In music , a sonata ( / s ə ˈ n ɑː t ə / ; pl. sonate ) literally means a piece played as opposed to a cantata (Latin and Italian cantare , "to sing"), a piece sung . The term evolved through the history of music , designating a variety of forms until the Classical era, when it took on increasing importance. Sonata is a vague term, with varying meanings depending on the context and time period. By the early 19th century, it came to represent a principle of composing large-scale works. It was applied to most instrumental genres and regarded—alongside the fugue —as one of two fundamental methods of organizing, interpreting and analyzing concert music. Though the musical style of sonatas has changed since the Classical era, most 20th- and 21st-century sonatas still maintain the same structure.
54-531: (Redirected from Viola Sonata ) [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Viola sonata" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The viola sonata
108-1076: A Concerto da camera for piano and ensemble, was premiered and recorded in Birmingham on 26 March 2015 at the CBSO Centre with Huw Watkins , piano, and the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group , conducted by Richard Baker . Waterhouse's compositions reflect the individual capacity and character of players and instruments from piccolo to contrabassoon , even unusual ones such as the heckelphone or didgeridoo . He scored Chieftain's Salute for Great Highland Bagpipe and string orchestra, Hale Bopp , inspired by comet Hale–Bopp , for string orchestra with boy soprano . He also wrote several compositions for cello and speaking voice, based on literature as diverse as limerick ( Vezza ), ballad ( Der Handschuh ) and drama ( Das Hexen-Einmaleins ), which he plays and recites himself. He has lectured on contemporary music at
162-516: A Ph.D. from the University of Birmingham, with a thesis Incantations / Concerto da Camera for Piano and Ensemble (2015) / The balance of traditional and progressive musical parameters through the concertante treatment of the piano . Waterhouse's 50th birthday was celebrated with concerts dedicated to his works in London, Munich and Frankfurt, featuring performances of chamber music by members of
216-467: A central role today in music theory, and is an essential part of the theory of sonata structure as taught in most music schools. Sources Graham Waterhouse Graham Waterhouse (born 2 November 1962) is an English composer and cellist who specializes in chamber music . He has composed a cello concerto , Three Pieces for Solo Cello and Variations for Cello Solo for his own instrument, and string quartets and compositions that juxtapose
270-499: A composer and a performer, he is mostly dedicated to chamber music , and has co-founded several chamber ensembles, including the Vuillaume-Cello-Ensemble playing instruments built by Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume . He established in 1998 a regular chamber music concert series at Gasteig Munich, programming contemporary works alongside classical repertory. Players for his chamber music concerts have included members of
324-582: A concert GW60 was given with colleagues and friends at the Allerheiligen-Hofkirche of the Munich Residence on 5 November 2022. His school chemistry teacher, Andrew Z. Szydlo , with whom he had played chamber music, held a laudation, and his chemical experiments inspired a new string quartet, Alchymic Quartet . The program of chamber music from five decades of composing included the piano quartet Skylla und Charybdis (2011),
378-748: A concert series at the Gasteig in Munich, often playing with members of the Munich Philharmonic . His works have been performed internationally and several have been recorded. He has been awarded prizes for several of his compositions, and has been composer in residence at institutions in European countries. He achieved a PhD from the University of Birmingham in 2018. From 2020, his compositions have been published by Schott . Graham Waterhouse
432-507: A graceful and melodious little second movement included. The practice of the Classical period would become decisive for the sonata; the term moved from being one of many terms indicating genres or forms, to designating the fundamental form of organization for large-scale works. This evolution stretched over fifty years. The term came to apply both to the structure of individual movements (see Sonata form and History of sonata form ) and to
486-447: A large body of music that would over time increasingly be thought essential for any serious instrumentalist to master. In the early 19th century, the current usage of the term sonata was established, both as regards form per se , and in the sense that a fully elaborated sonata serves as a norm for concert music in general, which other forms are seen in relation to. From this point forward, the word sonata in music theory labels as much
540-545: A poem of Hans Krieger for mezzo-soprano, alto flute, cello and piano, was premiered at the Gasteig in 2010 by Martina Koppelstetter , Jens Josef , the composer and Christopher White . In a concert The Proud Bassoon in Wigmore Hall , celebrating his father on 16 April 2011, he performed as a cellist, and two works he had written in memory of his father, Epitaphium and Bright Angel , received their premiere in
594-492: A process known as interruption . As a practical matter, Schenker applied his ideas to the editing of the piano sonatas of Beethoven, using original manuscripts and his own theories to "correct" the available sources. The basic procedure was the use of tonal theory to infer meaning from available sources as part of the critical process, even to the extent of completing works left unfinished by their composers. While many of these changes were and are controversial, that procedure has
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#1732782917313648-406: A quartet with a solo instrument, including Piccolo Quintet , Bassoon Quintet and the piano quintet Rhapsodie Macabre . He has set poetry for speaking voice and cello, such as Der Handschuh , and has written song cycles . His compositions reflect the individual capacity and character of players and instruments, from the piccolo to the contrabassoon . Since 1998, Waterhouse has organised
702-433: A slow introduction, a loosely fugued allegro , a cantabile slow movement, and a lively finale in some binary form suggesting affinity with the dance-tunes of the suite . This scheme, however, was not very clearly defined, until the works of Arcangelo Corelli when it became the essential sonata and persisted as a tradition of Italian violin music. The sonata da camera consisted almost entirely of idealized dance-tunes. On
756-410: A solo instrument other than keyboard have been composed, as have sonatas for other combinations of instruments. In the works of Arcangelo Corelli and his contemporaries, two broad classes of sonata were established, and were first described by Sébastien de Brossard in his Dictionaire de musique (third edition, Amsterdam, ca. 1710): the sonata da chiesa (that is, suitable for use in church), which
810-573: A viola virtuoso, composed works several sonatas for viola solo, and others for viola and piano such as the Sonata for Viola and Piano, Op. 11 No. 4 in 1919. Rebecca Clarke composed the Sonata for viola and piano the same year. Bax 's Viola Sonata , written (like Walton's concerto) for the great English viola player Lionel Tertis in 1923, is one of his most-played and oft-recorded chamber works. Mieczysław Weinberg wrote four viola sonatas between 1971 and 1983. The Sonata for Viola and Piano , Op. 147,
864-453: Is a sonata for viola , sometimes with other instruments, usually piano . The earliest viola sonatas are difficult to date for a number of reasons: in the Baroque era, there were many works written for the viola da gamba , including sonatas (the most famous being Johann Sebastian Bach 's Three Sonatas for Viola da Gamba and Harpsichord , now most often played on the cello ) in
918-531: Is listed as "doubtful." Composers such as Boccherini would publish sonatas for piano and obbligato instrument with an optional third movement—–in Boccherini's case, 28 cello sonatas. But increasingly instrumental works were laid out in four, not three movements, a practice seen first in string quartets and symphonies , and reaching the sonata proper in the early sonatas of Beethoven . However, two- and three-movement sonatas continued to be written throughout
972-7915: Is the last composition by Dmitri Shostakovich , completed in July 1975 and dedicated to Fyodor Druzhinin . György Ligeti wrote his Sonata for Solo Viola between 1991 and 1994. In the 21st century, Graham Waterhouse wrote a viola sonata entitled Sonata ebraica , completed in 2013. Work list [ edit ] Malcolm Arnold Sonata for Viola and Piano, Op. 17 (1947) Granville Bantock Sonata in F for Viola and Piano "Colleen" (1919) Jan Zdeněk Bartoš Sonatina for Viola and Piano, Op. 46 Marion Bauer Sonata for Viola, Op. 22 (1932) Arnold Bax Sonata for Viola and Piano in G (1921–1922) Fantasy Sonata for Viola and Harp (1927) Jack Beeson Sonata for Viola and Piano (1953) Arthur Benjamin Sonata in E minor (1942) Lennox Berkeley Sonata in D minor for Viola and Piano, Op. 22 (1945) Valentin Bibik Sonata for Solo Viola No. 1, Op. 31 (1977) Sonata for Solo Viola No. 2, Op. 136 (1999) Sonata for Viola and Piano No. 1, Op. 72 (1988) Sonata for Viola and Piano No. 2, Op. 137 (2000) Easley Blackwood Jr. Sonata No. 1, Op. 1 (1953) Sonata No. 2, Op. 43 (2001) Arthur Bliss Sonata for Viola and Piano (1933) Luigi Boccherini Sonata Viola (or Cello) and Continuo in C minor, G.18 York Bowen Sonata No. 1 in C minor, Op. 18 (1911?) Sonata No. 2 in F major, Op. 22 (1911) Johannes Brahms Sonata in F minor for Viola and Piano, Op. 120 No. 1 (1894) Sonata in E ♭ major for Viola and Piano, Op. 120 No. 2 (1894) James Francis Brown Sonata for Viola (1995) Arthur Butterworth Sonata for Viola and Piano (1986, though sketched 1949) Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco Sonata for Viola and Harp, Op. 144 Paul Chihara Sonata for Viola and Piano (1996) Rebecca Clarke Sonata for Viola and Piano (1919) Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf Sonatas for Viola and Piano Felix Draeseke Sonata in C minor (1892) Sonata in F (1901–2) Lorenzo Ferrero Sonata for Viola and Piano (2000) Jacobo Ficher Sonata for Viola and Piano, Op. 80 (1953) Ross Lee Finney Sonata for Viola and Piano Lillian Fuchs Sonata pastorale , for Solo Viola Robert Fuchs Sonata for Viola and Piano in D minor, Op. 86 Harald Genzmer Sonata for Solo Viola (1957) Sonata for Viola and Piano Sonatine for Viola and Piano Roberto Gerhard Sonata for Viola and Piano (1946) Mikhail Glinka Sonata in D minor for Viola and Piano (incomplete) (1835) Hilding Hallnäs Sonata for Viola and Piano, Op. 19 (1943) Hans Werner Henze Sonata for Viola (1979) Kurt Hessenberg Sonata for Viola and Piano, Op. 94 Jennifer Higdon Sonata for Viola and Piano (1990) Paul Hindemith Sonata for Solo Viola, Op. 11 No. 5 (1919) Sonata for Solo Viola, Op. 25 No. 1 (1922) Sonata for Solo Viola, Op. 31 No. 4 (1923) Sonata for Solo Viola (1937) Sonata for Viola and Piano, Op. 11 No. 4 (1919) Sonata for Viola and Piano, Op. 25 No. 4 (1922) Sonata for Viola and Piano (1939) Vagn Holmboe Sonata for Solo Viola Arthur Honegger Sonata for Viola (1920) Alan Hovhaness Campuan Sonata for Viola and Piano, Op. 371 (1982) Sonata for Solo Viola, Op. 423 Bertold Hummel Sonatina No.1, Op. 35b (1969) Sonatina No.2, Op. 52b (1973) Johann Nepomuk Hummel Sonata in E-flat for Viola and Piano, Op. 5, No. 3 Miriam Hyde Sonata in B minor for Viola and Piano (1937) Gordon Jacob Sonata No. 1 (1949) Sonata No. 2 (1978) David Johnstone Sonatango for Solo Viola (2007) Paul Juon Viola Sonata in D, Op. 15 (1901) Viola Sonata in F minor, Op. 82 (1923) Aram Khachaturian Sonata for Solo Viola Friedrich Kiel Sonata, Op. 67 in G minor Luigi von Kunits Sonata for Viola and Piano (1917) Ernst Krenek Sonata for Solo Viola Libby Larsen Sonata for Viola and Piano (2001) Victor Legley Sonata for Viola and Piano, Op. 13 (1943) Lowell Liebermann Sonata for Viola and Piano, Op.13 (1984) György Ligeti Sonata for Solo Viola (1991–94) Bohuslav Martinů Sonata for Viola and Piano (1955) Felix Mendelssohn Sonata for Viola and Piano in C minor (1824) Darius Milhaud Sonata No. 1 for Viola and Piano, Op. 240 (1941) Sonata No. 2 for Viola and Piano, Op. 244 (1944) José Pablo Moncayo Sonata for Viola and Piano (1934) Paul Müller-Zürich Sonata for Solo Viola (1979) Jacques Murgier Sonata for Solo Viola Ernst Naumann Sonata in G minor for Viola and Piano, Op. 1 (1854) Ludvig Norman Sonata in G Minor for Viola and Piano, Op. 32 (1869) George Onslow Three sonatas for Viola (or cello), Op. 16 George Perle Sonata for Viola Solo, Op. 12 Max Reger Sonatas in A ♭ major and F ♯ minor for Viola and Piano, Op. 49 Nos. 1 and 2 (1900) Sonata in B ♭ major for Viola and Piano, Op. 107 (1908-9) George Rochberg Sonata for Viola and Piano (1979) Alessandro Rolla Sonatas for Viola with Continuo Johannes Röntgen Sonata for Viola and Piano Julius Röntgen Sonata in C minor for Viola and Piano (1924) Sonata in A ♭ major for Viola and Piano (1925) Sonata in A minor for Viola and Piano (1925) Nino Rota Viola Sonata in G (1934–35, revised 1970) Viola Sonata in C major (1945) Anton Rubinstein Sonata in F minor for Viola and Piano, Op. 49 (1855) Philipp Scharwenka Sonate fantasia in G minor for Viola and Piano, Op. 106 (1899) Franz Schubert Arpeggione Sonata in A minor for Viola and Piano, D. 821 Peter Sculthorpe Sonata for Viola and Percussion José Serebrier Sonata for Solo Viola (1955) Alexander Shchetynsky Sonata for Solo Viola (1987) Vissarion Shebalin Sonata for Viola and Piano Dmitri Shostakovich Sonata for Viola and Piano , Op. 147 (1975) David Stanley Smith Viola Sonata, Op. 72 (1934) Carl Stamitz Sonata for Viola Constantinos Stylianou Sonata for Viola and Piano No. 1 in F minor (2019) Sonata for Viola and Piano No. 2 in E flat major (2020) Eduard Tubin Viola Sonata (1965) Four Sonatas for Viola and Piano, Op. 5 (in C major, D, F and C) Octavio Vazquez Sonata for Viola and Piano No. 1 (1992) Sonata for Viola and Piano No. 2 (2002) Henri Vieuxtemps Sonata in B ♭ major for Viola and Piano , Op. 36 (1862) Sonate inachevée (Allegro et scherzo) for Viola and Piano, Op. 60 (Op. 14 posthumous) (1884) Andrei Volkonsky Sonata for Viola and Piano, Op. 8 (1955–56) Johann Baptist Wanhal Viola Sonata in E ♭ Graham Waterhouse Sonata ebraica (2013) Mieczysław Weinberg Sonata for Solo Viola No. 1, Op. 107 (1971) Sonata for Solo Viola No. 2, Op. 123 (1978) Sonata for Solo Viola No. 3, Op. 135 (1982) Sonata for Solo Viola No. 4, Op. 136 (1983) George Balch Wilson Sonata for Viola and Piano (1952) Richard Edward Wilson Sonata for Viola and Piano (1989) See also [ edit ] Viola repertoire Viola concerto Notes [ edit ] ^ Composer's adaptation of
1026-499: The Classical era and early Romantic , there were few works written with viola specifically in mind as solo instrument, and many of these, like those of the Stamitz family, may have been written for the viola d'amore , like most of their viola works—though it is now customary to play them on the viola; it was more typical to publish a work or set, like George Onslow 's opus 16 cello sonatas, or Johannes Brahms 's Clarinet Sonatas in
1080-822: The International Double Reed Society (IDRS), the Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne , Munich Biennale , Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival , Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional del Estado de Mexico , the Kaske Stiftung and the Park Lane Group (London), among others. His compositions have earned prizes at competitions of Münchener Tonkünstlerverband (1996) and of Via Nova in Weimar (2000). His string quartet Chinese Whispers
1134-431: The Munich Philharmonic , such as bassoonist Lyndon Watts . Waterhouse has collaborated with the composers Jens Josef (flute) and Rudi Spring (piano). They appeared together in a trio concert at the Gasteig , performing Martinů 's trio, the premiere of the flute version of Gestural Variations , and a Christmas carol by each composer, In dulci jubilo set by Waterhouse. The song Im Gebirg (The Mountain) on
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#17327829173131188-638: The Munich Philharmonic . Peter Grahame Woolf wrote about the Graham Waterhouse Portrait Concert at Highgate School on 9 October 2012, focussing on the string quartet Prophetiae Sibyllarum and Rhapsodie Macabre . A review in the Süddeutsche Zeitung of the concert at the Gasteig on 4 November 2012 was titled " Hochexpressiv " (Highly expressive) and covered additionally Praeludium , Bassoon Quintet and Piccolo Quintet . Reinhard Palmer wrote in
1242-458: The diminutive form of sonata, is often used for a short or technically easy sonata. In the Baroque period , a sonata was for one or more instruments, almost always with continuo . After the Baroque period most works designated as sonatas specifically are performed by a solo instrument, most often a keyboard instrument, or by a solo instrument accompanied by a keyboard instrument. Sonatas for
1296-796: The American Viola Society 16, no. 1 (2000): 13. ^ Preisser, Martin (11 December 2015). "Die Bratsche in jüdischer Klage" (in German). Tagblatt . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . ^ "Wise Music Classical - Home" . www.wisemusicclassical.com . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ Woolf, Jonathan (August 2005). "Review: Easley Blackwood - Chamber Music" . MusicWeb International . Retrieved 2016-02-16 . ^ Sutton, Kevin (October 2003). "Review: BLISS - Oboe Quintet/Piano Quartet/Viola Sonata" . MusicWeb International . Retrieved 2016-02-16 . ^ Freyhan, Michael. "Romantic Revival: Rediscovering
1350-523: The Classic Era (A History of the Sonata Idea) , begun in the 1950s and published in what has become the standard edition of all three volumes in 1972. Heinrich Schenker argued that there was an Urlinie or basic tonal melody, and a basic bass figuration. He held that when these two were present, there was basic structure, and that the sonata represented this basic structure in a whole work with
1404-462: The Classical period: Beethoven's opus 102 pair has a two-movement C major sonata and a three-movement D major sonata. Nevertheless, works with fewer or more than four movements were increasingly felt to be exceptions; they were labelled as having movements "omitted," or as having "extra" movements. Thus, the four-movement layout was by this point standard for the string quartet, and overwhelmingly
1458-495: The UK. In a concert concluding the Gasteig's Liszt Festival to honour the 200th birthday of Franz Liszt , his chamber music scored for piano solo up to piano and string quartet appeared in the context of pieces in similar settings by Liszt. In 2011, he composed a Christmas cantata on a text by Krieger. In 2013 his piano trio Bells of Beyond was premiered at the Gasteig with Yury Revich and Valentina Babor . Incantations ,
1512-532: The Viola Music of York Bowen" . Strings Magazine. Archived from the original on 2006-06-29 . Retrieved 2016-07-15 . ^ Tirimo, F. (no date) Works - Viola Sonata. Available at: http://www.jamesfrancisbrown.com/works/work.asp?workid=286&order=catdate (Accessed: 13 October 2015) ^ "Souvenirs from Gothenburg" . Archived from the original on 2005-09-12 . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ "ALAN HOVHANESS works Part 2: Music on
1566-545: The Web(UK)" . www.musicweb-international.com . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ "Bertold Hummel work commentaries" . www.bertoldhummel.de . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ "Bertold Hummel work commentaries" . www.bertoldhummel.de . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ "LEGLEY, Vic" . 2006-06-30. Archived from the original on 2006-06-30 . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ "NYVS 2005-2006 Season Concerts and Programs" . 2007-05-24. Archived from
1620-450: The abstract musical form as particular works. Hence there are references to a symphony as a sonata for orchestra . This is referred to by William Newman as the sonata idea . Among works expressly labeled sonata for the piano, there are the three of Frédéric Chopin , those of Felix Mendelssohn , the three of Robert Schumann , Franz Liszt 's Sonata in B minor , and later the sonatas of Johannes Brahms and Sergei Rachmaninoff . In
1674-469: The classical style and its norms of composition formed the basis for much of the music theory of the 19th and 20th centuries. As an overarching formal principle, sonata was accorded the same central status as Baroque fugue ; generations of composers, instrumentalists, and audiences were guided by this understanding of sonata as an enduring and dominant principle in Western music. The sonata idea begins before
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1728-414: The early 19th century, the sonata form was defined, from a combination of previous practice and the works of important Classical composers, particularly Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, but composers such as Clementi also. It is during this period that the differences between the three- and the four-movement layouts became a subject of commentary, with emphasis on the concerto being laid out in three movements, and
1782-436: The late 19th century, that specified the viola as an alternate. Two early exceptions were the viola sonata of Felix Mendelssohn (1824, posthumously published in 1966) and the opus 1 sonata of the composer Ernst Naumann (1832–1910), published in 1854. The viola returned to a solo role in the 20th century. Max Reger wrote three sonatas for either clarinet or viola at the beginning of the century. Paul Hindemith , himself
1836-413: The layout of the movements in a multi-movement work. In the transition to the Classical period there were several names given to multimovement works, including divertimento , serenade , and partita , many of which are now regarded effectively as sonatas. The usage of sonata as the standard term for such works began somewhere in the 1770s. Haydn labels his first piano sonata as such in 1771, after which
1890-598: The loss of the continuo . Crucial to most interpretations of the sonata form is the idea of a tonal center; and, as the Grove Concise Dictionary of Music puts it: "The main form of the group embodying the 'sonata principle', the most important principle of musical structure from the Classical period to the 20th century: that material first stated in a complementary key be restated in the home key".( The sonata idea has been thoroughly explored by William Newman in his monumental three-volume work Sonata in
1944-399: The magazine Neue Musikzeitung about the concert in Munich, under the title " Beliebter Außenseiter " (Popular outsider), comparing the quintets to concertos, noting the influence of Karol Szymanowski and Witold Lutoslawski and the qualities of musical story-telling. The broadcaster Hessischer Rundfunk aired an interview on his birthday. On the occasion of his 60th birthday,
1998-574: The most common for the symphony . The usual order of the four movements was: When movements appeared out of this order they would be described as "reversed", such as the scherzo coming before the slow movement in Beethoven's 9th Symphony. This usage would be noted by critics in the early 19th century, and it was codified into teaching soon thereafter. It is difficult to overstate the importance of Beethoven's output of sonatas: 32 piano sonatas, plus sonatas for cello and piano or violin and piano, forming
2052-718: The most common layout of movements was: However, two-movement layouts also occur, a practice Haydn uses as late as the 1790s. There was also in the early Classical period the possibility of using four movements, with a dance movement inserted before the slow movement, as in Haydn's Piano sonatas No. 6 and No. 8. Mozart 's sonatas were also primarily in three movements. Of the works that Haydn labelled piano sonata , divertimento , or partita in Hob XIV , seven are in two movements, thirty-five are in three, and three are in four; and there are several in three or four movements whose authenticity
2106-467: The name Essercizi per il gravicembalo (Exercises for the Harpsichord). Most of these pieces are in one binary-form movement only, with two parts that are in the same tempo and use the same thematic material, though occasionally there will be changes in tempo within the sections. They are frequently virtuosic, and use more distant harmonic transitions and modulations than were common for other works of
2160-3388: The original on 2007-05-24 . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ "Records International Catalogue March 2003" . www.recordsinternational.com . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ "Collection: The David Stanley Smith Papers | Archives at Yale" . archives.yale.edu . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . ^ "Vainberg - Oeuvres par Genres" . 2006-03-28. Archived from the original on 2006-03-28 . Retrieved 2023-07-22 . External links [ edit ] The history of Draeseke's Viola Alta Sonatas A Mendelssohn Chamber Worklist with Dates Schott's page for Nino Rota A Viola Sonata Repertoire Page Viola fan club with list of recordings and works v t e Sonatas Types Sonata da camera Sonata da chiesa Sonatina Trio sonata By instrument Bassoon sonata Cello sonata Clarinet sonata Flute sonata Piano sonata Viola sonata Violin sonata ( list ) Miscellaneous Fitzwilliam Sonatas History Sonatas and Interludes Sonata cycle Sonata form Sonata rondo form Sonata theory [REDACTED] List of sonatas [REDACTED] Category v t e Violin family Instruments Violin Electric violin Pochette Five-string violin Violino piccolo Alexander violin Stroh violin Viola Vertical viola Viola pomposa Tenor violin Cello Bass violin Baritone violin Cello da spalla Cellone Electric cello Double bass Electric upright bass Violone Octobass Parts Bass bar Bow Frog Bridge Chinrest Endpin F-hole Fingerboard Nut Scroll Shoulder rest Sound post Tailpiece Tuning peg Techniques Bowing Bow stroke Col legno Martelé Portato Spiccato Tremolo Arpeggio Harmonics Double stop Fingering Finger substitution Bariolage Pizzicato Scordatura (changing string tuning) Vibrato Ensembles and genres of music String quartet String trio String quintet String sextet String octet String section String orchestra Violin concerto Viola concerto Cello concerto Double bass concerto Violin sonata Viola sonata Cello sonata Carnatic music Related instruments Arpeggione Baryton Hardanger fiddle Hurdy-gurdy Lira da braccio Lirone Nyckelharpa Pochette Quinton Other Violin acoustics History of
2214-466: The other hand, the features of sonata da chiesa and sonata da camera then tended to be freely intermixed. Although nearly half of Johann Sebastian Bach 's 1,100 surviving compositions, arrangements, and transcriptions are instrumental works, only about 4% are sonatas. The term sonata is also applied to the series of over 500 works for harpsichord solo, or sometimes for other keyboard instruments, by Domenico Scarlatti , originally published under
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2268-404: The practice and meaning of sonata form, style, and structure has been the motivation for important theoretical works by Heinrich Schenker , Arnold Schoenberg , and Charles Rosen among others; and the pedagogy of music continued to rest on an understanding and application of the rules of sonata form as almost two centuries of development in practice and theory had codified it. The development of
2322-470: The symphony in four. Ernest Newman wrote in the essay "Brahms and the Serpent": The role of the sonata as an extremely important form of extended musical argument would inspire composers such as Hindemith , Prokofiev , Shostakovich , Tailleferre , Ustvolskaya , and Williams to compose in sonata form, and works with traditional sonata structures continue to be composed and performed. Research into
2376-412: The term divertimento is used sparingly in his output. The term sonata was increasingly applied to either a work for keyboard alone (see piano sonata ), or for keyboard and one other instrument, often the violin or cello. It was less and less frequently applied to works with more than two instrumentalists; for example, piano trios were not often labelled sonata for piano, violin, and cello. Initially
2430-412: The term had taken on its present importance, along with the evolution of the Classical period's changing norms. The reasons for these changes, and how they relate to the evolving sense of a new formal order in music, is a matter to which research is devoted. Some common factors which were pointed to include: the shift of focus from vocal music to instrumental music; changes in performance practice, including
2484-418: The time. They were admired for their great variety and invention. Both the solo and trio sonatas of Vivaldi show parallels with the concerti he was writing at the same time. He composed over 70 sonatas, the great majority of which are of the solo type; most of the rest are trio sonatas, and a very small number are of the multivoice type. The sonatas of Domenico Paradies are mild and elongated works with
2538-439: The two Clarinet Sonatas ^ Both composed for Hermann Ritter's viola alta ^ Later reworked as his Cello Sonata. ^ Transcription of Clarinet Sonata ^ Alternate versions of Clarinet Sonatas. ^ Transcription of solo part from arpeggione. ^ Originally for Viola d'amore. References [ edit ] ^ Donald Maurice, "Schostakovich's Swansong," Journal of
2592-971: The violin Jazz bass Bass amplifier Big band Slap bass Jazz violin Rosin Stradivarius Viol Violin lutherie Violin musical styles Violin octet [REDACTED] Category Authority control databases : National [REDACTED] United States Latvia Israel Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viola_sonata&oldid=1240115513 " Category : Viola sonatas Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Sonata The term sonatina , pl. sonatine ,
2646-774: The yearly Komponisten-Colloquium of the University of Oldenburg , initiated by Violeta Dinescu . Several of his pieces have been composed for the competition Jugend musiziert and performed at the prize winners' concerts. The first publisher of his works was the Friedrich Hofmeister Musikverlag , beginning with Aztec Ceremonies and Three Pieces for Solo Cello in 1996. His music appeared also with Zimmermann and Robert Lienau in Frankfurt, Heinrichshofen Verlag in Wilhelmshaven. His set of pedagogical pieces for cello, Thomas Tunes ,
2700-728: Was awarded the "BCMS Composition Prize" of the Birmingham Chamber Music Society in 2011. He has performed as the soloist of his Cello Concerto in Mexico City (1995), Nizhny Novgorod , Weimar, Baden-Baden , St. Martin, Idstein (version for chamber orchestra , 2005), Cambridge (2008), and on 8 July 2016 once more in Nizhny Nowgorod, with the Academic Symphony Orchestra conducted by Alexander Skulsky. In 2001, Waterhouse
2754-696: Was born in London, the son of the noted bassoonist and musicologist William Waterhouse and the pianist and music teacher Elisabeth Waterhouse . Graham attended Highgate School and studied music at the University of Cambridge (composition with Hugh Wood and Robin Holloway ), and in Germany at the Folkwang Hochschule (cello with Young-Chang Cho ) and Hochschule für Musik Köln (cello, with Maria Kliegel , conducting and piano). He has lived in Munich since 1992. He has received commissions by
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#17327829173132808-541: Was published in 2017 by Breitkopf & Haertel . From 2020, his works have been published by Schott , beginning with Concentricities for ensemble and Variations for Cello Solo . His music has been recorded, notably on Portrait (2001) with works for piano, clarinet and cello, and Portrait 2 (2004) with music for string orchestra, played by the English Chamber Orchestra , and for wind ensemble , played by Endymion . In 2018, he achieved
2862-609: Was the composer in residence of Solisten der Kammerphilharmonie Berlin , in 2006 artiste en residence in Albertville , France, and in 2008 Musician By-Fellow at Churchill College , University of Cambridge. He has worked with Ensemble Modern and participated in the concert tour 2001 of the Ensemble Modern Orchestra under Pierre Boulez . He has also performed with the ensembles musikFabrik and Kammerensemble Neue Musik Berlin , among others. As
2916-463: Was the type "rightly known as Sonatas ", and the sonata da camera (proper for use at court), which consists of a prelude followed by a succession of dances, all in the same key. Although the four, five, or six movements of the sonata da chiesa are also most often in one key, one or two of the internal movements are sometimes in a contrasting tonality. The sonata da chiesa, generally for one or two violins and basso continuo , consisted normally of
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