76-702: Vito Rizzuto ( Italian: [ˈviːto ritˈtsuːto] ; 21 February 1946 – 23 December 2013), also known as "Montreal's Teflon Don", was an Italian-Canadian crime boss alleged to be the leader of the Sicilian Mafia in Canada. He headed the notorious Rizzuto crime family based in Montreal , Quebec. Rizzuto was born in Cattolica Eraclea , Sicily, Italy in 1946 and immigrated to Montreal with his parents in 1954. His father Nicolo married into
152-549: A St. John's courthouse, but when the RCMP overstepped the bounds of Rizzuto's warrant by wiretapping restaurant conversations between Rizzuto and his lawyer, the Newfoundland Supreme Court dropped the case. Later that year, Rizzuto was arrested again for conspiring to import hashish into Canada. Drug dealer Normand Dupuis was ready to testify against him for a reduced prison sentence, monetary compensation and
228-570: A Rizzuto lawyer, Joseph Lagana, convicted for laundering $ 47 million. Rizzuto was named as a co-conspirator, but there was not enough evidence to charge him. Though only considered a soldier of the New York Bonanno crime family by the Federal Bureau of Investigation , Rizzuto was considered by Canadian officials to be the most powerful mob boss in the country. The organized crime authors Lee Lamothe and Adrian Humphreys consider
304-464: A criminal empire that imported and distributed tons of heroin, cocaine and hashish in Canada, laundered hundreds of millions of dollars, lent out millions more through loansharking operations and profited handsomely from illegal gambling, fraud and contract killings . In 1972, Rizzuto was sentenced to two years for conspiring to commit arson of Renda's hair salon in Boucherville in 1968 with
380-516: A density of about 2200 kg/m and a melting point of 600 K (327 °C; 620 °F). It maintains high strength, toughness and self-lubrication at low temperatures down to 5 K (−268.2 °C; −450.7 °F), and good flexibility at temperatures above 194 K (−79.15 °C; −110.5 °F). PTFE gains its properties from the aggregate effect of carbon-fluorine bonds , as do all fluorocarbons. The only chemicals known to affect these carbon-fluorine bonds are highly reactive metals like
456-510: A former RCMP intelligence analyst stated that "during Vito Rizzuto's era, if everything was going well for organized crime in Montreal, it was because of Rizzuto". Subsequently, no other leader proved capable of getting the various groups in the city to work together, allowing street gangs to become more powerful. "Nobody has been able to bring together all the Mafia clans in Montreal ... the Mafia
532-608: A great deal. He couldn't expect anything better", and, "I think the system has been beaten again". Rizzuto, who was incarcerated at FCI Florence , was released from prison on 5 October 2012, and immediately deported to Toronto , Ontario. Reports suggested that upon his arrival in Canada, Rizzuto met with representatives of the New York Mafia families, and laid low in Toronto for a while before moving back to Montreal. Sources indicated that he had bought an armoured vehicle and
608-591: A material to coat valves and seals in the pipes holding highly reactive uranium hexafluoride at the vast K-25 uranium enrichment plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee . In 1954, Colette Grégoire urged her husband, the French engineer Marc Grégoire, to try the material he had been using on fishing tackle on her cooking pans. He subsequently created the first PTFE-coated, non-stick pans under the brand name Tefal (combining "Tef" from "Teflon" and "al" from aluminium). In
684-645: A minimal loss of performance over the lifetime of the gasket. PTFE is an ultraviolet (UV) transparent polymer. However, when exposed to an excimer laser beam it severely degrades due to heterogeneous photothermal effect . Processing PTFE can be difficult and expensive because its high melting temperature, 327 °C (621 °F), is above its decomposition temperature. Even when molten, PTFE does not flow due to its exceedingly high melt-viscosity. The viscosity and melting point can be decreased by inclusion of small amount of comonomers such as perfluoro (propylvinyl ether) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP). These cause
760-472: A new identity. Before the trial, however, Dupuis contacted Rizzuto's lawyer Jean Salois with an offer not to testify in exchange for $ 1 million. Salois recorded this conversation and got Dupuis charged with obstruction of justice. With the witness unfit to testify, Rizzuto was acquitted in 1989. In the early 1990s, the RCMP secretly ran a phony currency exchange in Montreal as part of an elaborate sting operation, called Project Compote , ending with 46 arrests and
836-564: A power struggle between the Calabrian and Sicilian factions of the family, a mob war began in 1973. This led to a violent Mafia war in Montreal which resulted in the deaths of Violi and his brothers, along with others, spanning the mid-1970s to the early 1980s until the war ceased. By the mid 1980s, the Rizzuto crime family emerged as Montreal's pre-eminent crime family after the turf war. According to law enforcement officials, Rizzuto oversaw
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#1732772126177912-583: A single mass. The most common use of PTFE, consuming about 50% of production, is for the insulation of wiring in aerospace and computer applications (e.g. hookup wire, coaxial cables). This application exploits the fact that PTFE has excellent dielectric properties, specifically low group velocity dispersion , especially at high radio frequencies , making it suitable for use as an excellent insulator in connector assemblies and cables , and in printed circuit boards used at microwave frequencies. Combined with its high melting temperature, this makes PTFE
988-401: A surfactant is the primary means of keeping PTFE in an aqueous medium. Surfactants in the past have included toxic perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). More recently, Perfluoro 3,6 dioxaoctanoic acid (PFO2OA) and FRD-903 (GenX) are being used as alternative surfactants. PTFE is a thermoplastic polymer , which is a white solid at room temperature, with
1064-573: A targeted person or people. It involves an illegal agreement which includes some form of compensation, monetary or otherwise. Either party may be a person, group, or organization. Contract killing has been associated with organized crime , government conspiracies , dictatorships , and vendettas . For example, in the United States, the Italian- and Jewish-American organized crime gang Murder, Inc. committed hundreds of murders on behalf of
1140-399: A three-year supervised release as part of the plea bargain. Rizzuto's statement was contrary, however, to a previous testimony given by Bonanno family informant, Salvatore Vitale stating, "Rizzuto was the first mobster out from a hiding spot during the ambush and the first to start shooting." Organized crime authors Antonio Nicaso and Lee Lamothe stated of the sentencing, respectively, "It's
1216-406: A weight differential in his test cylinder, brought it to the attention of Roy Plunkett. The chemists in the lab sawed the bottle apart and found the bottle's interior coated with a waxy white material that was oddly slippery. Analysis showed that it was polymerized perfluoroethylene, with the iron from the inside of the container having acted as a catalyst at high pressure. Kinetic Chemicals patented
1292-433: Is hydrophobic : neither water nor water-containing substances wet PTFE, as fluorocarbons exhibit only small London dispersion forces due to the low electric polarizability of fluorine. PTFE has one of the lowest coefficients of friction of any solid. Polytetrafluoroethylene is used as a non-stick coating for pans and other cookware. It is non-reactive, partly because of the strength of carbon–fluorine bonds , so it
1368-535: Is a brand of expanded PTFE (ePTFE), a material incorporating a fluoropolymer membrane with micropores. The roof of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis , US, was one of the largest applications of PTFE coatings. 20 acres (81,000 m ) of the material was used in the creation of the white double-layered PTFE-coated fiberglass dome. Because of its extreme non-reactivity and high temperature rating, PTFE
1444-430: Is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene , and has numerous applications because it is chemically inert . The commonly known brand name of PTFE-based composition is Teflon by Chemours , a spin-off from DuPont , which originally discovered the compound in 1938. Polytetrafluoroethylene is a fluorocarbon solid, as it is a high- molecular-weight polymer consisting wholly of carbon and fluorine . PTFE
1520-684: Is colloquially known as a hitman . A study by the Australian Institute of Criminology of 162 contract murders and attempted contract murders in Australia between 1989 and 2002 indicated that the most common reason for murder-for-hire was insurance policy payouts. The study also found that payments varied from $ 5,000 to $ 30,000 per killing, with an average of $ 15,000, and that the most commonly used weapons were firearms . Contract killings accounted for 2% of murders in Australia during that time period. Contract killings generally make up
1596-586: Is considered a minor exposure pathway to PFOA. As a result of the lawsuits concerning the PFOA class-action lawsuit , DuPont began to use GenX, a similarly fluorinated compound, as a replacement for perfluorooctanoic acid in the manufacture of fluoropolymers , such as Teflon-brand PTFE. However, the EPA has classified GenX as more toxic than PFOA and it has proven to be a “regrettable substitute”; its effects may be equally harmful or even more detrimental than those of
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#17327721261771672-476: Is in complete disarray. There’s definitely no emerging leader — that's why the situation is unstable and volatile". Mafia expert Antonio Nicaso and Peter Edwards published a book about Vito Rizzuto's final events, Business or Blood: Mafia Boss Vito Rizzuto's Last War (2015). It was later adapted into the television drama series Bad Blood , which debuted in fall 2017 with Anthony LaPaglia portraying Rizzuto. Teflon Polytetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE )
1748-844: Is no longer being made in the United States. PTFE was added to the Living Building Challenge (LBC) Red List in 2016. The Red List bans substances prevalent in the building industry that pose serious risks to human health and the environment from construction that seeks to meet the criteria of the Living Building Challenge (LBC). Sodium trifluoroacetate and the similar compound sodium chlorodifluoroacetate can both be generated when PTFE undergoes thermolysis , as well as producing longer chain polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14) carboxylic acids which may be equally persistent. These products can accumulate in evaporative wetlands and have been found in
1824-568: Is notable for its extremely low coefficient of friction, its hydrophobia (which serves to inhibit rust), and for the dry film it forms after application, which allows it to resist collecting particles that might otherwise form an abrasive paste. Brands include GT85, Tri-Flow and WD-40 Specialist. PTFE is best known for its use in coating non-stick frying pans and other cookware, as it is hydrophobic and possesses fairly high heat resistance. The sole plates of some clothes irons are coated with PTFE. Other niche applications include: While PTFE
1900-403: Is often used as the liner in hose assemblies, expansion joints , and in industrial pipe lines, particularly in applications using acids, alkalis, or other chemicals. Its frictionless qualities allow improved flow of highly viscous liquids and for uses in applications such as brake hoses. PTFE architectural membranes are created by coating a woven glass-fibre base cloth with PTFE, forming one of
1976-669: Is often used in containers and pipework for reactive and corrosive chemicals. Where used as a lubricant , PTFE reduces friction, wear, and energy consumption of machinery. It is used as a graft material in surgery and as a coating on catheters . PTFE and chemicals used in its production are some of the best-known and widely applied PFAS , which are persistent organic pollutants . PTFE occupies more than half of all fluoropolymer production, followed by polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) . For decades, DuPont used perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, or C8) during production of PTFE, later discontinuing its use due to legal actions over ecotoxicological and
2052-439: Is stable at lower temperatures, it begins to deteriorate at temperatures of about 260 °C (500 °F), it decomposes above 350 °C (662 °F), and pyrolysis occurs at temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F). The main decomposition products are fluorocarbon gases and a sublimate , including tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and difluorocarbene radicals (RCF2). An animal study conducted in 1955 concluded that it
2128-440: Is typically initiated with persulfate , which homolyzes to generate sulfate radicals: The resulting polymer is terminated with sulfate ester groups, which can be hydrolyzed to give OH end-groups . Granular PTFE is produced via suspension polymerization, where PTFE is suspended in an aqueous medium primarily via agitation and sometimes with the use of a surfactant. PTFE is also synthesized via emulsion polymerization, where
2204-571: Is unlikely that these products would be generated in amounts significant to health at temperatures below 250 °C (482 °F). Above those temperatures the degradation by-products can be lethal to birds , and can cause flu-like symptoms in humans ( polymer fume fever ), although in humans those symptoms disappear within a day or two of being moved to fresh air. Most cases of polymer fume fever in humans occur due to smoking PTFE-contaminated tobacco, although cases have occurred in people who have welded near PTFE components. PTFE-coated cookware
2280-434: Is unlikely to reach dangerous temperatures with normal use, as meat is usually fried between 204 and 232 °C (399 and 450 °F), and most cooking oils (except refined safflower and avocado oils) start to smoke before a temperature of 260 °C (500 °F) is reached. A 1973 study by DuPont's Haskell Laboratory found that a 4-hour exposure to the fumes emitted by PTFE cookware heated to 280 °C (536 °F)
2356-500: Is usually measured against polished steel. PTFE's coefficient of friction is 0.05 to 0.10, which is the third-lowest of any known solid material ( aluminium magnesium boride (BAM) being the lowest, with a coefficient of friction of 0.02; diamond-like carbon being second-lowest at 0.05). PTFE's resistance to van der Waals forces means that it is the only known surface to which a gecko cannot stick. In addition, PTFE can be used to prevent insects from climbing up surfaces painted with
Vito Rizzuto - Misplaced Pages Continue
2432-477: The National Crime Syndicate during the 1930s and 1940s. Contract killing provides the hiring party with the advantage of not having to carry out the actual killing, making it more difficult for law enforcement to connect the hirer with the murder. The likelihood that authorities will establish that party's guilt for the committed crime, especially due to lack of forensic evidence linked to
2508-517: The Strait of Messina connecting the Italian mainland with Sicily. The 3,690 metres (12,110 ft) long, suspension-type bridge, which was initially planned to open by 2011, was expected to cost about €5 billion ($ 7.3 billion CAD). Several family members and associates of Vito Rizzuto died or disappeared while he was incarcerated: Shortly after Vito Rizzuto's release, several men were killed in what
2584-476: The alkali metals , at higher temperatures such metals as aluminium and magnesium, and fluorinating agents such as xenon difluoride and cobalt(III) fluoride . At temperatures above 650–700 °C (1,200–1,290 °F) PTFE undergoes depolymerization. However, it begins to decompose at about 260 °C (500 °F) through 350 °C (662 °F), and pyrolysis occurs at temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F). The coefficient of friction of plastics
2660-460: The electrostatic analogues of permanent magnets . PTFE film is also widely used in the production of carbon fiber composites as well as fiberglass composites, notably in the aerospace industry. PTFE film is used as a barrier between the carbon or fiberglass part being built and, in breather and bagging materials, is used to incapsulate the bondment when debulking (vacuum removal of air from between layers of laid-up plies of material) and when curing
2736-438: The health effects of exposure to PFOA . Dupont's spin-off Chemours today manufactures PTFE using an alternative chemical it calls GenX , another PFAS. Although GenX was designed to be less persistent in the environment compared to PFOA, it has proven to be a “regrettable substitute.” Its effects may be equally harmful or even more detrimental than those of the chemical it was meant to replace. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
2812-429: The 1990s, PTFE was not known to crosslink like an elastomer , due to its chemical inertness. Therefore, it has no "memory" and is subject to creep . Because of the propensity to creep, the long-term performance of such seals is worse than for elastomers that exhibit zero, or near-zero, levels of creep. In critical applications, Belleville washers are often used to apply continuous force to PTFE gaskets, thereby ensuring
2888-537: The 1990s, it was found that PTFE could be radiation cross-linked above its melting point in an oxygen-free environment. Electron beam processing is one example of radiation processing. Cross-linked PTFE has improved high-temperature mechanical properties and radiation stability. That was significant because, for many years, irradiation at ambient conditions has been used to break down PTFE for recycling. This radiation-induced chain scission allows it to be more easily reground and reused. Corona discharge treatment of
2964-568: The 5 May 1981 gangland killings of three rival Bonanno crime family capos , Philip Giaccone , Dominick Trinchera and Alphonse Indelicato in New York City, made famous by the film Donnie Brasco . Rizzuto was one of four men hired by former Bonanno crime family captain Joe Massino to kill the three other capos. Massino had believed that they were planning a power grab after the incarceration of then-boss Philip Rastelli . Rizzuto
3040-410: The United States, Marion A. Trozzolo , who had been using the substance on scientific utensils, marketed the first US-made PTFE-coated pan, "The Happy Pan", in 1961. Non-stick cookware has since become a common household product, now offered by hundreds of manufacturers across the world. The brand name Zepel was used for promoting its stain-resistance and water-resistance when applied to fabrics. In
3116-643: The area beginning in 1976 with the production of Nafion, and that PFAS including GenX had been released as a byproduct of the production of Vinyl Ethers since 1980, exposing the Cape Fear Basin for decades. A small nonprofit called Cape Fear River Watch sued NC DEQ for not taking swifter and stronger action, and sued the polluter, Chemours, for violations of the Clean Water Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act. The result
Vito Rizzuto - Misplaced Pages Continue
3192-461: The blood of people who work in or live near factories where the chemical is used, and in people regularly exposed to PFOA-containing products such as some ski waxes and stain-resistant fabric coatings, but non-stick cookware was not found to be a major source of exposure, as the PFOA is burned off during the manufacturing process and not present in the finished product. Non-stick coated cookware has not been manufactured using PFOA since 2013, and PFOA
3268-648: The chemical it was meant to replace. The chemicals are manufactured by Chemours , a corporate spin-off of DuPont, in Fayetteville, North Carolina . Fayetteville Works was the site where DuPont began manufacture of PFOA after the lawsuit in Parkersburg WV halted their production there. When EPA asked companies to voluntarily phase out PFOA production, it was replaced by GenX in Fayetteville Works. In June of 2017, The Wilmington Star-News broke
3344-424: The composite, usually in an autoclave. The PTFE, used here as a film, prevents the non-production materials from sticking to the part being built, which is sticky due to the carbon-graphite or fiberglass plies being pre-pregnated with bismaleimide resin. Non-production materials such as Teflon, Airweave Breather, and the bag itself would be considered F.O.D. (foreign object debris/damage) if left in layup. Gore-Tex
3420-408: The contracting party, makes the case more difficult to attribute to the hiring party. Contract killers may exhibit serial killer traits, but are generally not classified as such because of third-party killing objectives and detached financial and emotional incentives. Nevertheless, there are occasionally individuals that are labeled as both contract killers and serial killers. A contract killer
3496-611: The end of the production and phase out of PFOA and PFOS in the US. The general population has been exposed to PFOA through massive dumping of C8 waste into the ocean and near the Ohio River Valley. PFOA has been detected in industrial waste, stain-resistant carpets, carpet cleaning liquids, house dust , microwave popcorn bags , water, food and PTFE cookware. As a result of a class-action lawsuit and community settlement with DuPont , three epidemiologists conducted studies on
3572-418: The general US population in the low and sub- parts per billion range, and levels are higher in chemical plant employees and surrounding subpopulations. PFOA and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) have been estimated to be in every American person's blood stream in the parts per billion range, though those concentrations have decreased by 70% for PFOA and 84% for PFOS between 1999 and 2014, which coincides with
3648-623: The heads of the Mafia in Montreal, both of whom were arrested and charged with drug trafficking and gangsterism in November 2015. On 19 February 2018, they were released from prison, acquitted of charges of gangsterism and conspiracy to traffic cocaine. In the 1970s, his father Nicolo was an underling in the Sicilian faction, led by Luigi Greco until his death in 1972, of the Calabrian Cotroni crime family . As tension then grew into
3724-617: The intention of defrauding insurers ; he served 18 months of the sentence. In October 1987, a ship off the coast of northeast Newfoundland and Labrador was seized by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). The RCMP found 16 tonnes of hashish in the surrounding area, and Rizzuto, Raynald Desjardins and four associates were arrested; Rizzuto was freed on bail in March 1988. Rizzuto's trial began in October 1990 in
3800-514: The material of choice as a high-performance substitute for the weaker, higher dispersion and lower-melting-point polyethylene commonly used in low-cost applications. In industrial applications, owing to its low friction, PTFE is used for plain bearings , gears , slide plates , seals, gaskets, bushings, and more applications with sliding action of parts, where it outperforms acetal and nylon . Its extremely high bulk resistivity makes it an ideal material for fabricating long-life electrets ,
3876-411: The material. For example, PTFE is used to prevent ants from climbing out of formicaria . There are surface treatments for PTFE that alter the surface to allow adhesion to other materials. Because of its chemical and thermal properties, PTFE is often used as a gasket material within industries that require resistance to aggressive chemicals such as pharmaceuticals or chemical processing. However, until
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#17327721261773952-577: The mob, and later started his own crime syndicate in Montreal after overtaking the Cotroni crime family in the late 1970s. He had several run-ins with the law but was able to avoid conviction for any major offenses until 2004. In 1981, Rizzuto participated in the killing of three rival capos in New York City ordered by Joe Massino of the Bonanno crime family , and he was indicted by a Brooklyn federal grand jury in connection with these killings in 2004. He
4028-587: The new fluorinated plastic (analogous to the already known polyethylene ) in 1941, and registered the Teflon trademark in 1945. By 1948, DuPont, which founded Kinetic Chemicals in partnership with General Motors , was producing over 910,000 kilograms (2,000,000 lb) of Teflon-brand polytetrafluoroethylene per year in Parkersburg, West Virginia . An early use was in the Manhattan Project as
4104-424: The otherwise perfectly linear PTFE chain to become branched, reducing its crystallinity. Some PTFE parts are made by cold-moulding, a form of compression molding . Here, fine powdered PTFE is forced into a mould under high pressure (10–100 MPa). After a settling period, lasting from minutes to days, the mould is heated at 360 to 380 °C (680 to 716 °F), allowing the fine particles to fuse ( sinter ) into
4180-500: The population of Parkersburg, WV surrounding the (former DuPont) Chemours Washington Works chemical plant that was exposed to PFOA at levels greater than in the general population. The studies concluded that there was an association between PFOA exposure and six health outcomes: kidney cancer , testicular cancer , ulcerative colitis , thyroid disease , hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and gestational hypertension (pregnancy-induced high blood pressure). Overall, PTFE cookware
4256-427: The roots and seeds of wetland plant species, but has not been observed to have an adverse impact on plant health or germination success. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, or C8) has been used as a surfactant in the emulsion polymerization of PTFE, although several manufacturers have entirely discontinued its use. PFOA persists indefinitely in the environment. PFOA has been detected in the blood of many individuals of
4332-593: The story that GenX was found in the Cape Fear River – the drinking water supply for 500,000 people. The source of the pollution was determined to be the Fayetteville Works site, which had been run by DuPont since its founding in 1971 and then managed by DuPont spinoff, The Chemours Company, since 2015. The water utility confirmed they had no ability to filter these chemicals from the drinking water. The North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NC DEQ) records indicate that DuPont started release PFAS into
4408-718: The strength of the Rizzuto clan to rival that of any of the Five Families in New York and dubbed it the " Sixth Family ." Rizzuto worked closely with the Sicilian Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan – major illicit drug traffickers – that was led in Canada by Alfonso Caruana . In early 2004, Rizzuto was indicted by a Brooklyn federal grand jury in relation to racketeering conspiracy charges, including loansharking and murder, in connection with
4484-727: The strongest and most durable materials used in tensile structures . Some notable structures featuring PTFE-tensioned membranes include The O2 Arena in London, Moses Mabhida Stadium in South Africa, Metropolitano Stadium in Spain and the Sydney Football Stadium Roof in Australia. PTFE is often found in musical instrument lubrication products, most commonly valve oil. PTFE is used in some aerosol lubricant sprays, including in micronized and polarized form. It
4560-485: The surface to increase the energy and improve adhesion has been reported. PTFE is produced by free-radical polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene . The net equation is Because tetrafluoroethylene can explosively decompose to tetrafluoromethane ( CF 4 {\textstyle {\ce {CF4}}} ) and carbon, a special apparatus is required for the polymerization to prevent hot spots that might initiate this dangerous side reaction. The process
4636-475: The three capos murder, but Rizzuto accepted a plea bargain in May 2007 before the case went to trial. On 4 May 2007, Rizzuto pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit murder as well as racketeering charges, admitting that he was present at the triple murder in 1981, but stated he had only yelled "it's a holdup", while others did the shooting; he received a 10-year prison sentence and was fined $ 250,000, to be followed by
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#17327721261774712-482: The useful PTFE properties of low friction and nonreactivity, but are also more easily formable. For example, FEP is softer than PTFE and melts at 533 K (260 °C; 500 °F); it is also highly transparent and resistant to sunlight. Contract killing Note: Varies by jurisdiction Note: Varies by jurisdiction Contract killing (also known as murder-for-hire ) is a form of murder or assassination in which one party hires another party to kill
4788-465: Was a Consent Order, signed February 25, 2019 by Cape Fear River Watch, NC DEQ, and Chemours. The order has required Chemours to stop wastewater discharge, air emissions, groundwater discharge, sampling and filtration options to well users, and required sampling that proved there were upwards of 300 distinct PFAS compounds being released from Fayetteville Works. The Teflon trade name is also used for other polymers with similar compositions: These retain
4864-539: Was accidentally discovered in 1938 by Roy J. Plunkett while he was working in Chemours Chambers Works plant in New Jersey for DuPont . A team of Dupont chemists attempted to make a new chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, called tetrafluoroethylene . The gas in its pressure bottle stopped flowing before the bottle's weight had dropped to the point signaling "empty". John J. Beall (chemist), noticing
4940-648: Was arrested on 20 January 2004 in Montreal. On 17 August 2006, after a legal battle of 31 months, he was extradited to the United States, and appeared before a United States magistrate judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York in Brooklyn. Massino, who received a life sentence for murder after he turned state's evidence in 2004, was also expected to testify against Rizzuto regarding his role in
5016-481: Was born in Cattolica Eraclea , in the province of Agrigento , Sicily on 21 February 1946. In 1954, on Vito's eighth birthday, he immigrated with his family to Canada, docking at Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia before moving on to Montreal , Quebec . Vito was the first child of Nicolo Rizzuto and his wife, Libertina Manno. His mother was the daughter of Antonio Manno, a local Mafia leader in their hometown. Vito
5092-480: Was born on 4 December 1967. He was shot six times and killed near his car in the Montreal borough of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce on December 28, 2009. His other son is Leonardo Rizzuto, and the third child is his daughter, Libertina "Bettina" – named after her grandmother. His sister Maria was married to Paolo Renda , reputed consigliere of the Rizzuto crime family, who went missing on 20 May 2010. Vito's son, Leonardo, and Rocco Sollecito 's son, Stefano, are believed to be
5168-510: Was extradited to the United States in 2006, and pled guilty to conspiracy to commit murder and racketeering charges in 2007. He was given a 10-year prison sentence, but was released in late 2012. The Rizzuto crime family had been in the midst of a power struggle while Rizzuto was incarcerated; his son Nicolo Jr. was killed in 2009, and his father killed in 2010. Rizzuto died shortly after on December 23, 2013, due to complications from pneumonia, which may have been induced by lung cancer. Vito Rizzuto
5244-423: Was lethal for parakeets , although that was a higher temperature than the 260 °C (500 °F) required for fumes from pyrolyzed butter to be lethal to the birds. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a chemical formerly used in the manufacture of PTFE products such as non-stick coated cookware, can be carcinogenic for people who are exposed to it (see Ecotoxicity ). Concerning levels of PFOA have been found in
5320-655: Was lightly attended by mafia standards, a sign that he had fallen out of favour. Three days before Christmas 2012, a gunman entered the coffee shop of incarcerated Rizzuto rival Giuseppe De Vito, killing one man, Dominic Facchini, and critically wounding another. In January 2013 Raynald Desjardins' brother-in-law, Gaétan Gosselin, was murdered in front of his home, as was Vincenzo Scuderi, an alleged associate of Giuseppe De Vito. De Vito would later be killed by cyanide poisoning in prison in July 2013. On 9 April 2013, Rizzuto's former Toronto agent turned Palermo agent, Juan Ramon Fernandez ,
5396-458: Was living in a well-guarded apartment, suggesting Rizzuto knew his life was in danger, yet wanted to send a message that he was back and would not be easy prey. On 11 February 2005, an arrest warrant was issued in Rome against Rizzuto in connection with alleged Mafia involvement with plans to launder money, through Giuseppe Zappia, in building the multi-billion-dollar Strait of Messina Bridge across
5472-440: Was murdered outside of Palermo. Fernandez had attempted to remain neutral in the mob war, which led Rizzuto to order his killing. Salvatore Calautti and Moreno Gallo, each of whom had a falling out with Rizzuto, were murdered. Calautti was shot in the head and killed while sitting in his car in July 2013; he had been suspected in the unsolved murder of Rizzuto's father. Gallo, a former influential member of Rizzuto's organization,
5548-572: Was named after his grandfather, who was murdered on 12 August 1933 in Patterson, New York . Nicolo would later be murdered as well, killed by a single sniper's bullet at his residence in the Cartierville borough of Montreal on 10 November 2010. Vito married Giovanna Cammalleri, daughter of compatriot mobster Leonardo Cammalleri, on November 26, 1966, and had three children. His eldest son, Nicolo Rizzuto (Nick Jr.) – named after his grandfather –
5624-580: Was never performed on his body. Rizzuto's funeral was held at the Church of the Madonna della Difesa in Montreal's Little Italy on 30 December, attended by around 800 people. He was buried at Saint-François d'Assise cemetery in Saint-Leonard, Quebec . Even after Rizzuto's death, the Rizzuto crime family continued their revenge campaign. Almost three years after Rizzuto's death, Pierre de Champlain,
5700-532: Was shot dead outside a restaurant in Acapulco, Mexico in November 2013. Gallo had been deported two years earlier, at which time it was also believed he was targeted for execution. On 23 December 2013, Rizzuto died of complications from pneumonia, which may have been induced by lung cancer, at Sacré-Cœur hospital in Montreal; he was 67. Although his official cause of death was from natural causes, there has been speculation he could have been poisoned, as an autopsy
5776-475: Was suspected to be retaliation for the hits on his family: Drug dealers Emilio Cordileone, Tony Gensale, and Mohamed Awada were eliminated in back-to-back killings in November 2012 for their alleged implication in the 2008 abduction of a Rizzuto ally. Also in November 2012, Joe Di Maulo, an influential mobster and ally to the Cotroni family, was executed in the driveway of his home, north of Montreal — his funeral
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