The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland–Lithuania and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia , the Habsburg monarchy , and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish–Lithuanian national sovereignty until 1918 . The partition was the result of the Kościuszko Uprising and was followed by a number of Polish–Lithuanian uprisings during the period.
18-603: Third Partition may refer to: Third Partition of Poland , 1795 Third Partition of Luxembourg , 1839 Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Third Partition . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Partition&oldid=933206130 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
36-527: A Russian puppet state. Even this, however, came to an end after a Polish insurrection in 1831 , at which point Russia ended most of the kingdom's autonomy and exacted multiple punitive measures on the Polish populace. In 1867, Russia made Poland an official part of the Russian Empire, as opposed to a puppet state. Poland would not regain full independence until the end of World War I when the signing of
54-613: A nationwide uprising against Poland's foreign occupiers, marking the beginning of the Kościuszko Uprising . Catherine II and Frederick William II were quick to respond and, despite initial successes by Kosciuszko's forces, the uprising was crushed by November 1794. According to legend, when Kosciuszko fell off of his horse at the Battle of Maciejowice , shortly before he was captured, he said "Finis Poloniae", meaning in Latin "[This is]
72-502: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Third Partition of Poland Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, in an attempt to strengthen the significantly weakened Commonwealth, King Stanisław August Poniatowski put into effect a series of reforms to enhance Poland's military, political system, economy, and society. These reforms reached their climax with
90-698: The Polish Legions . In addition, Polish poets and artists would make the desire for national freedom a defining characteristic of the Polish Romanticist movement. Poland briefly regained semi-autonomy in 1807 when Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw , but this effectively ended with the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Congress created the Kingdom of Poland, sometimes called Congress Poland , as
108-645: The Second Partition , now received a share that comprised the lands north of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria gained in the First Partition of 1772. The Habsburg Monarchy then occupied the entirety of Lesser Poland , stretching along the upper Vistula river to the outskirts of Praga and Warsaw , the tributaries of the Bug and the Pilica forming the northern border with New East Prussia . In 1803, it
126-546: The Third Partition of Poland in 1795. The Austrian Empire lost West Galicia to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1809, following its defeat by Napoleon After the failed Kościuszko Uprising of 1794, Emperor Francis II of Habsburg agreed with Empress Catherine II of Russia to again divide and thereby completely abolish the remaining Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , a decision which Prussia joined on 24 October 1795. The Habsburg Monarchy, which had not participated in
144-588: The Treaty of Versailles and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire allowed for the resurrection of Polish national sovereignty. West Galicia New Galicia or West Galicia ( Polish : Nowa Galicja or Galicja Zachodnia ; German : Neugalizien or Westgalizien ) was an administrative region of the Habsburg monarchy , constituted from the territory annexed in the course of
162-595: The Fifth Coalition , after a corps under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este on 15 April 1809 started the Polish–Austrian War by invading the Duchy of Warsaw. Despite the archduke's plans to move in as a national liberator, he was challenged by the forces of Prince Józef Poniatowski at the Battle of Raszyn . Austria was finally defeated at the Battle of Wagram on 6 July, whereafter New Galicia
180-663: The First Partition. Outraged with the further humiliation of Poland by her neighbors and the betrayal by the Polish nobility, and emboldened by the French Revolution unfolding in France, the Polish masses quickly turned against the occupying forces of Prussia and Russia. Following a series of nationwide riots, on 24 March 1794, Polish patriot Tadeusz Kościuszko took command of the Polish armed forces and declared
198-692: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ended the existence of an independent Polish and Lithuanian state for the next 123 years. Immediately following the Third Partition, the occupying powers forced many Polish politicians, intellectuals, and revolutionaries to emigrate across Europe, in what was later known as the Great Emigration . These Polish nationalists participated in uprisings against Austria , Prussia, and Russia in former Polish lands, and many would serve France as part of
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#1732764811951216-440: The country's name: In view of the necessity to abolish everything which could revive the memory of the existence of the Kingdom of Poland, now that the annulment of this body politic has been effected ... the high contracting parties are agreed and undertake never to include in their titles ... the name or designation of the Kingdom of Poland, which shall remain suppressed as from the present and forever ... The Third Partition of
234-538: The enactment of the May Constitution in 1791, which established a constitutional monarchy with separation into three branches of government, strengthened the bourgeoisie and abolished many of the nobility 's privileges as well as many of the old laws of serfdom. In addition, to strengthen Poland's international standings, King Stanislaus signed the Polish-Prussian Pact of 1790. Angered by what
252-527: The end of Poland." Austrian, Prussian, and Russian representatives met on 24 October 1795 to dissolve the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with the three conquering powers signing a treaty to divide the region on 26 January 1797. This gave the Habsburg monarchy control of the Western Galicia and Southern Mazovia territories, with approximately 1.2 million people; Prussia received Podlachia ,
270-411: The remainder of Masovia, and Warsaw , with 1 million people; and Russia received the remaining land, including Vilnius and 1.2 million people. Unlike previous partitions, no Polish representative was party to the treaty. The Habsburgs, Russia, and Prussia forced King Stanislaus to abdicate and retire to St. Petersburg, where he died as a trophy prisoner in 1798. The victors also agreed to erase
288-585: Was attached to the Duchy of Warsaw by the Treaty of Schönbrunn . With the Final Act of the Vienna Congress in 1815, the territory became part of Congress Poland , ruled in personal union by Emperor Alexander I of Russia , while Kraków nominally retained its independence as the Free City of Kraków . From 1797, the seat of the local government ( Gubernium ) was located at Kraków . The province
306-591: Was merged with the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , but retained some autonomy. It remained a territory of the Austrian Empire even when, in 1807, Napoleon I of France created the Duchy of Warsaw from territories in Greater Poland which Prussia had annexed in the Second and Third Partition and now was forced to renounce according to the Treaty of Tilsit . Austria lost New Galicia in 1809 War of
324-709: Was seen as dangerous, Jacobin -style reforms, Russia invaded Poland in 1792, beginning the War in Defense of the Constitution . Abandoned by her Prussian allies and betrayed by Polish nobles who desired to restore the privileges they had lost under the May Constitution, Poland was forced to sign the Second Partition in 1793, which ceded Dobrzyn, Kujavia, and a large portion of Greater Poland to Prussia and all of Poland's eastern provinces from Moldavia to Livonia to Russia, reducing Poland to one-third of her original size before
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