate, including Kirillovsky Uyezd, were split off to form Cherepovets Governorate , with the administrative center in Cherepovets . On August 1, 1927, Cherepovets Governorate was abolished and its area became Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast . Simultaneously,

3886-407: Was conducted mostly with England, Holland, and other western countries via the White Sea . Arkhangelsk was the major foreign trade haven, and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk. The trade with Siberia was conducted via the Sukhona and the Vychegda , and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center. The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of

3953-417: Was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina, and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer. According to the legend, when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral, a little stone fell from the roof on his head. The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as a sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city. In any case, it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish

4020-411: Was elected to be the City Head. Vologda is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Vologodsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality, incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Vologda (one of

4087-407: Was formed and the reform of local governments began. In October 1993, the Soviets of People's Deputies of all levels were abolished. After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet, the City Duma was established. The first Duma elections took place on March 20, 1994. This first Duma only had six seats, but in 1995, after the next elections, it was expanded to thirty deputies. On July 25, 1996,

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4154-426: Was included as a town of Archangelgorod Governorate . The revival began only during the reign of Catherine the Great who in 1780 made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty , a successor of Archangelgorod Governorate . In 1796, the viceroyalty, administered by a governor-general, was transformed into Vologda Governorate , the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east. The center of Vologda

4221-402: Was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda. The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun. In addition, Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment. It also served as a large hospital center. Residents of Vologda donated blood, money, and jewellery. The tank detachment "Vologda Collective Farmer" was funded by these donations. To commemorate these events

4288-527: Was located in Arkhangelsk. In December 1936, Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and Northern Oblast , with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk. On September 23, 1937, Northern Oblast was divided into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. According to the same decision, districts of former Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast were attached to Vologda Oblast . These districts currently make for

4355-404: Was opened. A large-scale poultry farm was established. A major construction initiative was carried out, and, in particular, the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed. The city expanded, with new residential areas built; in particular, Byvalovo, GPZ, the fifth and the sixth Microdistricts . In 1976, the Vologda trolleybus system opened. In November 1991, the city administration

4422-437: Was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781. The street network is still in use now. A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the Sukhona and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow (1872), with Arkhangelsk (1898), with St. Petersburg and Vyatka (1905). In 1871, the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened

4489-400: Was transferred to the outflow of the Sheksna River. The area was under the influence of the Novgorod Republic and the Novgorodians used the waterway to the White Sea which runs through the current area of the district. In the 13th century, the area was administered by princes of Beloozero , and then in the 14th century, it fell under control of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . In the course of

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