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60-628: Arena AufSchalke ( German pronunciation: [aˈʁeːnaː ʔaʊfˈʃalkə] ), currently known as Veltins-Arena ( pronounced [ˈfɛltɪnsʔaˌʁeːnaː] ) for sponsorship reasons, is a retractable roof and pitch, football stadium in Gelsenkirchen , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany. It opened on 13 August 2001, as the new home ground for FC Schalke 04 . The stadium has a capacity of 62,271 (standing and seated) for league matches and 54,740 (seated only) for international matches. It hosted four matches at UEFA Euro 2024 . The naming rights to

120-481: A bar or restaurant a retractable roof measuring 20' by 30'; and a meeting hall a 50' by 100' bi-parting-over-stationary. Stadium retractable roofs are generally used in locales where inclement weather, extreme heat, or extreme cold are prevalent during the respective sports seasons, in order to allow for playing of traditionally outdoor sports in more favorable conditions, as well as the comfort of spectators watching games played in such weather. Unlike their predecessors,

180-563: A field cost prohibitive. Installations throughout the world employ a variety of different configurations and styles. The first retractable roof sports venue was the now-demolished Civic Arena in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States. Constructed in 1961 for the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera , the arena was home to minor league basketball, college basketball, and minor league ice hockey teams before becoming

240-541: A fully functional retractable roof at its debut in 1989 . Architecturally speaking, retractable roofs vary greatly from stadium to stadium in shape, material and movement. For example, American Family Field has a fan style roof, while Toyota Stadium in Japan has an accordion -like roof. Most retractable roofs are made of metal, while some, such as the roof of State Farm Stadium , are made of water-resistant fabric. Although each retractable roof differs in these aspects,

300-511: A higher concentration of hydroxide (OH-) in ground water . This alkalinity promotes the mineralization of dissolved CO 2 (from the atmosphere) to produce calcite (CaCO 3 ), which can accumulate to as thick as 20 cm. This can also lead to the dissolution of other metals in slag, such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and molybdenum (Mo), which become insoluble in water and mobile as particulate matter . The most effective method to detoxify alkaline ground water discharge

360-431: A highly abrasive dust that has caused car parts to wear at significantly greater than normal rates. Dissolution of slags generate alkalinity that can be used to precipitate out metals, sulfates, and excess nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in wastewater treatment. Similarly, ferrous slags have been used as soil conditioners to re-balance soil pH and fertilizers as sources of calcium and magnesium.   Because of

420-539: A modern multifunctional arena. Following Schalke 04's 1997 victory in the UEFA Cup and the club's upcoming 100th anniversary in 2004, the contract to construct a stadium was given in 1998 to the German construction firm HBM. The site chosen for Schalke 04's new stadium is in the direct vicinity of the old Parkstadion, on an extensive piece of club owned property known as the "Berger Feld". Unfortunately, two mine shafts of

480-407: A retractable roof and slide-out pitch. Veltins-Arena has been a source of inspiration for Friends Arena . The arena also has ties to Lucas Oil Stadium . In that stadium, the retractable-roof also opens lengthwise from the center to the touchlines. 51°33′16″N 7°4′3″E  /  51.55444°N 7.06750°E  / 51.55444; 7.06750 Retractable roof A retractable roof

540-537: A ring around the entire stadium, separating the first tier from the second tier. On the main Western grandstand, the VIP capacity is increased by a second level of lounges directly beneath the main belt. The foundation for the stadium was created out of cast concrete and 600,000 cubic metres (21,000,000 cu ft) of packed slag , a waste product from the steel smelting industry. These were packed into mounds to support

600-413: A series of experiments testing the reactivity of a specific slag material (i.e., dissolution ) or using the topological constraint theory (TCT) to account for its complex chemical network. Slags are transported along with slag tailings to "slag dumps", where they are exposed to weathering, with the possibility of leaching of toxic elements and hyperalkaline runoffs into the soil and water, endangering

660-493: Is a roof system designed to roll back the roof of a structure so that the interior of the facility is open to the outdoors. Retractable roofs are sometimes referred to as operable roofs or retractable skylights . The term operable skylight , while quite similar, refers to a skylight that opens on a hinge, rather than on a track. Retractable roofs are used in residences, restaurants and bars, swim centres, arenas and stadiums, and other facilities wishing to provide protection from

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720-642: Is any significant threat of precipitation.) Depending on the stadium, weather or gameplay conditions, and the judgment of the officials, play may or may not continue until the roof is fully closed. If the game begins with the roof closed, it may be opened under some circumstances depending on the venue. If it is closed after the game begins, typically it must remain closed for the duration of the game. Some modern athletic facilities are using less-complex roof systems commonly referred to as open roofs . These are constructed with similar materials as retractable roofs, such as polycarbonate or tempered glass roofs. Hinged at

780-896: Is designed to minimize iron loss, which gives out the significant amount of iron, following by oxides of calcium , silicon , magnesium , and aluminium. As the slag is cooled down by water, several chemical reactions from a temperature of around 2,600 °F (1,430 °C) (such as oxidization ) take place within the slag. Based on a case study at the Hopewell National Historical Site in Berks and Chester counties, Pennsylvania , US, ferrous slag usually contains lower concentration of various types of trace elements than non-ferrous slag . However, some of them, such as arsenic (As), iron, and manganese , can accumulate in groundwater and surface water to levels that can exceed environmental guidelines. Non-ferrous slag

840-418: Is important to note, the oxide form may or may not be present once the molten slag solidifies and forms amorphous and crystalline components. The major components of these slags include the oxides of calcium , magnesium , silicon , iron, and aluminium, with lesser amounts of manganese , phosphorus , and others depending on the specifics of the raw materials used. Furthermore, slag can be classified based on

900-413: Is located near the old Parkstadion on a club-owned property known as "Berger Feld." Due to the presence of two mine shafts beneath the site, the stadium's main axis was rotated to ensure structural integrity. The arena features a two-tier layout with a foundation of cast concrete and packed slag from steel smelting. The Veltins-Arena features a Teflon -coated fiberglass canvas retractable roof that spans

960-467: Is produced from non-ferrous metals of natural ores. Non-ferrous slag can be characterized into copper, lead, and zinc slags due to the ores' compositions, and they have more potential to impact the environment negatively than ferrous slag. The smelting of copper, lead and bauxite in non-ferrous smelting, for instance, is designed to remove the iron and silica that often occurs with those ores, and separates them as iron-silicate-based slags. Copper slag,

1020-401: Is supported by a rectangular truss that is suspended above the field, which is in turn connected to the main building via 24 steel pylons. The center of the roof can be opened into two halves, allowing for an opened or covered stadium, depending on weather and event. To reduce the exterior noise of up to 105 decibels during concerts, a second layer of Teflon-coated fiberglass canvas was added over

1080-593: Is used in the manufacture of high-performance concretes, especially those used in the construction of bridges and coastal features, where its low permeability and greater resistance to chlorides and sulfates can help to reduce corrosive action and deterioration of the structure. Slag can also be used to create fibers used as an insulation material called slag wool . Slag is also used as aggregate in asphalt concrete for paving roads . A 2022 study in Finland found that road surfaces containing ferrochrome slag release

1140-504: The 2004 UEFA Champions League final , five matches at the 2006 FIFA World Cup including a quarter-final, and the 2010 Ice Hockey World Championship . It has been a venue for concerts and other sports events such as the German Speedway Grand Prix and the 2018 German Darts Masters . The Veltins-Arena has inspired other stadiums, including State Farm Stadium and Friends Arena , due to its innovative features like

1200-932: The Merkur Spiel-Arena in Düsseldorf. Like the Sapporo Dome in Japan, the State Farm Stadium and Allegiant Stadium in the U.S. and the GelreDome in the Netherlands, the Veltins-Arena features a slide-out pitch. Supported by a 11,400-tonne (11,200-long-ton; 12,600-short-ton) substructure, the playing field can be moved in and out of the stadium within four hours. This has several advantages: To provide for over 60,000 spectators,

1260-466: The NFL and MLB , as well as from stadium to stadium. In general, if a game begins with the roof open and weather conditions become less favorable, the home team may, with the approval of the field officials and visiting team, request the roof be closed. (Such a scenario is generally rare, due to the accuracy of modern weather forecasting and a general err on the side of caution that keeps a roof closed if there

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1320-420: The domes built primarily during the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s, retractable roofs also allow for playing of the same traditionally outdoor sports in outdoor conditions when the weather is more favorable. Another purpose of retractable roofs is to allow for growth of natural grass playing fields in environments where extreme hot and/or cold temperatures would otherwise make installation and maintenance of such

1380-598: The temperature control of the smelting, and minimizing any re-oxidation of the final liquid metal product before the molten metal is removed from the furnace and used to make solid metal. In some smelting processes, such as ilmenite smelting to produce titanium dioxide , the slag can be the valuable product. During the Bronze Age of the Mediterranean area there were a vast number of differential metallurgical processes in use. A slag by-product of such workings

1440-421: The "Consolidation" and "Hugo" coal-mines run directly beneath this field at a depth of 800 m. These shafts (in use until 2000) would have caused unwanted shifts and tensions that could have compromised the structural integrity of the stadium. To avoid this, the main axis was rotated from the classic north–south arrangement to a northeast–southwest alignment, making the arena parallel to the mines. The Veltins-Arena

1500-578: The Veltins-Arena is equipped with an abundance of catering facilities . With 15 small restaurants, 50 grilling stations and 35 cafés, the stadium can serve up to 2,500 kilograms (5,500 lb) of sausages, 7,000 pretzels, and 1,000 square metres (11,000 sq ft) of pizza in one day. These catering areas are connected to a 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) long beer-line, supplying them with roughly 52,000 litres (11,000 imp gal; 14,000 US gal) of beer per match day. The Veltins-Arena has hosted major events in football and other sports. Among them

1560-473: The World Cup. Wayne Rooney was sent off for England in the quarterfinal game against Portugal . The following games were played at the stadium during the 2006 World Cup: 2007 Speedway Grand Prix of Germany The Veltins-Arena hosted the final Grand Prix of the 2007 motorcycle speedway World Championship season on 13 October 2007, the 2007 Speedway Grand Prix of Germany , the 100th Grand Prix in

1620-469: The abundance of iron among other major components. In nature, iron, copper, lead, nickel , and other metals are found in impure states called ores , often oxidized and mixed in with silicates of other metals. During smelting, when the ore is exposed to high temperatures, these impurities are separated from the molten metal and can be removed. Slag is the collection of compounds that are removed. In many smelting processes, oxides are introduced to control

1680-416: The competition at the semi-final stage was crowned World Champion. The temporary speedway track at the Veltins-Arena was 300 metres (330 yards) in length. Andreas Jonsson and Greg Hancock jointly hold the four-lap record, having set a time of 56.9 seconds in heats 21 and 23 respectively. 2008 Speedway Grand Prix of Germany The Veltins-Arena was supposed to host the 2008 Speedway Grand Prix of Germany . It

1740-573: The elements, as well as the option of having an open roof during favourable weather. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) records show that David S. Miller, founder of Rollamatic Retractable Roofs, filed U.S. patent 3,277,619 in August 1963 for "a movable and remotely controllable roof section for houses and other types of buildings". While any shape is possible, common shapes are flat, ridge, hip-ridge, barrel and dome. A residence might incorporate one or more 3' by 5' retractables;

1800-521: The entire venue and is supported by a rectangular truss and 24 steel pylons. The pitch can slide out of the stadium, allowing for optimal grass growth and versatility for various events. The stadium also features a centrally suspended scoreboard, a first in football stadiums. The extensive catering facilities include 15 small restaurants, 50 grilling stations, and 35 cafés, all supplied by a 5km beer-line capable of dispensing 52,000 liters of beer per match day. The arena has hosted significant events, including

1860-793: The facility. A permanent, fixed roof was installed in 1998. The Centre Court at the National Tennis Centre , now called the Rod Laver Arena, in Melbourne, Australia opened in January 1988. It was the first retractable roof system installed in a Grand Slam tennis venue. The roof enables matches to continue during rain, extreme heat, and in the presence of smoke from bushfires in surrounding regions. The Rogers Centre (formerly known as SkyDome) in Toronto , Ontario had

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1920-527: The first, creating a dampening air cushion. Hanging 25 metres (82 ft) over the center of the pitch are four video screens, each with a surface area of 35 square metres (380 sq ft). The centrally suspended scoreboard, similar to those found inside indoor sports arenas, was the first of its kind in football stadium, and has since been copied in the Deutsche Bank Park in Frankfurt and

1980-419: The four main stands, which were made out of pre-fabricated, reinforced concrete sections. Leading into the four corners of the arena are 4.50-by-4.50-meter (14.8 ft × 14.8 ft) tunnels, which serve both as access for construction and assembly, and as ventilation for the interior. The Veltins-Arena features a Teflon -coated fiberglass canvas retractable roof, which spans the entire stadium. The roof

2040-479: The history of the competition. It was billed as " The richest minute in motorsport ". The winner of the event won US by virtue of winning the final heat of the event, with each heat taking about one minute to complete. 25,000 fans saw the Grand Prix won by Swedish rider Andreas Jonsson , who beat American Greg Hancock , and Australians, Jason Crump and Leigh Adams in the final. Nicki Pedersen who went out of

2100-710: The home of the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL) and Pittsburgh Pipers of the American Basketball Association (ABA) in 1967, as well as hosting over a dozen regular season National Basketball Association (NBA) games in the 1960s and 1970s. The arena's dome-shaped roof covered 170,000 square feet (16,000 m ) and was made up of eight equal segments constructed from close to 3,000 tons of steel, in which six segments could retract underneath

2160-624: The iron and steelmaking processes resulting in varying physiochemical properties. Additionally, the rate of cooling of the slag material affects its degree of crystallinity further diversifying its range of properties. For example, slow cooled blast furnace slags (or air-cooled slags) tend have more crystalline phases than quenched blast furnace slags ( ground granulated blast furnace slags ) making it denser and better suited as an aggregate. It may also have higher free calcium oxide and magnesium oxide content, which are often converted to its hydrated forms if excessive volume expansions are not desired. On

2220-429: The later strength gain of concrete. This leads to concrete with reduced permeability and better durability. Careful consideration of the slag type used is required, as the high calcium oxide and magnesium oxide content can lead to excessive volume expansion and cracking in concrete. These hydraulic properties have also been used for soil stabilization in roads and railroad constructions . Granulated blast furnace slag

2280-513: The local ecological communities. Leaching concerns are typically around non-ferrous or base metal slags, which tend to have higher concentrations of toxic elements. However, ferrous and ferroalloy slags may also have them, which raises concerns about highly weathered slag dumps and upcycled materials. Dissolution of slags can produce highly alkaline groundwater with pH values above 12. The calcium silicates (CaSiO 4 ) in slags react with water to produce calcium hydroxide ions that leads to

2340-464: The most ever at a darts event. The event was won by Mensur Suljović . The stadium was one of the venues for the UEFA Euro 2024. However, due to sponsorship contracts, the arena used its non-sponsored name during the tournament. The following matches were played at the stadium: The Veltins-Arena served as a model for State Farm Stadium , which shares features with its German counterpart, such as

2400-653: The other hand, water quenched blast furnace slags have greater amorphous phases giving it latent hydraulic properties (as discovered by Emil Langen in 1862) similar to Portland cement . During the process of smelting iron, ferrous slag is created, but dominated by calcium and silicon compositions. Through this process, ferrous slag can be broken down into blast furnace slag (produced from iron oxides of molten iron), then steel slag (forms when steel scrap and molten iron combined). The major phases of ferrous slag contain calcium-rich olivine -group silicates and melilite -group silicates. Slag from steel mills in ferrous smelting

2460-439: The plastic, and concrete industries and leached for metals to be used in the electronic industries. However, high physical and chemical variability across different types of slags results in performance and yield inconsistencies. Moreover, stoichiometric -based calculation of the carbonation potential can lead to overestimation that can further obfuscate the material's true potential. To this end, some have proposed performing

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2520-513: The remaining two, supported by a 260-foot (79 m) long exterior cantilevered arm. Olympic Stadium in Montreal , Quebec was slated to be the first outdoor retractable roof stadium at its debut for the 1976 Summer Olympics . However, plagued by construction problems, the roof was not installed until 1987, and was not retractable until 1988. Even then, movement of the roof was impossible in high wind conditions, and technical problems plagued

2580-402: The retractable roof and slide-out pitch. The arena has hosted concerts by major artists and bands, including The Rolling Stones , Bruce Springsteen , Bon Jovi , Metallica , AC/DC , and Taylor Swift , and is set to host an upcoming tour by Rammstein . Plans to construct a new stadium emerged in the late 1990s, as fans and managers sought to move out of the outdated Parkstadion , and create

2640-536: The roof of T-Mobile Park is unique in that it is the only one in North America that does not form a climate-controlled enclosure when in the extended position; rather, it acts as an "umbrella" to cover the playing field and spectator areas during inclement weather, with no side walls enclosing the stadium. In North American major sports leagues , specific rules exist governing the movement of retractable roofs before and during gameplay. These rules vary between

2700-421: The slag chemistry, assisting in the removal of impurities and protecting the furnace refractory lining from excessive wear. In this case, the slag is termed synthetic . A good example is steelmaking slag: quicklime (CaO) and magnesite (MgCO 3 ) are introduced for refractory protection, neutralizing the alumina and silica separated from the metal, and assisting in the removal of sulfur and phosphorus from

2760-713: The slowly released phosphate content in phosphorus -containing slag, and because of its liming effect, it is valued as fertilizer in gardens and farms in steel making areas. However, the most important application is construction. Slags have one of the highest carbonation potential among the industrial alkaline waste due their high calcium oxide and magnesium oxide content, inspiring further studies to test its feasibility in CO 2 capture and storage ( CCS ) methods (e.g., direct aqueous sequestration, dry gas-solid carbonation among others). Across these CCS methods, slags can be transformed into precipitated calcium carbonates to be used in

2820-450: The stadium were sold in July 2005 to the German brewery Veltins . In the late 1990s, plans emerged to construct a new stadium for Schalke 04 to replace the outdated Parkstadion . Following Schalke 04's 1996–97 UEFA Cup victory and anticipating the club's 100th anniversary in 2004, a contract to build the new stadium was awarded to the German construction firm HBM in 1998. The Veltins-Arena

2880-555: The steel. As a co-product of steelmaking , slag is typically produced either through the blast furnace – oxygen converter route or the electric arc furnace – ladle furnace route. To flux the silica produced during steelmaking, limestone and/or dolomite are added, as well as other types of slag conditioners such as calcium aluminate or fluorspar . There are three types of slag: ferrous , ferroalloy , non-ferrous slags, which are produced through different smelting processes. Ferrous slags are produced in different stages of

2940-467: The structure's gutters, open roofs fully close and open by the mechanics of a rack and pinion system or a push/pull drive system. Open roofs are typically seen at smaller athletic venues such as country clubs and universities, and also in the construction of commercial greenhouses and garden centres for climate control purposes. Slag Due to the large demand for ferrous, ferralloy, and non-ferrous materials, slag production has increased throughout

3000-472: The waste product of smelting copper ores, was studied in an abandoned Penn Mine in California, US. For six to eight months per year, this region is flooded and becomes a reservoir for drinking water and irrigation . Samples collected from the reservoir showed the higher concentration of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) that exceeded regulatory guidelines. Slags can serve other purposes, such as assisting in

3060-421: The years despite recycling (most notably in the iron and steelmaking industries) and upcycling efforts. The World Steel Association (WSA) estimates that 600 kg of co-materials (co-products and by-products)(about 90 wt% is slags) are generated per tonne of steel produced. Slag is usually a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide . However, slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental metals. It

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3120-423: Was a colorful, glassy material found on the surfaces of slag from ancient copper foundries. It was primarily blue or green and was formerly chipped away and melted down to make glassware products and jewelry. It was also ground into powder to add to glazes for use in ceramics. Some of the earliest such uses for the by-products of slag have been found in ancient Egypt . Historically, the re-smelting of iron ore slag

3180-439: Was also used as an aggregate and had begun being integrated into the cement industry as a geopolymer . Today, ground granulated blast furnace slags are used in combination with Portland cement to create " slag cement ". Granulated blast furnace slags react with portlandite ( Ca(OH) 2 ), which is formed during cement hydration, via the pozzolanic reaction to produce cementitious properties that primarily contribute to

3240-489: Was among several venues to bid for a UEFA Europa League final or a UEFA Women's Champions League final for either 2026 or 2027. The stadium was one of the venues for the 2006 World Cup . However, because FIFA controls all sponsorship associated with its tournaments (including that of competition venues), the arena was called FIFA World Cup Stadium Gelsenkirchen ( German : FIFA WM-Stadion Gelsenkirchen ; [ˈfiːfa ˈvɛltmaɪ̯stɐʃaftˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn ɡɛlzn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩] ) during

3300-442: Was common practice, as improved smelting techniques permitted greater iron yields—in some cases exceeding that which was originally achieved. During the early 20th century, iron ore slag was also ground to a powder and used to make agate glass , also known as slag glass. Use of slags in the construction industry dates back to the 1800s, where blast furnace slags were used to build roads and railroad ballast. During this time, it

3360-542: Was created as a multi-functional arena of two tiers that completely surround the playing field. These allow for a league capacity of 62,271 spectators (standing and seated) and an international capacity of 54,740. For league matches, the North stand is left as standing rows (capacity: 16,307) to accommodate the Schalke 04 fans, while for international matches, these are converted to seats (capacity: 8,600). The 72 VIP lounges form

3420-437: Was hosted by the stadium. In May 2004, the Veltins-Arena hosted a pop concert, a Bundesliga match and an NFL Europe game all within 96 hours. Other events have included the biathlon World Team Challenge exhibition race, stock car races and operas. In June 2009, it was the scene of a world heavyweight championship boxing match between Wladimir Klitschko and Ruslan Chagaev , which drew an audience of 60,000. The Veltins-Arena

3480-481: Was renamed the 2008 FIM Final Speedway Grand Prix. The opening game of the 74th IIHF World Championship took place at Veltins-Arena on 7 May 2010. At this occasion the crowd of 77,803 set a then World Record for ice hockey attendance. The host team Germany beat the United States 2–1 in overtime. The stadium hosted the 2018 German Darts Masters . The event achieved a record-breaking attendance of 20,210,

3540-541: Was scheduled to take place on 11 October 2008. However, the meeting was cancelled because the track (temporary) was deemed unsafe by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) jury due to adverse weather conditions (even though the retractable roof was closed for the duration of laying the track). The event was re-staged at the Polonia Stadium , Bydgoszcz , Poland, on 18 October and

3600-622: Was the 2004 UEFA Champions League final between AS Monaco and Porto , which drew over 53,000 spectators. During the 2024–25 UEFA Champions League , the stadium served as the temporary home of Ukrainian side Shakhtar Donetsk due to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War . During the renovation of Rheinstadion in Düsseldorf , the Arena served as the temporary home of the Rhein Fire of NFL Europe , an American football league. World Bowl XII

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