Kalanga , or TjiKalanga (in Zimbabwe), is a Bantu language spoken by the Kalanga people in Botswana and Zimbabwe . It has an extensive phoneme inventory, which includes palatalised , velarised , aspirated and breathy-voiced consonants , as well as whistled sibilants .
17-527: Venda ( / ˈ v ɛ n d ə / VEN -də ) or Tswetla, officially the Republic of Venda ( Venda : Riphabuliki ya Venḓa ; Afrikaans : Republiek van Venda ), was a Bantustan in northern South Africa . It was fairly close to the South African border with Zimbabwe to the north, while, to the south and east, it shared a long border with another black homeland, Gazankulu . It is now part of
34-434: A dialectal variation between its Botswana and Zimbabwean varieties and they use slightly different orthographies. Historically, Wentzel mentioned Kalanga proper in the east and Lilima (Tjililima, Humbe) on the west, as well as varieties that are now rare or extinct: Nyai (Rozvi), Lemba (Remba), Lembethu (Rembethu), Twamamba (Xwamamba), Pfumbi, Jaunda (Jawunda, Jahunda), and †Romwe, †Peri, †Talahundra (Talaunda). Kalanga has
51-412: A specified tone, HIGH , with unmarked syllables having a low tone. Phonetic falling tone occurs only in sequences of more than one vowel or on the penultimate syllable if the vowel is long. Tone patterns exist independently of the consonants and vowels of a word and so they are word tones . Venda tone also follows Meeussen's rule : when a word beginning with a high tone is preceded by that high tone,
68-584: The Limpopo province. Venda was founded by the South African government as a homeland for the Venda people , speakers of the Venda language . The United Nations and international community refused to recognise Venda (or any other Bantustan) as an independent state. Venda was declared self-governing on 1 February 1973, with elections held later in the year. Further elections were held in July 1978. The territory
85-749: The apartheid era of South Africa, the Bantustan of Venda was set up to cover the Venda speakers of South Africa . According to the 2011 census , Venda speakers are concentrated in the following areas: Makhado Local Municipality , with 350,000 people; Thulamela Local Municipality , with 370,000 people; Musina Local Municipality , with 35,000 people; and Mutale Local Municipality , with 89,000 people. The total number of speakers in Vhembe district currently stands at 844,000. In Gauteng province , there are 275,000 Venda speakers. Fewer than 10,000 are spread across
102-482: The "plain" stops p, ṱ, t, and k are ejective . There are five vowel sounds and two high vowels in Tshivenḓa. A labiodental nasal /ɱ/ sound appears in prenasalised consonant sounds. Labiovelar sounds occur as alternatives to labiopalatal sounds and may also be pronounced /pkʰ pkʼ bɡ mŋ/ . Fortition of /ɸ β s ʃ x h l̪ l r w/ occurs after nasal prefixes, likely to [pʰ? b tsʰ tʃʰ kʰ? pʰ d̪ d d b] . Venda has
119-634: The South of the country but also spread to other towns and cities. There is also a significant number of them in neighbouring South Africa where they are migrant workers . The Venda language uses the Latin alphabet with five additional accented letters. There are four dental consonants with a circumflex accent below the letter ( ḓ, ḽ, ṋ, ṱ ) and an overdot for velar ṅ . Five vowel letters are used to write seven vowels. The letters C, J and Q are used only for foreign words and names. The extra letters have
136-760: The Zimbabwean Constitution of 2013 and is taught in schools in areas where its speakers predominate. The iKalanga language is closely related to the Nambya , TshiVenda , and KheLobedu languages of Zimbabwe and South Africa . Linguists place Kalanga (S.16 in Guthrie's classification ) and Nambya (in the Hwange region of Zimbabwe) as the western branch of the Shona group (or Shonic, or Shona-Nyai) group of languages, collectively coded as S.10. Kalanga has
153-610: The civilian government. Venda language Venḓa or Tshivenḓa is a Bantu language and an official language of South Africa and Zimbabwe . It is mainly spoken by the Venda people (or Vhavenḓa) in the northern part of South Africa's Limpopo province , as well as by some Lemba people in South Africa . The Tshivenda language is related to the Kalanga language which is spoken in Southern Africa . During
170-547: The following Unicode names: The sintu writing system Isibheqe Sohlamvu/ Ditema tsa Dinoko , known technically in Venda as Luṱhofunḓeraru lwa Mibvumo , is also used for the Venda language. Venda distinguishes dental ṱ, ṱh, ḓ, ṋ, ḽ from alveolar t, th, d, n, l as well as (like in Ewe ) labiodental f, v from bilabial fh, vh (the last two are slightly rounded ). There are no clicks. As in other South African languages like Zulu , ph, ṱh, th, kh are aspirated and
187-413: The initial high tone is lost. (That is, there cannot be two adjacent marked high tones in a word, but high tone spreads allophonically to a following non-tonic ("low"-tone) syllable.) There are only a few tone patterns in Venda words (no tone, a single high tone on some syllable, two non-adjacent high tones), which behave as follows: Kalanga language Kalanga is recognised as an official language by
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#1732765621365204-710: The population of Venda stood at about 200,000 people. The state was cut off from neighbouring Zimbabwe by the Madimbo corridor, patrolled by South African troops, to the north, and from nearby Mozambique by the Kruger National Park . The first President of Venda, Patrick Mphephu , was also a Paramount Chief of the Vhavenda people; he was born and lived in Dzanani in Limpopo. His successor, Frank Ravele ,
221-571: The province and population at the 1991 census. The Venda National Force was established with Venda's independence in 1979 and included defence and other services such as police and prisons. Strangely enough, traffic policing was part of this national force, but, by 1981, it was transferred to the Department of Justice. The Fire Brigade was, however, still part of the Venda National Force, although there were plans to transfer this to
238-606: The rest of the country—for a total number of Venda speakers in South Africa at 1.2 million people or just 2.2% of South Africa's population, making Venda speakers the second smallest minority language in South Africa, after the Ndebele language , which number 1.1 million speakers. The population statistics of the Venda people in Zimbabwe are not clear but may currently stand at a million. The people are concentrated in
255-456: Was declared independent by the South African government on 13 September 1979, and its residents lost their South African citizenship. In common with the other Bantustans , its independence was not recognised by the international community. Venda was initially a series of non-contiguous territories in the Transvaal , with one main part and one main exclave . Its capital, formerly at Sibasa ,
272-455: Was moved to Thohoyandou (which included the old Sibasa administrative district) when Venda was declared independent in 1979. Prior to independence, it was expanded to form one contiguous territory, with a total land area of 6,807 km (2628 sq. mi.). In the 1984 elections , the ruling Venda National Party retained its position as ruling party, beating the perpetual opposition Venda Independent People's Party (VIPP). At independence in 1979,
289-596: Was overthrown in a military coup by the Venda Defence Force in 1990. Afterwards, the territory was ruled by the Council of National Unity, a military junta chaired by General Gabriel Ramushwana . Venda was re-incorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994. In 1982, the University of Venda , known as Univen, was established as an institution of higher learning for the Vhavenda people. Districts of
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