137-660: The Victoria line is a London Underground line that runs between Brixton in south London and Walthamstow Central in the north-east, via the West End . It is printed in light blue on the Tube map and is one of the only two lines on the network to run completely underground, the other being the Waterloo & City line . The line was constructed in the 1960s and was the first entirely new Underground line in London for 50 years. It
274-521: A central bus lane and tram line on the outside. Similarly, light rail–bus connections can be found at Juniors Kingsford and Haymarket light rail stations in Sydney. Ormskirk railway station in Lancashire , United Kingdom , was a double-track railway until 1970, when it was converted into single-track railway with the track split in the centre by buffer stops placed back-to-back. The two ends of
411-592: A certain waiting time window for each guaranteed interchange. Some railway operators will briefly delay train departure signals to allow imminently arriving passengers time to interchange. For example, the Vienna U-Bahn metro signals train drivers to wait briefly, by operating a special white light signal triggered by the approach of an interchange train on another track. In most cases, only cross-platform interchanges used for both directions of travel are listed, with some exceptions. Siam Station allows for
548-519: A connection to southeast London and Kent but no construction work was undertaken. The Kentish Town to Barking line did not close as expected and both stations at Blackhorse Road remained open. The mainline station was moved to the same side of the road as the tube station and was connected to the Victoria line on 14 December 1981 via an overbridge. The original station was then closed and demolished. The London Underground (Victoria) Act 1991 allowed for
685-553: A cooling system at Green Park station had been drilled and more were scheduled to be created by the end of 2009. In 2010, Engineering & Technology reported that 200 litres (44 imp gal) of water per second for the cooling system was being pumped through heat-exchangers at Victoria station from the River Tyburn and into the River Thames. Between 2009 and 2014, thirteen ventilation shafts were refurbished. In
822-616: A cross-platform transfer at a dedicated platform 0.6 miles (0.97 km) east of the main station platform. Despite this transfer, the Yellow Line is mapped and signed as one continuous route. Konggangxinchengjiangning station of Nanjing Metro , China is also a cross-platform terminal station for both Line S1 and S7, with a single island platform and crossovers set at both ends of station, letting trains of both lines to switch back. Zhongli railway station in Taoyuan, Taiwan has
959-1050: A cross-platform transfer between the Sukhumvit line and the Silom line , both operated by the BTS , for trains heading in the same direction. Eastbound trains use the lower-level island platform, while the westbound trains depart from the upper-level platforms. Guogongzhuang station offers cross-platform interchange between Line 9 and Fangshan Line . National Library station offers cross-platform interchange between Lines 4 and 9. In addition Nanluoguxiang station (Lines 6 and 8), Zhuxinzhuang station ( Changping Line and Line 8), Beijing West railway station (Lines 7 and 9), Yancun East station (Fangshan Line and Yanfang Line) offer cross-platform interchange. Xipu Station in Chengdu provides cross-platform interchange between Line 2 of Chengdu Metro and Chengdu–Dujiangyan Intercity Railway of
1096-594: A day use District Line tracks between Wimbledon and East Putney. London Underground trains come in two sizes, larger sub-surface trains and smaller deep-tube trains. Since the early 1960s all passenger trains have been electric multiple units with sliding doors and a train last ran with a guard in 2000. All lines use fixed-length trains with between six and eight cars, except for the Waterloo & City line that uses four cars. New trains are designed for maximum number of standing passengers and for speed of access to
1233-451: A day. In 2023/24 it was used for 1.181billion passenger journeys. The system's first tunnels were built just below the ground, using the cut-and-cover method; later, smaller, roughly circular tunnels—which gave rise to its nickname, the Tube—were dug through at a deeper level. Despite its name, only 45% of the system is under the ground: much of the network in the outer environs of London
1370-783: A diameter of about 11 feet 8 inches (3.56 m), with one tube for each direction. The seven deep-level lines have the exclusive use of tracks and stations along their routes with the exceptions of the Piccadilly line, which shares track with the District line, between Acton Town and Hanger Lane Junction, and with the Metropolitan line, between Rayners Lane and Uxbridge; and the Bakerloo line, which shares track with London Overground 's Watford DC Line for its above-ground section north of Queen's Park. Fifty-five per cent of
1507-467: A fleet of 39 + 1 ⁄ 2 eight-car trains of 1967 Tube Stock trains . In the early planning stages, an articulated type of rolling stock was considered, but not progressed because of difficulties transferring the stock to Acton Works for heavy overhauls. After Acton Works closed, this no longer applies. The 2009 tube stock has a wider profile and slightly longer carriages which precludes it from running on other deep-level tube lines. The 1967 stock
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#17327727192781644-484: A need; more than 1,000 tickets were purchased at Highbury & Islington within its first hour of opening. The next section to Warren Street , opened on 1 December 1968, again without ceremony. The line was formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 7 March 1969 when it had been completed to Victoria. At 11:00 a.m., the Queen made the first trip, on a 5 d (2.08p) ticket, from Green Park to Victoria, where she unveiled
1781-453: A new alignment. All platforms on the line are 132.6 metres (435 ft) long. The line has hump-backed stations to allow trains to store gravitational potential energy as they slow down and release it when they leave a station, providing an energy saving of 5% and allowing trains to run 9% faster. The stations were originally tiled in blue and grey, each decorated with tiled motifs in seating recesses for identification. Some motifs were puns;
1918-613: A plaque. In so doing, she was the first reigning monarch to ride on the Underground. The line was open to the general public by 3:00 p.m. Trains from Walthamstow to Victoria took around 24 minutes. The 3.5-mile (5.6 km) extension from Victoria to Brixton with stations at Vauxhall and Stockwell was approved in March 1966. Preparatory work had started at Bessborough Gardens near Vauxhall Bridge Road in May 1967. The contract
2055-457: A potential difference of 630 V . On the sections of line shared with mainline trains, such as the District line from East Putney to Wimbledon and Gunnersbury to Richmond, and the Bakerloo line north of Queen's Park, the centre rail is bonded to the running rails. The average speed on the Underground is 20.5 mph (33.0 km/h). Outside the tunnels of central London, many lines' trains tend to travel at over 40 mph (64 km/h) in
2192-432: A proposed cross-platform terminal plan for both Taoyuan Airport MRT and Green line of Taoyuan Metro . The station layout will be composed of two island platform, between which a connecting zone set to integrated the two into a single "large platform". Buffer stops will also be placed back-to back between Airport-bound trains and Green Line trains. The scheme is scheduled to complete in 2031. In some, but not all, cases,
2329-594: A public transport system. The LPTB commissioned many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. The schematic Tube map , designed by Harry Beck in 1931, was voted a national design icon in 2006 and now includes other transport systems besides the Underground, such as the Docklands Light Railway , London Overground , Thameslink , the Elizabeth line , and Tramlink . Other famous London Underground branding includes
2466-466: A revised timetable to be introduced in February 2013, allowing up to 33 trains per hour instead of 27. In combination with new, faster trains, the line's capacity increased by 21%, equivalent to an extra 10,000 passengers per hour. By 2019, the line was running around 36 trains per hour at peak times, with a train arriving every 100 seconds – making it one of the most frequent rapid transit lines in
2603-567: A same-direction cross-platform interchange at Tai Wai station to the East Rail line while keeping the two southbound platforms connected via ramps. Another configuration found in Lai King station makes commuting in both directions more convenient by aligning both tracks leading towards the city next to each other on one level, and both tracks leading away from city next to each other on another level. The configuration for North Point station
2740-462: A same-direction cross-platform interchange between the Line 2 Pudong International Airport bound trains and Line 10 Xinjiangwancheng bound trains. Shanghai Railway Station and Zhongshan Park also offer cross-platform interchanges between Outer Loop Line 4 trains and Shanghai South Railway Station bound Line 3 trains and Inner Loop Line 4 trains and North Jiangyang Road bound Line 3 trains, as
2877-989: A significant interchange in south London providing access to Kent, Blackfriars , London Bridge and Sutton . Herne Hill would be on a large reversing loop with a single platform removing a critical capacity restriction eliminating the need for trains to reverse at Brixton and provide a more obvious route for passengers who look for the nearest tube station before any other transport options. Weaver line National Rail Weaver line and National Rail Piccadilly line ( CPI ) and National Rail Mildmay line , Windrush line and National Rail ( CPI ) Circle , Hammersmith & City , Metropolitan , Northern and Piccadilly lines; National Rail and Eurostar Northern line ( CPI with Bank branch), Lioness line and National Rail Northern line Bakerloo ( CPI ) and Central lines Piccadilly and Jubilee lines Circle and District lines and National Rail London Underground The London Underground (also known simply as
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#17327727192783014-431: A similar two-station transfer arrangement to allow quick transfers between North–South and East–West lines. Both City Hall MRT station and Raffles Place MRT station have double underground island platforms stacked on top the other, allowing commuters to switch trains to a different line by walking across the same platform at the appropriate station. Jurong East MRT station has a less complicated arrangement, with
3151-412: A surface station next to Northumberland Park Station, adjacent to the depot to improve the stadium's transport links. The plans would require co-operation with the local council and Network Rail to minimise disruption. It was announced by Haringey Council in its 2012 A Plan for Tottenham report that there was "potential for a Victoria Line extension to Northumberland Park". Crossrail 2 , also known as
3288-695: A third escalator linking station entrances to platforms at some stations can cause severe congestion at peak times. Stations have closed temporarily for safety reasons when escalators have been unserviceable. Step-free routes are available between the Victoria line and other lines at most interchanges. Tottenham Hale , Finsbury Park , King's Cross St Pancras , Green Park, Victoria, Vauxhall and Brixton have step-free access from street to train. Platform humps have been installed at all stations (except Pimlico) to provide level access to trains, improving access for customers with mobility impairments, luggage or pushchairs. About 50 ventilation shafts were constructed during
3425-437: A train from Green Park to Victoria. The southern extension to Brixton opened in 1971, and Pimlico station was added in 1972. The Victoria line is operated using automatic train operation , but all trains have drivers. The 2009 Tube Stock replaced the original 1967 Tube Stock trains . The line serves 16 stations and all but Pimlico provide interchanges with other Transport for London or National Rail services. The line,
3562-399: A wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London (TfL), the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in London. As of 2015 , 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares. The Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster card , a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless bank card payments were introduced in 2014, the first such use on
3699-527: Is also a cross-platform interchange with double underground island platforms between the Marina Bay branch of the Circle Line and Downtown Line . The original plans for Promenade MRT station contained a similar arrangement but the existing Circle Line tracks to and from Dhoby Ghaut need to be crossed at the same levels by Downtown Line trains. Thus, Bayfront MRT station is the only station on
3836-655: Is available between Line 1 and Line 2 at Nanning railway station and Chaoyang Square station. The Osaka Metro has a cross-platform interchange between the Midosuji Line and the Yotsubashi Line at Daikokuchō , where the platforms are at the same level. Kintetsu Railway also has a cross-platform interchange between the Nara Line and the Osaka Line at Tsuruhashi , where the platforms are at
3973-760: Is identified by a letter (such as S Stock , used on the Metropolitan line ), while tube stock is identified by the year of intended introduction (for example, 1996 Stock , used on the Jubilee line). The Underground is served by the following depots: In the years since the first parts of the London Underground opened, many stations and routes have been closed. Some stations were closed because of low passenger numbers rendering them uneconomical; some became redundant after lines were re-routed or replacements were constructed; and others are no longer served by
4110-540: Is offered between Line 2 and Line 4 at Qianjiang Road station , Coach Center between Line 1 and Line 9 , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University station between Lines 4 and Line 6 , Xintiandi Street station between Line 3 and Line 4. In the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system, cross-platform interchange stations first appeared at Mong Kok and Prince Edward stations in Kowloon when Tsuen Wan line
4247-459: Is often referred to as a cross-platform transfer . This configuration occurs at a station with island platforms , with a single platform in between the tracks allocated to two directions of travel, or two side platforms between the tracks, connected by level corridors. The benefit of this design is that passengers do not need to use stairs to another platform level for transfer. A cross-platform interchange arrangement may be costly to build due to
Victoria line - Misplaced Pages Continue
4384-488: Is on the surface. The early tube lines, originally owned by several private companies, were brought together under the Underground brand in the early 20th century, and eventually merged along with the sub-surface lines and bus services in 1933 to form London Transport under the control of the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB). The current operator, London Underground Limited (LUL), is
4521-462: Is only found at some interchange stations in metro and other rail networks worldwide. Some railway lines, usually in more congested areas, also offer cross-platform interchanges between different categories of trains, for example between express and stopping ("local") trains. For instance, this kind of interchange is used at many European railway minor hubs to connect fast trains to local feeder services, as well as surface sections of suburban lines like
4658-454: Is provided at Jiangbeicheng between Line 6 and Line 9. Aside from these, Min'an Ave. between Loop line and Line 4 is an exception. Due to the fact that Line 4 only uses one side of the platforms at this station, there formed a half cross-platform interchange. The Dalian Metro has a cross platform interchange between Line 1 and Line 12 at Hekou Station. The Delhi Metro has 4 cross-platform interchanges in total. These are located at
4795-477: Is similar, to provide convenience for passengers traveling inbound, although the distance between the two platforms is longer compared to other stations. Before the MTR–KCR merger in 2007, Nam Cheong station was served by MTR 's Tung Chung line and KCR 's West Rail line. Due to the different fare systems, platforms of southbound Tung Chung Line and northbound West Rail were separated by barriers despite being at
4932-522: The British Transport Commission (BTC) proposed a tube railway from Victoria to Walthamstow , largely based on a 1946 plan for a Croydon -to- Finsbury Park line. Its main purpose was to relieve congestion in the central area, which had been a problem since the 1930s. Other benefits were linking the key railway stations at Victoria , Euston , King's Cross and St Pancras and improving connections between north-east London and
5069-601: The Chongqing Rail Transit offer a paired cross-platform interchange for passengers transferring among four directions between the two lines at Ranjiaba and Dalongshan stations. Same-direction cross-platform interchanges are also provided at Chongqing West Station between Line 5 and Loop line , Baoshuigang between Line 4 and Line 9 , Shangwanlu between Line 10 and Line 9 and Wangjiazhuang between Line 6 (International Expo Branch) and Line 10. Meanwhile, an opposite-direction cross-platform interchange
5206-565: The City & South London Railway in 1890, is now part of the Northern line . The network has expanded to 11 lines with 250 miles (400 km) of track. However, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London ; there are only 33 Underground stations south of the River Thames . The system's 272 stations collectively accommodate up to 5million passenger journeys
5343-535: The Great Northern and City Railway , which opened in 1904, was built to take main line trains from Finsbury Park to a Moorgate terminus in the City and had 16-foot (4.9 m) diameter tunnels. While steam locomotives were in use on the Underground there were contrasting health reports. There were many instances of passengers collapsing whilst travelling, due to heat and pollution, leading for calls to clean
5480-778: The London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games , the Underground saw record passenger numbers, with over 4.3 million people using the Tube on some days. This record was subsequently beaten in later years, with 4.82 million passengers in December 2015. In 2013, the Underground celebrated its 150th anniversary, with celebratory events such as steam trains and installation of a unique Labyrinth artwork at each station. Under TfL, London's public transport network became more unified, with existing suburban rail lines across London upgraded and rebranded as London Overground from 2007, with
5617-598: The London Blitz , a bomb penetrated the booking hall of Bank Station , the blast from which killed 111 people, many of whom were sleeping in passageways and on platforms. On 3 March 1943, a test of the air-raid warning sirens, together with the firing of a new type of anti-aircraft rocket, resulted in a crush of people attempting to take shelter in Bethnal Green Underground station . A total of 173 people, including 62 children, died, making this both
Victoria line - Misplaced Pages Continue
5754-553: The London Passenger Transport Board , which used the London Transport brand . The Waterloo & City Railway , which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway , remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, Harry Beck 's diagrammatic tube map first appeared. In the following years, the outlying lines of
5891-581: The M25 London Orbital motorway ( Amersham , Chalfont & Latimer , Chesham , and Chorleywood on the Metropolitan line and Epping on the Central). Of the thirty-two London boroughs , six ( Bexley , Bromley , Croydon , Kingston , Lewisham and Sutton ) are not served by the Underground network, while Hackney has Old Street (on the Northern line Bank branch) and Manor House (on
6028-490: The Northern line from Kennington to Battersea Power Station via Nine Elms . The extension was privately funded, with contributions from developments across the Battersea Power Station , Vauxhall and Nine Elms areas. As of 2021, the Underground serves 272 stations . Sixteen stations (eight on each of the Metropolitan and Central lines) are outside the London region , with five of those beyond
6165-744: The RER E in Paris or the Metro North Hudson Line in New York State. However, local–express interchanges are found in only a few metro networks, such as Chicago , Chengdu , London (as in the case of Stratford discussed below ), New York City , and Philadelphia . The New York City Subway system has numerous stations facilitating cross-platform transfers between local and express trains, typically using pairs of island platforms, each serving express trains on one side, and local trains on
6302-529: The Victoria line was dug under central London and, unlike the earlier tunnels, did not follow the roads above. The line opened in 1968–71 with the trains being driven automatically and magnetically encoded tickets collected by automatic gates gave access to the platforms. On 1 January 1970, responsibility for public transport within Greater London passed from central government to local government, in
6439-539: The West London line were suspended, leaving Olympia exhibition centre without a railway service until a District line shuttle from Earl's Court began after the war. After work restarted on the Central line extensions in east and west London, these were completed in 1949. During the war many tube stations were used as air-raid shelters. They were not always a guarantee of safety however; on 11 January 1941 during
6576-516: The national rail transport system . It is the first implementation of cross-platform interchanges between different train categories in China. Metro-only cross-platform interchanges exist between Lines 2 and 4 at Chengdu University of TCM & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital station , between Lines 5 and 6 at Xibeiqiao station and outbound direction interchanges between Lines 3 and 10 at Taipingyuan station . Line 5 and Line 6 of
6713-625: The roundel and the Johnston typeface , created by Edward Johnston in 1916. The idea of an underground railway linking the City of London with the urban centre was proposed in the 1830s, and the Metropolitan Railway was granted permission to build such a line in 1854. To prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth , a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel
6850-417: The Central line east of St Paul's station); or trains run on the right (for example on the Victoria line between Warren Street and King's Cross St. Pancras, to allow cross-platform interchange with the Northern line at Euston ). The lines are electrified with a four-rail DC system: a conductor rail between the rails is energised at −210 V and a rail outside the running rails at +420 V , giving
6987-534: The Chelsea-Hackney line, is a proposed line across central London between Victoria and King's Cross St Pancras tube station to increase capacity in Central London by 270,000 passengers per day. It is intended to relieve congestion on the Victoria line, a key line connecting several important London termini. Proposals have been made to extend the line one stop southwards from Brixton to Herne Hill ,
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#17327727192787124-831: The District Railway and established the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) in 1902 to finance and operate three tube lines, the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway (Bakerloo), the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (Hampstead) and the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway , (Piccadilly), which all opened between 1906 and 1907. When the "Bakerloo" was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified "gutter title". By 1907
7261-641: The District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway and the City & South London Railway , as well as many of London's bus and tram operators. Only the Metropolitan Railway , along with its subsidiaries the Great Northern & City Railway and the East London Railway , and the Waterloo & City Railway , by then owned by
7398-712: The London Underground. In 1976, the Northern City Line was taken over by British Rail and linked up with the main line railway at Finsbury Park , a transfer that had already been planned prior to the accident. In 1979, another new tube, the Jubilee line , named in honour of the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II , took over the Stanmore branch from the Bakerloo line, linking it to a newly constructed line between Baker Street and Charing Cross stations. Under
7535-794: The MRT Putrajaya Line . There is a cross-platform interchange between the Kyoto Municipal Subway Tozai Line and the Keihan Keishin Line at Misasagi . Nanjing Metro 's Nanjing South Railway Station offers cross-platform interchange between Lines 1 and 3 and same-direction cross-platform interchange between Line S1 and Line S3 . In addition, a cross platform interchange is available at Xiangyulunan Station between Line S1 and Line S9 , and Konggangxinchengjiangning Station between Line S1 and Line S7 . A paired cross platform interchange
7672-595: The MRT system which offers cross-platform interchange between two different operators' MRT lines ( SBS Transit operates the Downtown Line whilst SMRT operates the Circle Line). Sadeghieh metro station of Tehran metro offers cross-platform interchanges between both terminating metro lines 2 and 5; while suburban line 5 uses the outer tail tracks of each platform, metro line 2 uses one platform for alighting and
7809-531: The Piccadilly line) just inside its boundaries. Lewisham was served by the East London line (with stations at New Cross and New Cross Gate ) until 2010 when the line and the stations were transferred to the London Overground network. London Underground's eleven lines total 402 kilometres (250 mi) in length, making it the eleventh longest metro system in the world . These are made up of
7946-660: The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Non Interoperable Rail System) Regulations 2010 and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 . The Victoria line humps resemble the Harrington Hump , a type of ramp being installed on some mainline stations, but are of a masonry construction. About 200 million passengers a year use the Victoria line. It is the sixth-most heavily used line on the network in absolute figures, but in terms of
8083-402: The Tube has taken place - with new trains (such as London Underground S7 and S8 Stock ), new signalling, upgraded stations (such as King's Cross St Pancras ) and improved accessibility (such as at Green Park ). Small changes to the Tube network occurred in the 2000s, with extensions to Heathrow Terminal 5 , new station at Wood Lane and the Circle line changed from serving a closed loop around
8220-530: The Underground or by its nickname the Tube ) is a rapid transit system serving Greater London and some parts of the adjacent home counties of Buckinghamshire , Essex and Hertfordshire in England. The Underground has its origins in the Metropolitan Railway , opening on 10 January 1863 as the world's first underground passenger railway. The Metropolitan is now part of the Circle , District , Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines . The first line to operate underground electric traction trains ,
8357-436: The Underground but remain open to National Rail main line services. In some cases, such as Aldwych and Ongar , the buildings remain and are used for other purposes. In others, such as British Museum , all evidence of the station has been lost through demolition. London Transport Museum runs guided tours of several disused stations including Down Street and Aldwych through its "Hidden London" programme. The tours look at
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#17327727192788494-418: The West End is to take the Northern line Bank branch, change platforms at Euston, and continue on faster Victoria line trains. In the 2010s, the original signalling was replaced with a more modern ATO system from Westinghouse Rail Systems incorporating 'Distance to Go Radio' and more than 400 track circuits. London Underground claimed it was the world's first ATO-on-ATO upgrade. The new signalling system allowed
8631-428: The advent of electric Tube services (the Waterloo and City Railway and the Great Northern and City Railway), the Volks Electric Railway , in Brighton , and competition from electric trams, the pioneering Underground companies needed modernising. In the early 20th century, the District and Metropolitan railways needed to electrify and a joint committee recommended an AC system, the two companies co-operating because of
8768-427: The air through the installation of garden plants. The Metropolitan even encouraged beards for staff to act as an air filter. There were other reports claiming beneficial outcomes of using the Underground, including the designation of Great Portland Street as a " sanatorium for [sufferers of ...] asthma and bronchial complaints", tonsillitis could be cured with acid gas and the Twopenny Tube cured anorexia . With
8905-432: The average number of journeys per mile it is by far the most intensively used. From May 2017, trains run every 100 seconds during peak periods, providing 36 trains per hour. All trains run from Brixton to Seven Sisters and some continue to Walthamstow Central. During off-peak periods, the Victoria line runs 27 trains per hour between Brixton and Walthamstow central. [1] When the line opened, services were operated by
9042-482: The bill, supported an extension from Victoria to Fulham Broadway on the District line terminating at Edmonton instead of Walthamstow. Proposals were made to extend the line north to South Woodford or Woodford to provide interchange with the Central line . In 1961, it was decided that the line would terminate at Walthamstow (Hoe Street) station rather than Wood Street – this would cut costs by £1.4 million, and "satisfactory interchange" with British Railways
9179-432: The cars and have regenerative braking and public address systems. Since 1999 all new stock has had to comply with accessibility regulations that require such things as access and room for wheelchairs, and the size and location of door controls. All underground trains are required to comply with The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Non Interoperable Rail System) Regulations 2010 (RVAR 2010) by 2020. Stock on sub-surface lines
9316-553: The centre of London to a spiral also serving Hammersmith in 2009. In July 2005, four coordinated terrorist attacks took place, three of them occurring on the Tube network. It was the UK's deadliest terrorist incident since 1988. Electronic ticketing in the form of the contactless Oyster card was first introduced in 2003, with payment using contactless banks cards introduced in September 2014. In 2019 , over 12million Oyster cards and 35million contactless cards were used, generating around £5billion in ticketing revenue. During
9453-432: The city. In early 1949, the BTC committee looked at the feasibility of building a deep-level tube to fulfil these requirements. For the first time, cost–benefit analysis was used to ensure the line would be built within budget and be profitable. A private bill was introduced in Parliament in 1955, describing a line from Victoria to Walthamstow ( Wood Street ), next to the British Rail station. Another proposal, not in
9590-402: The complexity of rail alignment, especially if the railway designers also arrange the track with flyovers (which is typically done to increase efficiency). A typical bidirectional cross-platform interchange configuration consists of two outbound directions of two different lines sharing an island platform, and the respective return directions of both lines sharing a different island platform in
9727-418: The construction of a 43-metre (140 ft) underground pedestrian link at Victoria station between the Victoria line platforms and the sub-surface Circle line platforms above. The London Underground (Victoria Station Upgrade) Order 2009 came into force in September that year, authorising the construction of a second 1,930-square-metre (21,000 sq ft) ticket hall at Victoria. Warren Street tube station
9864-414: The construction phase. Midpoint tunnel ventilation shafts remain between stations. Special "local arrangements" are in place should it be necessary to evacuate passengers from trains via Netherton Road emergency escape shaft. Planning permission for a shaft at Ferry Lane, next to Tottenham Hale station, was granted on 11 January 1968, during the first phase of construction. By mid-2009, trial boreholes for
10001-566: The control of the GLC, London Transport introduced a system of fare zones for buses and underground trains that cut the average fare in 1981. Fares increased following a legal challenge but the fare zones were retained, and in the mid-1980s the Travelcard and the Capitalcard were introduced. In 1984, control of London Buses and the London Underground passed back to central government with
10138-586: The coordination of the lines' timetables to reduce the scheduled changing time, either from one line to the other, or ideally bidirectionally, between both trains simultaneously. Coordinated interchange is widely used in Dutch , German , and Swiss railway networks, where trains of different lines meet at the same platforms in numerous hubs all over the country. Most advanced are coordinated cross-platform interchanges wherein interconnected trains also wait for each other, to "guarantee" scheduled interchanges even in
10275-533: The creation of London Regional Transport (LRT), which reported directly to the Secretary of State for Transport , still retaining the London Transport brand. One person operation had been planned in 1968, but conflict with the trade unions delayed introduction until the 1980s. On 18 November 1987, fire broke out in an escalator at King's Cross St Pancras tube station . The resulting fire cost
10412-465: The driver could switch to manual control if the ATO failed. The system, which operated until 2012, made the Victoria line the world's first full-scale automatic railway. The Victoria line runs faster trains than other Underground lines because it has fewer stops, ATO running and modern design. Train speeds can reach up to 50 miles per hour (80 km/h). A common method used by north London residents to visit
10549-691: The early 1960s, the Metropolitan line was electrified as far as Amersham , British Railways providing services for the former Metropolitan line stations between Amersham and Aylesbury. In 1962, the British Transport Commission was abolished, and the London Transport Executive was renamed the London Transport Board , reporting directly to the Minister of Transport . Also during the 1960s,
10686-463: The early 2000s, London Underground was reorganised in a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) as part of a project to upgrade and modernise the system. Private infrastructure companies (infracos) would upgrade and maintain the railway, and London Underground would run the train service. One infraco – Metronet – went into administration in 2007, and TfL took over the other – Tube Lines – in 2010. Despite this, substantial investment to upgrade and modernise
10823-692: The emergency services. In April 1994, the Waterloo & City Railway , by then owned by British Rail and known as the Waterloo & City line, was transferred to the London Underground. In 1999, the Jubilee Line Extension project extended the Jubilee line from Green Park station through the growing Docklands to Stratford station . This resulted in the closure of the short section of tunnel between Green Park and Charing Cross stations. The 11 new stations were designed to be " future-proof ", with wide passageways, large quantities of escalators and lifts, and emergency exits. The stations were
10960-414: The event of modest delays. To limit schedule disruption propagation throughout the entire network, additional waiting time for trains is usually limited to a certain period of time, depending on general network performance, further connections to be guaranteed, train category, train line, and a balanced consideration of other factors. In practice, most railways coordinating cross-platform interchanges define
11097-615: The first on the Underground to have platform edge doors , and were built to have step-free access throughout. The stations have subsequently been praised as exemplary pieces of 20th-century architecture. In 2000, Transport for London (TfL) was created as an integrated body responsible for London's transport system. Part of the Greater London Authority , the TfL Board is appointed by the Mayor of London , who also sets
11234-475: The first phase were Drayton Park, Gillingham Street, Moreton Terrace, Pulross Road, Somerleyton Road and Tynemouth Road. For the second phase were Cobourg Street, Dover Street, Gibson Square, Great Titchfield Street, Isledon Road, Kings Cross, Palace Street and Rita Road. By 2009, changes at Cobourg Street were in the planning stage and demolition at Moreton Terrace, Somerleyton Road and Drayton Park shafts had taken place. Planning permission for Netherton Road shaft
11371-576: The following stations:- Fuzhou Metro 's Difengjiang station offers a cross-platform transfer between Line 4 and Line 5 and Liangcuo station between Line 1 and Line 6 . Guangzhou Metro offers three two way cross-platform interchanges by 2016, between Line 2 and Line 3 at Jiahewanggang station , between Line 8 and the Guangfo Line at Shayuan station , Between Line 22 and 18 at Panyu Square station and one between both branches of Line 3 at Tiyu Xilu station . At Tiyu Xilu Station
11508-476: The following year. The last of the 1967 stock trains ran on 30 June 2011, after which the entire service was provided by 2009 stock. On opening, the line was equipped with a fixed-block Automatic Train Operation system (ATO). The train operator closed the train doors and pressed a pair of "start" buttons and, if the way ahead was clear, the ATO drives the train at a safe speed to the next station. At any point,
11645-629: The form of the Greater London Council (GLC), and the London Transport Board was abolished. The London Transport brand continued to be used by the GLC. On 28 February 1975, a southbound train on the Northern City Line failed to stop at its Moorgate terminus and crashed into the wall at the end of the tunnel, in the Moorgate tube crash . There were 43 deaths and 74 injuries, the greatest loss of life during peacetime on
11782-538: The former East London line becoming part of the Overground network in 2010. Many Overground stations interchange with Underground ones, and Overground lines were added onto the Tube map. In the 2010s, the £18.8 billion Crossrail project built a new east–west railway tunnel under central London. The project involved rebuilding and expanding several central Underground stations including Tottenham Court Road and Whitechapel . By increasing rail capacity,
11919-566: The former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936. The 1935–40 New Works Programme included the extension of the Central and Northern lines and the Bakerloo line to take over the Metropolitan's Stanmore branch. The Second World War suspended these plans after the Bakerloo line had reached Stanmore and the Northern line High Barnet and Mill Hill East in 1941. Following bombing in 1940, passenger services over
12056-558: The history of the network and feature historical details drawn from the museum's own archives and collections. Cross-platform interchange A cross-platform interchange is a type of interchange between different lines at a metro (or other railway) station. The term originates with the London Underground ; such layouts exist in other networks but are not commonly so named. In the United States and Canada, it
12193-412: The image for Brixton, for instance, was a ton of bricks. During construction of the first stage of the Jubilee line in 1979, the motifs on Green Park station were replaced by others matching the design for the Jubilee line platforms. In late 2010 and 2011, platform humps were installed on all Victoria line stations except Pimlico to provide step-free access to trains. The project was in accordance with
12330-532: The line aims to reduce overcrowding on the Tube and cut cross-London journey times. The railway opened as the Elizabeth line in May 2022. Although not part of the Underground, the line connects with several Underground stations. In 2020, passenger numbers fell significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic and 40 stations were temporarily closed. The Northern Line Extension opened in September 2021, extending
12467-541: The line in September 1968. It is next to Northumberland Park railway station , on Tottenham Marshes in the London Borough of Haringey , over a mile from the Victoria line. When built, it was 900 feet (270 m) long and had working space for 22 eight-car trains. As part of Transport for London's tube upgrade scheme, the depot has been expanded and upgraded to accommodate all the 2009 Tube Stock trains. Tottenham Hotspur F.C. and its supporters have campaigned for
12604-411: The line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth , and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925 and from Wembley Park to Stanmore in 1932. The Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow (later Uxbridge) and Hounslow. In 1933, most of London's underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form
12741-530: The lives of 31 people and injured a further 100. London Underground was strongly criticised in the aftermath for its attitude to fires underground, and publication of the report into the fire led to the resignation of senior management of both London Underground and London Regional Transport. Following the fire, substantial improvements to safety on the Tube were implemented – including the banning of smoking, removal of wooden escalators, installation of CCTV and fire detectors, as well as comprehensive radio coverage for
12878-569: The main line London and South Western Railway , remained outside the Underground Group's control. A joint marketing agreement between most of the companies in the early years of the 20th century included maps, joint publicity, through ticketing and U NDERGROUN D signs, incorporating the first bullseye symbol, outside stations in Central London. At the time, the term Underground was selected from three other proposed names; 'Tube' and 'Electric' were both officially rejected. Ironically,
13015-455: The most intensively used on the Underground, was used by 302 million passengers in 2019, making it the second-busiest tube line. With trains arriving every 100 seconds at peak times, it is one of the most frequent rapid transit lines in the world. The first proposal for a railway in this area appeared in the County of London Plan , published in 1943. In 1948, a working party set up by
13152-539: The network including Chishajiao Station (Line 11 and 12), Tangxi Station (Line 12 and 28), Caihongqiao station (Line 13 and 11), Tianhe Park station (Line 11 and 21). Hangzhou Metro 's East Railway Station and Pengbu station offer paired cross-platform interchange between Line 1 and Line 4 and another paired cross-platform interchange at West Lake Cultural Square and Wulin Square stations between Line 1 and Line 3 . Same-direction cross-platform interchange
13289-399: The new line and existing services. The name "Victoria line" dates from 1955; other suggestions were "Walvic line" (Walthamstow–Victoria), "Viking line" (Victoria–King's Cross), " Mayfair line" and " West End line". During the planning stages, it was known as Route C and named the Victoria line (after the station) by David McKenna, Chairman of British Transport Advertising, whose suggestion
13426-530: The new line; a cross-platform interchange was provided with the Bakerloo line and a subway link with the Central line. A steel umbrella was erected over the junction in August 1963 so that a new ticket hall could be built without disrupting existing traffic. Rolling stock on the line was fitted with Automatic Train Operation (ATO), which allowed self-driving of the train based on automatic electrical signals along
13563-401: The northern section of Line 3 terminates at the center track serving both island platforms connecting to the southern section of Line 3 stopping at the outer tracks. In 2016, a same-direction cross platform interchange started operating between the westbound Line 7 and northbound Line 2 trains at Guangzhou South Railway Station . Several cross platform interchanges are under construction across
13700-565: The other side, with both alternatives headed in the same direction. As express and stopping trains usually head for different directions, cross-platform interchange between different train categories (e.g. interchanges between metros and railways) is commonly combined with cross-platform interchanges between different lines. Some stations offer cross-platform transfers between different modes, such as tram and bus, such as at Madeleine station in Charleroi, where two island platforms sit between
13837-835: The past terminated in the south there, alternating on both East/West Rail platforms to offer cross-platform interchanges. At Sunny Bay , passengers on the Tung Chung line from the city can make a cross-platform interchange to a Disneyland Resort line train. However, the inverse is not the case, so passengers returning to the city from Hong Kong Disneyland need to use an overpass to catch a Hong Kong -bound train. Putra Heights offers cross-platform interchange between Sri Petaling Line (Line 4) and Kelana Jaya Line (Line 5) while Chan Sow Lin offers cross-platform interchange between Ampang Line (Line 3) and Sri Petaling Line (Line 4). Tun Razak Exchange and Kwasa Damansara also offers cross-platform interchange between MRT Kajang Line and
13974-508: The roads to avoid the need for agreement with owners of property on the surface. This opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells . The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, known as the "twopenny tube". These two ran electric trains in circular tunnels having diameters between 11 feet 8 inches (3.56 m) and 12 feet 2.5 inches (3.72 m), whereas
14111-604: The same elevation, and interconnecting passageways were regulated with one instead of two sets of ticketing barriers. After the merger, some sections of the barrier were demolished in order to provide free cross-platform interchange between southbound Tung Chung Line and northbound West Rail line trains. However, this arrangement does not serve the dominant rush hour passenger flows, which are between New Territories and Hong Kong Island , as well as between Lantau Island and Tsim Sha Tsui . To connect East Rail and West Rail lines at Hung Hom without through-running, both lines were in
14248-1140: The same level. Hanshin Railway has a same direction cross-platform interchange between the Namba Line and Hanshin Main Line at Amagasaki . Cross-platform interchange is available between Line 2 and Line 3 at May 4th Square . Provisions for cross-platform interchange between Line 3 and Line 8 were made at Qingdao North Railway Station . Seoul Subway Geumjeong Station offers cross-platform transfer between Line 1 local services and all 4 services. Gimpo Airport Station also offers cross-platform transfer between all Line 9 services and AREX local service. Also several Line 1 stations offer cross-platform transfer between trains heading to Incheon or Cheonan / Sinchang . Oriental Sports Center Station offers cross-platform interchange between Lines 6 and 11 . In addition, Hongqiao Railway Station provides cross platform interchange between Lines 2 and 17 . While Hongqiao Airport Terminal 2 Station provides
14385-481: The same station complex. Less common is a cross-platform interchange to transfer onto a continuation of same single line served by that station, for example in Kirkby , Ormskirk , and Pittsburg/Bay Point . Common cross-platform interchanges allow passengers to change trains without changing to another platform. This applies at places where trains of different directions meet in minor and major hubs, but this arrangement
14522-548: The service. The Metropolitan District Railway (commonly known as the District Railway ) opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground "inner circle" connecting London's main-line stations. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and cover method. Both railways expanded, the District building five branches to
14659-596: The shared ownership of the inner circle. The District, needing to raise the finance necessary, found an investor in the American Charles Yerkes who favoured a DC system similar to that in use on the City & South London and Central London railways. The Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade , the DC system was adopted. Yerkes soon had control of
14796-506: The signalling room of the Victoria line and flooded it with quick-drying concrete , leading to the suspension of services south of Warren Street. Services resumed the following day after sugar was used to slow the setting of the concrete and make it easier to shovel out. A 24-hour Night Tube service on Friday and Saturday nights, due to start in September 2015 on the entire line, was delayed because of strike action. The service began in August 2016, with trains running at 10-minute intervals on
14933-578: The single platform terminate different routes, and interchange for through service is by walking along the platform. Another peculiar configuration exists at Pittsburg/Bay Point station on the BART system in the San Francisco Bay area, California , United States . Mainline BART trains terminate at that station, but onward service is available via an eBART diesel multiple unit (DMU) train. At this station, eBART trains are only accessible through
15070-546: The structure and level of public transport fares in London. The day-to-day running of the corporation is left to the Commissioner of Transport for London . TfL eventually replaced London Regional Transport, and discontinued the use of the London Transport brand in favour of its own brand. The transfer of responsibility was staged, with transfer of control of London Underground delayed until July 2003, when London Underground Limited became an indirect subsidiary of TfL. In
15207-612: The sub-surface network and the deep-tube lines. The Circle , District , Hammersmith & City , and Metropolitan lines form the sub-surface network, with cut-and-cover railway tunnels just below the surface and of a similar size to those on British main lines They converged on a bi-directional loop in central London, sharing tracks and stations with each other at various places along their respective routes. The Bakerloo , Central , Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines are deep-level tubes, with smaller trains that run in circular tunnels ( tubes ) with
15344-521: The suburban and countryside areas. The Metropolitan line can reach speeds of 62 mph (100 km/h). The London Underground was used for 1.181 billion journeys in the year 2023–2024. The Underground uses several railways and alignments that were built by main-line railway companies. Chiltern Railways shares track with the Metropolitan Line between Harrow-on-the-Hill and Amersham. Three South Western Railway passenger trains
15481-418: The system runs on the surface. There are 20 miles (32 km) of sub-surface tunnels and 93 miles (150 km) of tube tunnels. Many of the central London Underground stations on deep-level tube routes are higher than the running lines to assist deceleration when arriving and acceleration when departing. Trains generally run on the left-hand track. In some places, the tunnels are above each other (for example,
15618-464: The term Tube was later adopted alongside the Underground. The Bakerloo line was extended north to Queen's Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford , but the First World War delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the tube stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by
15755-693: The terminating rail for the North–South Line aligned between that of the East–West Line, allowing commuters to alight and board simultaneously on either side, with an additional rail for the North–South Line used during peak hours. Tanah Merah MRT station also has a similar arrangement, with the terminating rail for the East West line Changi Airport Extension aligned between the two the East West line platforms, allowing commuters to alight and board simultaneously on either side too. The Bayfront MRT station
15892-574: The track. In March 1964, a £2.25 million contract was awarded to Metro-Cammell for the Victoria line fleet. That October, the Northern City Line closed between Drayton Park and Finsbury Park so that the latter station could be redesigned for a cross-platform interchange between the Victoria and Piccadilly lines. All major contracts had been awarded by 1965, and construction was on track to be completed in 1968. New stations were constructed at Walthamstow Central, Blackhorse Road , Tottenham Hale and Seven Sisters . The station at Blackhorse Road
16029-458: The trains are coordinated in the timetable. In this case, the cross-platform infrastructure offers the possibility of easily changing trains, independently from the waiting time for the second train. In metro systems with short headways, typical waiting time is small, but such a noncoordinated approach could reduce the advantages of stairless cross-platform interchange in railway networks with sparser train traffic. A more-advanced approach involves
16166-699: The two lines share a portion of the same track. Shenzhen metro network includes cross-platform interchanges at Laojie (Lines 1 and 3), Huangbeiling (Lines 2 and 5), Chegongmiao (Lines 7 and 9), Hongshuwan South (Lines 9 and 11), Nanyou (Lines 9 and 12), Huangmugang (Lines 7 and 14), Gangxia North (Lines 11 and 14), and Universiade (Lines 14 and 16) stations. Reservations have been made for future cross platform interchanges at Luohu North (Lines 14 and 17), Xiangmihu West (Lines 14 and 20), Xinsheng (Lines 3 and 21), and Aobei (Lines 14 and 21) stations. The Mass Rapid Transit system in Singapore has
16303-437: The war and was completed in 1920. After the war, government-backed financial guarantees were used to expand the network and the tunnels of the City and South London and Hampstead railways were linked at Euston and Kennington; the combined service was not named the Northern line until later. The Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the " Metro-land " brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on
16440-562: The west reaching Ealing , Hounslow , Uxbridge , Richmond and Wimbledon and the Metropolitan eventually extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire – more than 50 miles (80 km) from Baker Street and the centre of London. For the first deep-level tube line, the City and South London Railway , two 10 feet 2 inches (3.10 m) diameter circular tunnels were dug between King William Street (close to today's Monument station ) and Stockwell , under
16577-404: The whole line. Every Victoria line station, apart from Pimlico and Blackhorse Road, was built as an interchange and several stations were rearranged to allow for cross-platform interchange with the line. In some stations, the Victoria line platforms were built on either side of the existing arrangement; in others, the Victoria line uses the older platforms and the existing line was diverted onto
16714-425: The world. When the line was built, budgetary restrictions meant that station infrastructure standards were lower than on older lines and on later extension projects. Examples include narrower than usual platforms and undecorated ceilings at Walthamstow Central, Blackhorse Road and Tottenham Hale, affecting lighting levels. The line was built with fewer escalators than other lines as a cost-saving measure. The lack of
16851-679: The worst civilian disaster in Britain during the Second World War, and the largest loss of life in a single incident on the London Underground network. On 1 January 1948, under the provisions of the Transport Act 1947 , the London Passenger Transport Board was nationalised and renamed the London Transport Executive , becoming a subsidiary transport organisation of the British Transport Commission , which
16988-482: Was attacked in the 2005 London bombings. There were no fatalities in this attack. After the 2005 London bombings, there was heightened security. The London Police wrongly detained and fatally shot 27-year-old Jean Charles de Menezes once he boarded a train at one of the stations on the Victoria line. After his death, a memorial to Menezes was placed close to Stockwell station. On 23 January 2014, during upgrade work at Victoria, construction workers accidentally penetrated
17125-408: Was available at Hoe Street station. Walthamstow (Hoe Street) was later renamed Walthamstow Central on 6 May 1968 in anticipation of the line's opening). The line was planned to have cross-platform interchanges at Oxford Circus , Euston and Finsbury Park (with the Bakerloo, Northern (Bank) and Piccadilly lines respectively) and at Walthamstow Central to provide a quick and easy connection between
17262-568: Was awarded on 4 August 1967. A proposal to build Pimlico tube station received Government approval on 28 June 1968. In July, the Duke of Edinburgh and the Prince of Wales visited tunnel workings under Vauxhall Park. The Brixton extension was bored using the older Greathead shield . Although slower, use of the tunnelling shield allowed easier digging through the gravel strata south of the Thames. It
17399-476: Was built on the opposite side of the road from the mainline station (serving the Kentish Town to Barking line ) and was not an interchange. The line opened from Walthamstow Central to Highbury & Islington on 1 September 1968. There was no opening ceremony; instead the normal timetable started. The first train left Walthamstow Central for Highbury & Islington at 7:32 a.m. The line proved to meet
17536-474: Was completed in July 1961, with the expectation it would be used for the completed Victoria line. After the line gained parliamentary approval on 20 August 1962 with a budget of £56 million, construction began the following month. The economic boom of the mid-to-late 1950s had faded leading to a rise in unemployment in London, and the government had hoped that building the Victoria line would alleviate this. Work began adapting Oxford Circus station to link to
17673-462: Was designed to reduce congestion on other lines, particularly the Piccadilly line and the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line . The first section, from Walthamstow Central to Highbury & Islington , opened in September 1968 and an extension to Warren Street followed in December. The line was completed to Victoria station in March 1969 and was opened by Queen Elizabeth II who rode
17810-430: Was formed on the same day. Under the same act, the country's main line railways were also nationalised, and their reconstruction was given priority over the maintenance of the Underground and most of the unfinished plans of the pre-war New Works Programme were shelved or postponed. The District line needed new trains and an unpainted aluminium train entered service in 1953, this becoming the standard for new trains. In
17947-400: Was granted on 8 September 1967. On 31 March, the demolition and rebuilding of Netherton Road shaft was allowed as permitted development . The depot at Northumberland Park , the service and storage area for trains, is the only part of the Victoria line above ground. Trains access the depot via a branch line in a tunnel to the north of Seven Sisters . The depot opened with the first stage of
18084-550: Was opened and took over the southern half of the Modified Initial System . The interchange is two platforms in sequence, with an opposite-direction cross-platform interchange assigned to Prince Edward and a same-direction interchange to Mong Kok, as large volumes of traffic had been anticipated in both modes. Popular with passengers, this design was repeated on Admiralty station when the Island line in Victoria
18221-461: Was opened on 23 July 1971 by Princess Alexandra , who made a journey from Brixton to Vauxhall . On opening, it was the first new section of Underground to open south of the Thames since the extension of the City and South London Railway from Clapham Common to Morden in 1926. The final piece of the Victoria line, Pimlico station, opened on 14 September 1972. London Transport considered extensions to Streatham, Dulwich and Crystal Palace to provide
18358-663: Was opened to deal with anticipated heavy opposite-direction interchange ridership. Years later, another interchange spanning Tiu Keng Leng station (same direction) in the New Territories and Yau Tong station (opposite direction) in New Kowloon was built to the same configuration as the earlier Mong Kok and Prince Edward interchanges. The Ma On Shan line is specifically designed to follow right-hand traffic rules (unlike other railway lines in Hong Kong), to enable
18495-465: Was seconded by Sir John Elliot . The board decided that the Victoria line sounded "just right". Initial construction began in January 1960, when two test tunnels were started from Tottenham to Manor House under Seven Sisters Road . The tunnels were excavated using an experimental "drum digger" rotary shield, powered by hydraulic rams , that could cut more than 60 feet (18 m) per day. The work
18632-402: Was supplemented by 1972 Mark I Tube Stock , transferred from the Northern line and converted to be compatible with the 1967 stock. Replacement of the 1967 rolling stock began in July 2009. The 2009 Tube Stock fleet of 47 eight-car trains, was built by Bombardier Transportation . Testing the first prototypes began in 2008. The trains began to be introduced in 2009 and most were in operation by
18769-403: Was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, filled up. The world's first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, and borrowing trains from other railways to supplement
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