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74-594: It was typeset by the Widow Romm and Brothers of Vilna. This edition comprises 37 volumes and contains the entire Babylonian Talmud . In its entirety, there are 2,711 double-sided folio pages. It follows the typical pagination of Bomberg printing with the Gemara and/or Mishnah centered with Rashi 's commentary on the inner margin and Tosafot on the outer margin. It is also flanked by other various marginal notations from various prominent Talmudists . This edition

148-530: A Museum was opened in his honour on September 11, 1938. As of 1931, there were 1055 residential buildings in the city, 2 catholic churches, 2 orthodox churches, 3 synagogues, and a mosque; in addition to the Belarusian one, there was a polish gymnasium. In addition, there were 2 hospitals, 7 hotels, and 2 printing houses. At the beginning of World War II , after September 17, 1939, Soviet Air Forces' bombers began dropping leaflets written in broken Polish over

222-572: A city already existed on-site in the 9th–10th centuries, which had trade links with Byzantium , the Near East , Western Europe and Scandinavia . These trade links were related to the Amber Road . Archaeologically, Novogrudok was studied in the years 1957-1977. In the first half of the 11th century, the city consisted of two undefended settlements located on the Small castle and Castle hill . In

296-591: A group of glass carved glasses, known in medieval studies under the General name " Hedwig glass ". The "Cup of Saint Jadwiga" found in Novogrudok (under this name the vessel is listed in the collection of the Hermitage Museum , this Cup was not returned to Belarus, despite requests from the Belarusian side), carved images of a lion, a Griffin and a stylized tree of life in the form of two snakes entwining

370-590: A new edition of the Talmud in line with an Hasidic point of view. Rabbis on each side argued but were unable to agree as to whether rabbinical law permitted publication of this new edition. In addition, the death of a worker in the Slavuta factory led to Russian government intervention (Vilnius being at that time within the Russian Empire ). The Slavuta publishing house was shut down and, to instill order among

444-533: A war between Yaroslav I and Lithuanian tribes. It was also mentioned in the Hypatian Codex in 1252 as Novogorodok , meaning "new little town". Novogrudok was a major settlement in the remote western lands of the Krivichs that came under Kievan Rus' control at the end of the 10th century. However, this hypothesis has been disputed as the earliest archaeological findings date from the 11th century. In

518-734: Is a town in Grodno Region , Belarus . It serves as the administrative center of Novogrudok District . As of 2024, it has a population of 27,936. In the Middle Ages , the city was ruled by King Mindaugas ' son Vaišvilkas . During and after Mindaugas' rule, Novogrudok was part of the Kingdom of Lithuania , and later the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , which was later part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In

592-601: The 10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment captured the city. Many Communist Poles from the Western Rifle Division fought in the battles on the Red Army 's side. With the city's capture, the Polish Army received large warehouses of military weaponry and ammunition, while also capturing about 300 prisoners of war . The Polish-Bolshevik front stopped for several months along the line of former German trenches on

666-776: The 1st Legions Infantry Division . Ultimately captured by the Poles in October 1920, it was confirmed as part of the Second Polish Republic by the Peace of Riga . The civil authorities, headed by the headman Joseph Yellin, began to act on November 3. The traditions of the Lithuanian Tribunal were partially revived by the Novogrudok Voivodeship court, which opened on January 11, 1921, in

740-574: The Ancient Rus' state at the end of the 10th century. The ancient name of Novgorodok (Nov'gorodok, Nov'gorodok', though leaning both parts: to Novagorodka, in Novegorodtsy, "between Novym'gorodkom'", from "Novagorodka" in "Novegorodche"). In some sources, it is called Maly Novgorod . Archaeological excavations made by Gurevich F. D. in different places of the city, gave a huge number of interesting finds (Byzantine glass, jewellery, and even

814-616: The Novogrudok Ghetto , Novogrudok and nearby villages during the Holocaust . However, in mid-may 1943, the last remaining ghetto prisoners began to dig a 250-metre (820 ft) underground passage outside the ghetto, and five months later, on September 26, 1943, an escape was made through it. A total of 232 people escaped through the tunnel. Some of the fleeing Jews joined the Bielski partisans , which actively fought against

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888-697: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Union of Lublin in 1569. In 1505, the Tatars tried to capture the city, but failed. Novogrudok was designated as the capital of the Nowogródek Voivodeship from 1507 until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. On July 26, 1511, the town was granted Magdeburg rights by King Sigismund I the Old , which were reconfirmed in 1562, 1595 and 1776. It

962-594: The Red Army to occupy Vilnius. On 8 July 1944, the Red Army reoccupied Novogrudok after almost three years of German occupation. However, after retaking Western Belorussia from the Germans, the recent allies became enemies. Thus, on August 21, 1944, in the village of Surkontakh, the commander of the Home Army's Novogrudok partisan district, Lieutenant Colonel Maciej Kalenkiewicz , nicknamed "Kotvich" (1906-1944) from

1036-703: The Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. Thereafter, the Soviet Union annexed the area to the Byelorussian SSR . From 1941 to 1944, Novogrudok was occupied by the German Army , thereafter returning to the Soviet Union until 1991. The name comes from the Old East Slavic words "New town". It was a large settlement in the remote Western lands of the Krivichs , which came under the control of

1110-569: The 13th century, the Kievan Rus disintegrated due to Asian nomadic incursions, which climaxed with the Mongol horde's Siege of Kiev (1240) , resulting in the sack of Kiev and leaving a regional geopolitical vacuum in which the East Slavs splintered along pre-existing tribal lines and formed several independent, competing principalities. It is known that even prior to Mindaugas' arrival, there

1184-651: The 14th century, it was an episcopal see of the Metropolitanate of Lithuania . From 1795 to 1915, the Russian Empire ruled over the lands, with brief periods of intercession, e.g. Napoleon 's Grande Armée in 1812 and the Uprisings of 1831 and 1863 . After 1915, Novogrudok was occupied by the Imperial German Army for three years in World War I , by the Second Polish Republic until

1258-740: The CP(b) of Belarus, it became a part of the Belarusian SSR . On May 25, 1919, the Novogrudok Belarusian gymnasium was opened here. During the Polish–Soviet War , Novogrudok changed hands several times. From mid-March 1919, Polish Army detachments began to appear in Novogrudok's vicinity. On April 18, 1919, at dawn, after several hours of fighting, soldiers of the 2nd Kaunas Rifle Regiment  [ pl ] of Major Leon Zawistowski  [ pl ] and two squadrons of

1332-526: The Cup of life. According to the British Museum , the vessels of this group are among the first hundred outstanding works of the material culture of universal civilization. All currently known cups of the "Hedwig glass" series, both preserved intact and individual fragments of these cups, were stored for many centuries exclusively in the capital cities of States that were either part of the medieval state of

1406-686: The Great founded the Roman Catholic Transfiguration Church in Novogrudok, in which the wedding of the king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila with Sophia of Halshany took place. This marriage gave rise to the Jagiellonian dynasty . Their son Casimir IV Jagiellon granted town rights in 1444. After the Union of Krewo (1385), it was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Union , which became

1480-573: The Holy Roman Empire, or in the capitals of dynasties that had a kinship with the dynasties that ruled these States. In 1997, Novogrudok and Novogrudoky district were merged into a single administrative unit. The city has links with the twin cities of Elbląg , Krynica Morska and Leymen . On September 10, 2011, in honour of the 500th anniversary of the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Magdeburg law (freed from feudal duties,

1554-809: The Jewish publishers, the Russian authorities instituted a formal publishing monopoly, which Romm successfully bid for. In 1835, located as they were in Vilnius, which was the heart of misnagdic Lite, the Romms caused a stir by publishing the Hasidic Talmud. From then until 1940 (when it was nationalized by the Soviet government), the Romms published material from the diversity of Litvak Jewish religious opinion and practice. The Romm factory burned down in 1840, but

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1628-698: The Khubala detachment, was killed in a battle with tenfold superior units of the NKVD . During the war, more than 45,000 people were killed in the city and the surrounding area, and over 60% of housing was destroyed. After the war, on this region did the organization "the black cat", which was aimed at the struggle against the Soviet regime, so in March 1948, the United group of troops of the organization "the black cat" with several units " bulbivtsiv " (total 200 men) attacked

1702-730: The Nazis in the region. During the German occupation , the city served as the administrative centre of Kreisgebiet Nowogrodek within the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of Reichskommissariat Ostland . The local population was subjected to deportations for forced labour to Germany and executions. In February–March 1944, by order of the Gebietskommissar (Area Commissioner) of the Novogrudok district, SS- Obersturmbannführer Wilhelm Traub , former Lieutenant of

1776-605: The Novogrudok gymnasium in 1858. In 1837, Novogrudok had 4 unpaved and 9 paved streets and alleys. During the January Uprising , an insurgent organization led by V. Borzobogaty was formed in the city. In 1863, priest Felician Lashkevich from Novogrudok partook in this uprising. As part of anti-Catholic repression following the January Uprising , the tsarist administration closed down the gymnasium as well as Catholic churches, which were transformed into Orthodox churches. In 1896, Rabbi Yosef Yozel Horwitz founded one of

1850-480: The Novogrudok to release the arrested members of his organization. The city was the base of the MGB 's Special Department, which fought against anti-Soviet partisans . The anti-Soviet partisan movement continued until the early 1960s until it completely ceased to exist. After the war, the area remained part of the Byelorussian SSR , and most of the destroyed infrastructure was rapidly rebuilt. On 8 July 1954, following

1924-694: The Polish army Barys Rahula formed the Belarusian Novogrudok mounted squadron to fight the partisans. In February 1944, the 65th Belarusian Schutzmannschaft Battalion was formed in Novogrudok. However, in early July 1944, Barys Rahula curtailed the activities of the squadron. During the German occupation in Novogrudok, the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth organized, at the request of

1998-526: The Polish-Lithuanian army, and was exempt from paying taxes for a period of 4 years. In the 16th–18th centuries, Novogrudok suffered numerous fires (1578, 1599, 1613, 1652, the most severe – in 1751, when 167 houses, 4 churches, the town hall and the Governor's office burned down) and epidemics (1590, 1592, 1603, 1708). In addition, military events and cataclysms of the 17th–18th centuries caused

2072-658: The Slavuta Talmud argued that the Vilna Edition infringed on their rabbinical court-ordered 25-year license to be the sole publishers of the text. Although more than 25 years had passed since the date of the first edition of the Slavuta Shas, only 21 years had passed after its latest edition. This article about a Judaism -related book or text is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Romm publishing house The Romm publishing house

2146-658: The Small Castle (an ancient roundabout city). Trade relations in the 12th–13th centuries were far-reaching, as evidenced by many imports: from Kyiv came glass bracelets , non-ferrous metal jewellery, engolpions , icons , spindle whorls , faience vessels from Iran , glassware from Byzantium and Syria , from the Baltic – amber . Novogrudok was first mentioned in the Sofia First Chronicle and Novgorod Fourth Chronicle in 1044 in reference to

2220-543: The building of the former Russian County school. During the interwar period , Novogrudok served as the seat of the Novogrudok Voivodeship until the 1939 invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union. Many new buildings were built, including the voivodeship office, district court, tax office, theatre, power plant, city bath and a narrow-gauge railway station. In 1938, a museum was created in

2294-619: The castle was besieged by the Teutonic Order . It was again attacked by the Teutons in 1321, 1341, 1390 and finally in 1394. As the centre of the appanage Principality, Novogrudok was owned from 1329 by Prince Karijotas , and then by his son Fyodor from 1358, and from 1386 by Kaributas . At that time, Novogrudok was part of the Trakai Voivodeship , whose population was entirely ethnically Lithuanian , hence Novogrudok

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2368-579: The city along with the surrounding villages in the lifetime possession of his wife Uliana . In 1415, at the Council of Orthodox bishops in Novogrudok, Gregory Tsamblak was elected Metropolitan of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Synod de facto declared autocephaly of the Orthodox Church in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and also reformed internal administration in the Church. In 1422, Vytautas

2442-418: The city had 428 wooden and 9 stone houses. At that time, mainly Jews , Belarusians , Poles , Lipka Tatars and Russians lived in the city. During the November Uprising , on July 22, 1831, Novogrudok was occupied for some time by the detachments of Y. Kashits and M. Mezheyevsky. After the liquidation of the Dominican school in 1834, the tsarist authorities opened a five-class school, which turned into

2516-404: The city's decline. During the Great Northern War in 1706, the city was occupied by Swedish Army , and later by Muscovite troops, who burned the city and blew up the castle . On 1 May 1751, there was great destruction due to a fire. On September 23, 1784, the king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stanisław August Poniatowski arrived in the city. On his way back from Nyasvizh , he visited

2590-402: The city's population were crafts and trade. Often, there is evidence of local jewelry craft – there were foundries and jewelry workshops that formed a whole block on the small castle . Bone-cutting, wood and stone processing were also common. Graffiti with old Russian letters was found on fragments of frescoed plaster from building No.12 ("house of the boyar" or "powalush") of the 12th century on

2664-413: The city, announcing the imminent liberation "from the yoke of the lords" and other oppressors. On 18 September 1939 Novogrudok was occupied by the Red Army and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR . Many residents of the city and region were repressed and exiled to other regions of the USSR, and the region was subjected to severe Sovietization . In the administrative division of

2738-527: The city, the Novogrudok Castle 's ruins, the tribunal and the city archive. The 6th Lithuanian Infantry Regiment was stationed in the town in 1790. During the War in Defense of the Constitution , in early June 1792, Novogrudok was attacked by the 33,000-strong Tsarist army led by Mikhail Krechetnikov . In mid-June 1792, after the defeat in the battle of Mir , Lithuanian troops under Duke Louis of Württemberg 's command retreated through Novogrudok to Grodno . Tatars from General Józef Bielak 's Corps were among

2812-425: The city. In 1907-1909, a provincial branch of the Polish society "Enlightenment" worked in the city, which supported Polish education. It had a thriving Jewish community. In 1900, its population was 5,015. During the First World War , the city was under German occupation from 22 September 1915 to 27 December 1918. On September 22, 1915, Novogrudok was occupied by the German 10th Army . The Russian-German front

2886-402: The city: Stanisław Wojciechowski (May 25–27, 1924) and Ignacy Mościcki (September 1929 and the end of June 1931). In the 1920s and 1930s, more than 10 titles of periodicals were published in the city. In October 1922, the first Belarusian-language newspaper "Nasha Batskayshchyna" was published in Novogrudok. In 1924-1931, a mound was built on the small castle in honour of Adam Mickiewicz , and

2960-413: The country's actual physical boundaries) had sent their manuscripts abroad, to Amsterdam, Prague, Germany, Poland, and Ukraine, for publication. The rivalry between Misnagdism and Hasidism led the former to begin publishing within Lithuania itself, specifically, in 1788, when Baruch Romm went from book dealer to book publisher. Controversy had arisen when the Shapira family of Slavuta intended to publish

3034-433: The disestablishment of the Baranavichy Region, the raion , along with Novogrudok, became part of the Grodno Region , where it still is, now in Belarus. During the archaeological excavations at the Small Castle in Novogrudok in the period from 1955 to 1962, conducted by the Leningrad Department of the Institute of Archaeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences , an artefact was found, called "glass carved glass", belonging to

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3108-418: The end later added the letter "k" turned [ouk], so the chronicle "Novgorodou" transformed into "Novgorodouk" and was later simplified to "Novogrudok". Locals use the older name " Navаgradak ", especially the older people. The place of stress is recorded in the publication of the "Tribunal for the inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania'" (Vilna, 1586), where it is marked in print "in Novа́gorodku". At

3182-496: The firm produced a highly regarded new edition of the Talmud, completed in 1886, which is still widely used. The firm's last Talmud edition was printed in 1897, after which the rise of Zionism shifted Jewish publishing. When Deborah Romm died, the firm also started to print secular periodicals and newspapers in Yiddish and Hebrew. This was not to the liking of the person who was the manager until then, Samuel Shraga Fiignzon (שפן סופר). Deborah Romm's descendants lost interest in managing

3256-448: The firm's closure. Thanks to the efforts of the Rabbi of St. Petersburg, Dr. Moshe Eliezer Eisenstadt, the printing house was bought by two wealthy individuals, Noah Gordon and Haim Cohen, who volunteered to rescue the printing house because of its importance. The printing house changed its name again to the Stock Company for Printing Books and Publishing "Romm" . At the request of Noah Gordon, in 1920 his cousin, Mathus Rapoport, took over

3330-430: The firm, renaming it the Widow and Brothers Romm in 1863. As The Widow Romm, she was known internationally by Hebrew and Yiddish scholars and general readers in Eastern Europe and elsewhere, giving her an unusual stature for Litvak women of her time. She was often challenged, but her good business sense along with her scrupulous attention to quality and detail kept power over the firm in her hands. Under her direction,

3404-454: The former home of Adam Mickiewicz. The first voivode of Novogrudok (1921-1924) was Władysław Raczkiewicz , later (1939-1947) President of Poland in exile. On May 13, 1922, Adam Mickiewicz's eldest son, Wladyslaw, came to Novogrudok to stay, and on October 30, 1922, the chief of state , Marshal Józef Piłsudski , came here. In the following years, the former power station was converted into a city theatre. Several other Polish presidents visited

3478-445: The last to leave the city. Earlier, they heroically defended the crossing of the Neman river against the Russian soldiers in the Battle of Stolbtsy . At the 18th century's end, there were 6 monasteries , 5 Catholic churches, 3 Orthodox churches, a synagogue , and a Tatar mosque in Novogrudok. In 1795, as a result of the third Partition of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , it was annexed by Imperial Russia . Administratively, it

3552-402: The management of the printing house and also became one of the owners. Rapoport ran the printing house for 20 years. On the night of July 7, 1941, just days after the German invasion of Russia , Rapoport was taken from his home at midnight and was murdered by the Nazis. With the end of the Second World War the building was confiscated by the Russians. They continued to use the printing house after

3626-409: The most famous Jewish higher educational religious institutions in Novogrudok, the Novardok Yeshiva , which was one of the largest and most important yeshivas in pre-war Europe and a powerful force in the Musar movement . In 1905, the first gas street lamps appeared in Novogrudok. In 1910, there were 76 stone and 1074 wooden buildings in the city, and in 1914 there were 6 educational institutions in

3700-418: The new territories, the city was briefly the centre of Navahrudak Region until it moved to Baranavichy , and region itself was renamed to Baranavichy Region and to the Novogrudok Raion (15 January 1940). On 22 June 1941, the city was subjected to German bombing, the former Starostvo, formerly the Radziwill Palace, and shopping malls were destroyed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union . On 4 July, Novogrudok

3774-420: The parents of Polish children, underground teaching in the Polish language and history. On 1 August 1943, the underground school ceased to exist after 11 nuns, the Martyrs of Nowogródek , including the main organizer of the school, were shot by the German occupiers on August 1, 1943. In the summer of 1944, units of the Home Army's Novogrudok partisan district partook in Operation Ostra Brama , fighting alongside

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3848-428: The press (with three of her sons emigrating to the United States ), and the printing press got into financial difficulty. Baron David Günzburg from St. Petersburg , a scholar of Jewish affairs, came to the rescue and bought the firm in 1910. When the Baron died soon after, his widow could not continue ownership of what was by then an unprofitable printing house. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 almost caused

3922-432: The rivers Servech and Uschi. On the morning of July 19, 1920, the Red Army again occupied Novogrudok. After crushing defeats in the Battle of Warsaw and later of the Niemen River , on October 1, 1920, Polish troops again occupied the city. These were detachments of the 1st and 5th Legions' Infantry Regiments , the 16th Infantry Regiment , and 3 batteries of the 1st Legionary Artillery Regiment. Most of them belonged to

3996-425: The ruins of a house with painted walls from the inside, which had suspended lanterns in which oil was lit) this, as well as the conclusion of the archaeologist that the city appeared on this site no later than the 9th century, allows Novogrudok to claim the role of historical chronicle Novgorod. In favour of this version of localization is the fact that in the earliest annals of Novgorod called "Novgorodou", and [ou] in

4070-458: The same time that it ceased its Grodno operation. Initially publishing halakhic and homiletic works from the misnagdic tradition, the Romms were soon caught up in the controversy between adherents of this tradition and the new movement among Eastern European Jews known as Hasidism . Historically, Jewish authors from Lite (the Yiddish name for a conceptual rather than historical "greater" Lithuania that has not always corresponded to

4144-468: The second half of the 11th century, fortifications were built around the settlement on the Castle hill , thus forming the Novogrudok detinets . On the Small Castle to the West of the detinets formed a settlement, which in the 12th century was also fortified and turned into a roundabout city. On the territory of the detinets, wooden ground buildings with wood burning stoves made out of adobe and plank floors were studied. The most important activities of

4218-418: The son and successor of Mindaugas, took monastic vows in Lavrashev Monastery near Novgorodok and founded an Orthodox convent there. The enmity between Mindaugas and his relatives, who were refuged in Volhynia , led to a great war with the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , which made several major campaigns against the city. These campaigns forced Mindaugas to ally with the Livonian Order . In 1253, Mindaugas

4292-439: The time of entry into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , the traditional Belarusian pronunciation Navа́gradak , transformed into the modern name Novogrudok , from Polish Nowogródek . Some historians believe that the chronicle versions of the name of the city – Novogorod , Novgorodok , Novy Gorodok , Novogorodok-Litovsky , etc. indicate that, perhaps, there was an old city center of the district – Radogoshcha. Novogrudok

4366-400: The townspeople of Novogrudok the privilege of 2 fairs a year for 2 weeks on the Catholic holidays Epiphany and Pentecost . In the 16th century, Novogrudok was also one of the Reformation 's centers. In September 1655, it was captured by Prince A. Trubetskoy's soldiers in the war between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1661, the city was recaptured by

4440-622: The war until the beginning of the 1990s but with no connection to Judaism. On February 4, 1990, professor Herman Branover presented the Lubavitcher Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson with a Russian-language translation of the Jewish Hasidic text, the Tanya , which had been recently printed, in the quantity of 20,000 units, in the facilities of the Romm publishing house in Vilna. Navahrudak Novogrudok or Navahrudak ( Belarusian : Навагрудак ; Russian : Новогрудок ; Polish : Nowogródek , Lithuanian : Naugardukas ; Yiddish : נאַוואַראַדאָק , romanized :  Navaradok )

4514-405: Was Black Rus' , whose center was Novogrudok. Encyclopædia Britannica mentions only the following Lithuanian capitals: Kernavė , Trakai and Vilnius , excluding Novogrudok from the list. During the 16th century, three centuries after the events, Maciej Stryjkowski was the first, in his chronicle, to propose the theory that Novogrudok was the capital of the 13th-century state. Vaišvilkas ,

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4588-427: Was a Catholic church in Novogrudok. Maciej Stryjkowski , asserts that Ringold's father, Algimunt, ruled in Novogrudok over all Rus' and Lithuania, starting from Vilija River up to Starodub , Chernigov , Turau and Karachaev , as well as all of Podlasie with its adjacent castles, Brest , Mielnik , Drohiczyn , etc., holding them in peaceful tenure. Mindaugas son Vaišvilkas ruled Novogrudok. Novogrudok

4662-422: Was a publisher of Jewish religious literature from 1788 to 1940. It is known for its 1886 Vilna Shas , which still serves as a definitive edition. Baruch ben Yosef Romm founded the business originally in Grodno and it continued there for some decades at the same time that its primary operations moved to Vilnius in 1799. There, it expanded under the ownership of Baruch's son, Menahem Mann Romm (d. 1841), at

4736-416: Was a royal city . In 1568, there were 10 churches in the city. From 1581 to 1775, the city hosted some of the Lithuanian Tribunal 's sessions. On March 18, 1595, King Sigismund III Vasa granted the city a coat of arms depicting Saint Michael the Archangel . After the Union of Brest of 1595-1596, the Department of the Orthodox Metropolitanate became a Uniate one. In 1597, Sigismund III Vasa gave

4810-469: Was crowned king of Lithuania on behalf of the Pope . Vaišvilkas made peace on behalf of his father with the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and handed over Novogrudok and all Lithuanian cities to Roman Danylovich . After breaking the peace in 1258, Vaišvilkas again became a duke in Novogrudok, and then passed it along with the entire country to Shvarn . The Golden Horde Tatars repeatedly attacked Novogrudok in 1255, 1274, and finally in 1279. In 1314,

4884-420: Was declared part of the Belarusian People's Republic . On December 27, 1918, the German army's cavalry left Novogrudok. In the evening, the Bolsheviks entered the city, greeted with an ovation by the Jewish and Russian population. Soon, some Polish activists were arrested, and in March 1919, the Bolsheviks executed some of them in the castle ruins. On January 1, 1919, following the resolution and Congress of

4958-435: Was established in Baltic Yotvingian lands. Eastern Slavs, specifically Dregoviches and Volhynians , were the first settlers who established Novogrudok at the end of the 10th century. According to archaeological research conducted in Novogrudok in the 1960s, the settlements arose on modern Novogrudok's territory at the end of the 10th century, and the fortifications by the mid-11th century. Research also suggests that

5032-477: Was first printed in the 1870s and 1880s, but it continues to be reproduced photomechanically worldwide. Plans for publication of the Vilna Shas were announced in 1834 by the owners of the Vilna-Horadna Press , Menachem Man Ream and Simcha Zimmel. Along with a copyright, a restriction was placed on publishing another Shas for twenty years. A rival edition of the Talmud, the Slavuta Shas , had been published almost three decades earlier, in 1807. The publishers of

5106-492: Was now only 20 km East of the city, along the Servechi river. The Germans built a power plant, a network of narrow-gauge railways, and telephone lines. The creation of polish and belarusian schools was also allowed in the city. Mickiewicz's house was occupied by General of Infantry Reinhard von Scheffer-Boyadel , the XVII Reserve Corps ' commander. Due to the front's proximity, Marshal Paul von Hindenburg came to Novogrudok. During German rule, on March 25, 1918, Novogrudok

5180-416: Was occupied by the Wehrmacht . Then, the Red Army was surrounded in the Novogrudok Cauldron . Nevertheless, during the German occupation, there was active resistance to the Nazis. In mid-December 1943, the Polish resistance separated the Novogrudok district of the Home Army from the Bialystok district. The headquarters of the Home Army's district was in Lida . The Nazis killed more than 10,000 Jews in

5254-478: Was one of Mindaugas' residences . Some identify Novogrudok as Lithuania 's first capital, later the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , however, this is refuted by the fact that Voruta is the only contemporary mention of a possible early Lithuanian capital ruled by Mindaugas . Voruta's most likely location has been identified as Šeimyniškėliai mound . The Great Russian Encyclopedia states that Mindaugas' state had no permanent capitals, but his early residence

5328-554: Was part of Lithuania Proper . Since 1392, Novogrudok was one of the centres of the Grand Ducal demesne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , where the stone Novogrudok Castle was built. The Novogrudok Castle's firmness allowed the existence of a Castellan and a Koniuszy . At the end of the 14th and start of the 15th century, Vytautas settled the Lipka Tatars in Novogrudok and its surroundings. In 1428, he recorded

5402-812: Was part of the Slonim Governorate since 1796, and the Lithuania Governorate since 1801. It was transferred to the Minsk Governorate in 1843. The city is one of two possible birthplaces of the world-renowned poet Adam Mickiewicz . Mickiewicz was baptized in the local Transfiguration Church and spent his childhood in the city. During the Napoleonic Wars , the Polish 20th Infantry Regiment and 19th Uhlan Regiment were formed from local residents after Novogrudok's occupation by Napoleon 's Grande Armée in 1812. In 1817,

5476-510: Was soon rebuilt, and prospered through both its monopolistic privileges and the rapidly increasing Jewish population of the region. When Chaim-Yankev Romm died in 1858, David Romm took over the firm. He was married to Deborah Harkavy (c. 1831 - December 1903), daughter of Rabbi Yeysef-Betsalel Harkavy of Novogrudok . The Harkavy family produced many significant scholars, including Yiddish lexicographer Alexander Harkavy (1863–1939). When David Romm died in 1862, Deborah took over management of

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