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63-570: The archdiocese's motherchurch and thus seat of its archbishop is Cathedral-Basilica of St. Stanislaus and St. Ladislaus in Vilnius ; it also houses a minor basilica in Trakai . The current archbishop of Vilnius is Gintaras Grušas . He is assisted by auxiliary bishops Arūnas Poniškaitis and Darius Trijonis. The Archdiocese owes its foundation to Jogaila , who Christened Lithuania in 1387 and sent Dobrogost , Bishop of Poznań as ambassador to

126-520: A Bernardine convent at Slonim with four septuagenarian nuns, a Franciscan monastery at Grodno with a single friar and in the same city a convent of Brigittine Sisters with two religious. On October 28, 1925 the old bishopric, then in Poland, was promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese, with only two suffragans : the diocese of Łomża and the diocese of Pinsk , until 1991. In 1991–1992 the Polish parts of

189-801: A Lithuanian, who sent representatives to the Council of Basel and set up the Inquisition to combat the Hussites , founded many churches and strenuously defended the rights and privileges of the Lithuanians . Under Jan Łosowicz (1467–1481) many Ruthenians were converted to Catholicism and the Franciscan Bernardines were established at Vilnius. Albert Tabor, a Lithuanian, invited the Dominicans to Vilnius and entrusted to them

252-469: A community of women who wanted to live the monastic ideal. This document became the official guide for the earliest of the religious communities to emerge in the church in later centuries, in parallel to that of the Rule of St. Benedict . From this comes the title "regular", meaning one following a "rule" (Latin: regula ). Under the guidance of Cardinal Hildebrand of Sovana (later to become Pope Gregory VII),

315-623: A heroic statue of Henry IV from sculptor Nicolas Cordier , which was erected in August 1609 under the Basilica's side portico. Clairac Abbey, however, was nationalized in 1792 and sold in 1799. The resulting financial dispute between the Vatican and the French state went through various arrangements and was finally settled in 1927. With some ups and downs since Henry IV, the Vatican has maintained

378-454: A higher order of living." Pope Francis said: The Church is our mother. She is our "Holy Mother Church" that is generated through our baptism, makes us grow up in her community and has that motherly attitude, of meekness and goodness: Our Mother Mary and our Mother Church know how to caress their children and show tenderness. To think of the Church without that motherly feeling is to think of

441-472: A large Polish minority (26% of Vilnius county population) Mother Church Mother church or matrice is a term depicting the Christian Church as a mother in her functions of nourishing and protecting the believer. It may also refer to the primary church of a Christian denomination or ( arch ) diocese , i.e. a cathedral church. For a particular individual, one's mother church

504-921: A mother church may have daughter churches in one or more organizations. The mother church in Christian Science is The First Church of Christ, Scientist in Boston , the Church of Christ Scientist , of which all others are branches. Per the Manual of The Mother Church , the legal title of the mother church is "The First Church of Christ, Scientist," and while its branch churches may call themselves First Church of Christ, Scientist, or Second Church of Christ, Scientist, etc., they are prohibited from using "The" in front of their names. Only The Mother Church can do so. Greater Refuge Temple Church in New York City

567-687: A rigid association, an association without human warmth, an orphan. In Anglicanism , the Church of England gave rise to all the other Churches in the Anglican Communion , and as such she is considered the Mother Church. The Archbishop of Canterbury thus serves as the focus of unity within the Anglican Communion. In Methodism , the Methodist Church of Great Britain is considered the Mother Church by all

630-815: A totally white cassock , sash, shoulder cape ( mozzetta ) and skull cap ( zucchetto ), identical to what the Pope wears as his daily attire. The congregation is based near the ancient Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli (St. Peter in Chains), where the current Abbot General lives with the General Curia of the Congregation, the current Abbot General Rt Rev. Edoardo Parisotto CRL was elected on 26th June 2024. Provinces exist in Argentina, Belgium, Italy, Poland,

693-694: Is considered to be a mother to her members because she is the Bride of Christ , and all because the Church is considered the mother of believers just as God is called the Father of believers. Another term used in the Catechism is the title " Mater et Magistra " (Mother and Teacher). Pope John XXIII made this the title of his encyclical celebrating the seventieth year after Leo XIII 's groundbreaking social encyclical , explaining that in this Mother and Teacher all nations "should find ... their own completeness in

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756-792: Is mainly used in Protestant churches. A mother church is one from which other "daughter churches" were planted nearby. The oldest churches of various religious communities are often considered the mother churches to others that follow either in that same tradition or, alternatively, in a reformist tradition. A church's hierarchical importance is often derived from its historical importance in its organization. In addition, in communities where churches may change their ecclesiastical association or become independent (particularly in Pentecostal , charismatic , and nondenominational churches in America),

819-540: Is often considered the mother church of the (arch)diocese. Holy Name Cathedral in Chicago, Illinois , falls under this category. While it was not the first Roman Catholic cathedral of the city, it became the mother church due to the presence of the episcopal cathedra . This form of distinction based on hierarchical importance is usually used by the Roman Catholic Church , and, sometimes, the churches of

882-523: Is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem , the traditional site of the most important events in the religion. Within are the holiest spots of Christianity, chiefly, the place of Jesus' crucifixion , death, burial , and resurrection . "Mother church" may also be a title of distinction based on a church's hierarchical importance. The church of the ( arch ) bishop of an episcopal see

945-485: Is the church in which one received the sacrament of baptism . The term has specific meanings within different Christian traditions. Catholics refer to the Catholic Church as "Holy Mother Church". The "first see", or primatial see , of a regional or national church is sometimes referred to as the mother church of that nation. For example, the local Church of Armagh is the primatial see of Ireland, because it

1008-581: Is the mother church of the Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith , an Apostolic Pentecostal denomination. As such, it is also ultimately the mother church of its various offshoot churches and organizations, including both Bible Way organizations and the Church of the Lord Jesus Christ and its daughter churches. In addition, churches that were independently founded by ministers who were ordained or directly influenced by

1071-605: The messe pour la prospérité de la France  [ fr ] - a distinction that has not been granted to any other nation. Moreover, Henry and his successors would become "First and Only Honorary Canon" of the Canons Regular's congregation. In 1606, the Canons also heeded a suggestion by French ambassador Charles de Neufville  [ fr ] , overcoming objections from pro-Spanish ultra-catholics who resented Henry's earlier Protestant allegiances, and commissioned

1134-532: The Blessed Trinity , St. Stanislaus and St. Ladislaus , was erected in the place of a demolished pagan sanctuary in virtue of a Papal Bull of 12 March 1387. Burned down in 1399, it was rebuilt in the Gothic style in 1399 by Grand Duke Vytautas ; again destroyed in 1531 and 1662, its restoration was begun in 1769 and finished in 1801. It contains splendid chapels, especially those of St. Casimir and of

1197-814: The Canons Regular of the Lateran to Vilnius, and energetically combated the Protestants and the Orthodox. Abraham Woyna (1631–1649) introduced the Fatebene Brethren and strenuously opposed Calvinism . Jerzy Tyszkiewicz (1650–1656) annexed the whole of Courland to his diocese. Aleksander Sapieha (1666–1671) founded the Church of Saints Peter and Paul , taking St. Peter's for his model. The diocese then comprised 25 deaneries with 410 churches. Constantius Casimir Brzostowski (1687–1722) brought

1260-536: The Council of Lords of Lithuania, could not give all their attention to the spiritual necessities of their flock; hence, from the fifteenth centuries they had coadjutors or auxiliary Bishops . Many of these, particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries, were titular bishops of Methoni, Messenia (on the Peloponnesus ). Among the most famous may be mentioned George Casimir Ancuta (d. 1737), author of "Jus plenum religionis catholicae in regno Poloniaw", showing that

1323-674: The Immaculate Conception . Other important churches are those of the Holy Cross , allegedly founded in the fourteenth century on the spot where, according to the legend from the Bychowiec Chronicle , fourteen Franciscans were martyred by the pagans in 1366; the Church of Saint Martin , founded by Jogaila in 1380, built on the ruins of an ancient pagan temple; St. Anne , founded for the Germans by Anna ,

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1386-600: The Insurrection of 1831 , returned in 1832, was preconized Bishop of Vilnius in 1839 and took possession of the see on June 28, 1841. He died the same year, after witnessing the ruin of the Ruthenian Uniat Church in his diocese. The chapter elected John Cywinski as vicar suffragan; he saw the University of Vilnius closed, the clergy and churches of his diocese despoiled of their property. In 1848 he

1449-409: The Insurrection of 1863 , the diocese saw all its religious violently expelled. The monasteries were converted into barracks, the churches given to the Orthodox or the secular clergy, the libraries dispersed, the possessions of the religious confiscated. In 1910 there remained only one monastery of Benedictine Sisters (connected with the Church of St. Catherine at Vilnius) with six septuagenarian nuns,

1512-546: The Lutheran World Federation and Anglican Communion , while other Protestant denominations tend to refrain from using the title in this manner. The pope 's cathedral, the Papal Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran , is called Sacrosancta Lateranensis ecclesia omnium urbis et orbis ecclesiarum mater et caput ("Most Holy Lateran Church, Mother and Head of all the churches in the city and

1575-589: The Piarists to Vilnius and encouraged the development of the religious orders. In the episcopate of Michael Zienkowicz (1730–1762), conflicts between the Jesuits and the Piarists arose, resulting in the closing of Piarist schools. Prince Ignacy Jakub Massalski (1762–1794) encouraged the reform of the clergy and devoted his immense fortune to the churches of his diocese. After the partitions of Poland–Lithuania ,

1638-721: The Upper and the Lower Castle , respectively) were erected in Vilnius. Upon Wasilko's death in 1398, he was succeeded by a Franciscan , Jakub Plichta (1398–1407), in whose time the Cathedral perished in fire. Among his successors were: Piotr Krakowczyk of Kustynia (1414–1421), whom Pope Martin V invested with full powers to bring back the Orthodox of Lithuania to the Catholic Church; Matthias of Trakai (1421–1453),

1701-532: The catechism , mixed marriages and spiritual exercises. After the synod of 1744, under Bishop Michael Zienkowicz, no others were held, but the bishops addressed to their clergy pastoral letters, some of them of notable import. The diocese possesses splendid churches and venerable sanctuaries. Of the former the largest and most beautiful are in Vilnius, although many, violently wrested from the Catholics, became Russian Orthodox churches. The cathedral , dedicated to

1764-564: The 14th century and had been left in disrepair during the Avignon Papacy . The corresponding payments lapsed after 1507. In 1604, the Canons claimed that revenue was due to them from the abbey under Louis XI's donation. Instead of accepting this claim, King Henry IV of France , following a suggestion from Cardinal Arnaud d'Ossat , gave the abbey itself to the Roman Canons, as a token of his and France's Catholic goodwill following

1827-657: The British Empire." Apostolic sees are those local churches founded by one of the Twelve Apostles or Paul the Apostle . In 1855 Bingham wrote: " Ecclesia matrix , a mother-church , is sometimes taken for an original church planted immediately by the Apostles , whence others were derived and propagated afterward. ...And in this sense the Church of Jerusalem is called 'the mother-church of all churches in

1890-575: The Church of the Holy Spirit; Albert Radziwiłł (1508–1519) died in the odour of sanctity ; John the Lithuanian (1519–1537) held the first diocesan synod at Vilnius in 1526; Prince Paweł Holszański (1534–1555) restored his cathedral in the Gothic style and held a synod in 1555; Walerian Protasewicz Suszkowski (1556–1580) had to contend for the celibacy of the clergy and the use of Latin in

1953-608: The Congregation of the Most Holy Savior at the Lateran , is an international congregation of canons regular , comprising priests and lay brothers , in the Catholic Church . They received their present name from Pope Eugene IV in 1446. The canons regular trace their origins to the 4th century reforms of the clergy by Martin of Tours in France and Eusebius of Vercelli in Italy. They and other bishops sought to shape

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2016-737: The Diocese of Vilnius became part of the Russian Empire and no longer enjoyed freedom of relations with the Holy See but many Catholics supported the Russian government after Bishop of Vilnius Ignacy Jakub Massalski was hanged in 1794 by the revolutionaries of the Kościuszko Uprising . In 1795 the chapter nominated David Pilchowski vicar in spiritualibus . Livonia was added to the diocese, and John Nepomucene Kossakowski (1798–1808)

2079-579: The Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. The Catholic population of the city was only 96,000. Dependent upon the parish of St. Teresa is the chapel of the miraculous image of Our Lady of Ostrobrama, the centre of many pilgrimages in Lithuania, and venerated also by the Orthodox; its miraculous image stands upon an arch, and the street which passes under this arch is occupied at all hours of the day by a crowd of prostrate suppliants; anyone passing under

2142-532: The Lateran Synod of 1059 organized and recognized these developing communities and recommended them as the preferred pattern of clerical life , at a time when mandatory celibacy was being made a universal requirement for the clergy of the Roman Church. Among notable canons was Abbot Giuseppe Ricciotti (1890–1964), who wrote on Scripture and ancient history. The canons' distinctive habit comprises

2205-639: The Liturgy; he brought the Jesuits , among whom was Piotr Skarga , to Vilnius. Prince Jerzy Radziwiłł (1581–1591) fostered the Alma Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Iesu , founded a seminary, under the direction of the Jesuits, introduced the regulations of the Council of Trent , and having been made a cardinal, was transferred to the Diocese of Kraków in 1591. The chapter then entrusted

2268-736: The Netherlands, France, Spain, and the United States. It is a member of the Confederation of Canons regular . In 1482 and 1483, King Louis XI of France donated the revenue from several southern French domains to the Canons Regular of the Lateran, including properties of the Clairac Abbey  [ fr ] in Clairac , Guyenne , to help finance reconstruction works of St. John's Basilica which had suffered fires in

2331-435: The Pope Urban VI with a petition for the erection of an episcopal see at Vilnius and the appointment of Andrzej Wasilko (former bishop of Siret and confessor of Elisabeth of Hungary ) to fill it. This was granted and the foundation of a collegiate church of ten canons authorized. Under Wasilko's rule, the churches of Saint John , that became the parish church of the city, as well as of Saint Martin and Saint Anne (in

2394-464: The Protestants and Orthodox had not the same rights as the Catholics. Beginning from the seventeenth century there were also auxiliary Bishops for Belarus . In 1798 Pius VI recognized the ancient See of Brest-Litovsk as "suffragan" of Vilnius. So also the ancient Diocese of Livonia , suppressed in 1797, had become annexed to Vilnius, and in 1798 had for its first auxiliary bishop Adam Kossiafkowski (titular Bishop of Limira, died 1828) but after 1848 it

2457-406: The accepted lifestyles of their clergy on a domestic model, based on the communal pattern followed by the first Christians as depicted in the Acts of the Apostles . The premier example of this effort was the life and work of Augustine of Hippo , who himself lived as a monk before being called to take up the office of bishop for his North African city . He later wrote a short monastic rule to guide

2520-540: The administration of the diocese to the suffragan bishop, Ciprian. At his death in 1594, the clergy were divided into factions on the choice of a successor, until Sigismund III nominated Benedict Wolna (1600–1615), who exerted himself efficaciously for the canonization of Saint Casimir Jagiellon, in whose honour the first stone of a church was laid it Vilnius in 1604. He succeeded in his efforts to have St. Casimir regarded as patron saint of Lithuania. His successor, Eustachius Wollowicz (1616–1630), founded hospitals, invited

2583-431: The arch – even Hebrews – traditionally uncovers the head in token of reverence. The secular clergy numbered about 440 priests; the cathedral chapter 5 prelates and 3 canons. The secular clergy are educated in the seminary, which has 15 professors and 160 students when founded in 1582, closed in 1862; reopened in 1872, and had but two students, but their number gradually increased. At Brest there

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2646-436: The church's founder, Robert C. Lawson, or his spiritual successor, William L. Bonner, may also look to Greater Refuge Temple as their mother church, including the Progressive Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Evangelistic Church of Christ, and many others. Canons Regular of the Lateran The Canons Regular of the Lateran ( CRL , Canonici Regulares Lateranenses), formally titled the Canons Regular of St. Augustine of

2709-403: The consort of Vytautas , in 1392; St. John the Evangelist , founded in 1386 and enriched with privileges by Leo X ; Corpus Domini, founded by the Archconfraternity of the Blessed Sacrament in 1573; and the Church of the Guardian Angels . To these must be added the numerous churches of the religious order, which flourished in Lithuania, but of which few traces remain. The Dominicans , who in

2772-422: The episcopate, and in 1890 abdicated and withdrew to Galicia . During his exile Ludovic Zdanowicz governed the diocese as vicar patriarchal. In 1890 Anthony Francis Audziewicz, a canon of Saint Petersburg and a learned theologian, was appointed Bishop of Vilnius. He died in 1895; the diocese was then governed by Louis Zdanowicz, titular Bishop of Dionysias . In 1897 Canon Stephen Alexander Zwerowicz succeeded, and

2835-413: The fifteenth century had a church dedicated to the Holy Spirit, built in 1679–1688 another, which in 1844 was given up by them and transformed into a parish church. The Bernardines undertook at Vilnius, in 1469, the construction of a wooden church, rebuilt in stone in 1500; it was burnt down in 1794 and restored in 1900; this order was forced to leave the diocese in 1864. The Church of Saints Peter and Paul

2898-499: The modern Hawaii Catholic Church was established. Under these circumstances it is today considered the mother church of all Hawaii. Similarly, the Mission San Carlos Borromeo in Carmel, California , is considered the mother church of California , as it historically served as the headquarters of the California mission system . The term may also relate to the churches of the various religious institutes , royal orders, or civic orders. For example, Madonna Della Strada Chapel became

2961-401: The mother church of the Province of Chicago of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), as the principal church of the Jesuits in its particular province including Illinois , Indiana , Kentucky , and Ohio . On a broader scale, the Chiesa del Gesù in Rome is the mother church of all Jesuits throughout the world as it is the church of the Society's Superior General. Another form of the phrase

3024-408: The nominee of Hieronim Stroynowski as administrator and later Bishop (1808–1815), upon whose death he arrogated to himself the government of the diocese with the title of primate of Lithuania. In 1827, after Siestrzencewicz's death, the vicar capitular , Milucki, ruled the diocese for a short time. In 1828 Andreas Klagiewicz was appointed administrator; he was sent to the interior of Russia during

3087-440: The old bishopric became separate dioceses, under the new Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Białystok . In the early 20th century the Roman Catholic diocese of Vilnius had 1,420,000 faithful distributed among 23 rural deaneries as follows: Besides the cathedral parish the city of Vilnius contains those of St. John Baptist, the Holy Spirit, St Teresa, Saints Philip and James, St. Raphael the Archangel, St. Francis of Assisi, All Saints,

3150-405: The other Methodist Churches in the World Methodist Council , with Methodist Central Hall often being a symbol of this tradition. This is because the Methodist Church of Great Britain "gave birth to the whole Methodist enterprise and then of a nineteenth-century church whose influence reached out across the world through the missionary endeavors of the various British Connexions within and beyond

3213-439: The seventeenth century there were 101 monasteries in Lithuania. The library of the Missionaries of Vilnius contained 8284 volumes; that of the Piarists, 7000; that of the Bernardines, 4142. The University of Vilnius possessed 20,000 volumes of theology, part of which were given to the Catholic Theological Academy of St. Petersburg , to the University of Kyiv (Ukraine) and to the Public Library of Vilnius. The Vilnius region has

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3276-444: The spread of Lutheranism ; of 1582; of 1607, which made many regulations for the administration of the sacraments and the discipline of the clergy; of 1630, regulating the administration of ecclesiastical property; of 1654, to aid the state with new imposts; of 1669 with its disciplinary regulations; of 1685, with ordinances relating to the administration of the sacraments and the life of the clergy; of 1744, with regulations in regard to

3339-557: The tradition of making French heads of state honorary canons of St. John Lateran, upon their visit to Rome. After many decades of neglect, the tradition was revived by President René Coty in 1957 and upheld by his successors Charles de Gaulle , Valéry Giscard d'Estaing , Jacques Chirac and Nicolas Sarkozy . Even presidents who did not formally receive the title in Rome, namely Georges Pompidou , François Mitterrand and François Hollande , accepted it - "by tradition", as Hollande put it despite being himself an atheist . Emmanuel Macron

3402-568: The turmoil of the French Wars of Religion . Pope Paul V confirmed the abbey's union with the Canons Regular in a bull of October 1605, in turn ratified by Henry on 4 February 1606. As a consequence, half of the Clairac Abbey's income was reserved for St. John Lateran, while the other half went to the Bishopric of Agen . The bull stipulated that the Cardinal Vicar would give an annual mass in St John's Basilica for France's happiness and prosperity ( pro felici ac prospero statu Galliae ), every year on Henry's birthdate on December 13, known in French as

3465-439: The world"). Canterbury Cathedral , seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury , describes itself as the "Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion". The first church built in a mission area is sometimes called the mother church. For example, the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu, Hawaii , was the site of the first French Catholic mission of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary , from which

3528-445: The world.'" He also refers to " Arles the mother church of France, supposedly planted by the Apostle's missionary Trophimus , first bishop of the place." For a particular individual, one's mother church is the church at which one received the Christian sacrament of baptism (christening). In the British Isles, Mothering Sunday is the traditional day in which one visits one’s mother church. The Mother Church of Christianity

3591-460: Was a petit seminaire , which was closed in 1830; the seminary at Białystok was closed in 1842. The clergy always exerted a beneficial influence upon popular education. At the beginning of the nineteenth century twenty-five parochial elementary schools were in operation at Vilnius; schools and colleges were conducted by the Jesuits , Uniates , Basilians , Piarists , and other religious orders. The monastic libraries were centres of culture; as late as

3654-422: Was annexed to the Diocese of Samogitia (in Lithuania proper ). The flourishing Catholic life of the Diocese of Vilnius is attested by the large number of synods held there. The first of these was in 1502, under Bishop Tabor. Then followed the synods of 1526, for the reform of manners and the organization of the parochial schools; of 1528, to collect funds for the restoration of the cathedral; of 1555, to oppose

3717-405: Was appointed bishop. He did much for the prosperity of the seminary. After his death the chapter became involved in a conflict with Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz , the Catholic Metropolitan Archbishop of Mohilev (from 1798 to 1925 Vilnius was a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Mohilev, the effective see was in Saint Petersburg ), who used his metropolitan rights and forced, upon the chapter,

3780-565: Was given to the Lateran Canons in 1638; they abandoned it in 1864. St. Casimir, with the annexed Jesuit college, founded in 1604, was turned into an Orthodox church in 1832 (it was returned to the Jesuits in the 1920s). St. Ignatius Loyola , founded by the Jesuits in 1622, became the club of the officials. The Carmelite Church of St. Teresa has a miraculous image of the Madonna. The Augustinians , Trinitarians , Brigittines , Carmelite Sisters, Piarists, Visitandines and others also had churches, to which must be added numerous chapels. After

3843-432: Was succeeded by Wenceslaus Zylinski, who was transferred in 1856 to the metropolitan see of Mohilev , but continued to govern his former diocese until 1858. Adam Stanislaus Krasinski was expelled from the diocese in consequence of the Insurrection of 1863 , but nevertheless continued to govern the diocese until 1883, when he withdrew to Kraków . His successor, Charles Hrynieweki, was exiled to Jaroslav after two years of

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3906-416: Was the first established local church in that country. Similarly, Rome is the primatial see of Italy, and Baltimore of the United States, and so on. The first local church in all of Christianity is that of Jerusalem , the site of the Passion of the Christ and of Pentecost , making it the Mother Church of all Christianity. This term is most often used among Catholics as Holy Mother Church . The Church

3969-444: Was transferred in 1902 to the See of Sandomir . His place was taken by Baron Edward Ropp , who set about organizing the Catholic movement in the diocese, thereby incurring the hostility of the Russian Government. Bishop Ropp having been banished to Pskov , the diocese was entrusted to Casimir Nicholas Michalkiewicz as administrator Apostolic . The bishops of Vilnius , presiding over a vast diocese and being senators and members of

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