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36-513: Visayan Electric Company, Inc. , also known as Visayan Electric (formerly VECO ), is the second largest electric utility in the Philippines and serves the cities of Cebu , Mandaue , Talisay and Naga and four municipalities of the greater part of Metro Cebu - Liloan , Consolacion , Minglanilla and San Fernando . Its franchise service covers an area of about 672 square kilometers with an estimated population of 1.73 million. VECO

72-611: A Swedish Polar Atlas (Now Atlas Copco) 500hp diesel engine was added to accommodate the increasing usage. By 1929, a fourth engine, a newer model of the existing Polar Atlas diesel engine was added, boasting 550hp. In 1929, Don Gabriel A. Daza , the then Supervising Engineer and Assistant General Manager of the Company, sought to expand VECO's business outside of the City of Cebu. Daza went to Philippine Legislature in Manila to work on

108-522: A Call Center equipped with Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone system integrated with a Customer Relation Management System (CRMS). A second, albeit smaller, full service center also opened in Talisay City in 2007 to attend to the needs of customers in the southern part of the franchise area. VECO is owned and managed by publicly listed Aboitiz Power Corporation (PSE: AP) and Vivant Corporation. Approximately 800 individual shareholders comprise

144-609: A centralized town center called cabecera or poblacion where the ayuntamiento , or town hall, was located; the poblacion served as the nucleus of each municipality. Only the communities that were permanently settled under the reduccion system, and have fully Christianized, are allowed to form municipalities, while others that have not yet been fully converted are to be subdued until conditions permitted for them to be incorporated as municipalities. As time passed, municipalities were created out of already existing ones, leading to them becoming smaller in area over time. Each municipality

180-541: A city. First, a bill must be passed in Congress , then signed into law by the President and then the residents would vote in the resulting plebiscite to accept or reject cityhood. One benefit in being a city is that the city government gets more budget, but taxes are much higher than in municipalities. Republic Act (RA) No. 11964, otherwise known as the “Automatic Income Classification of Local Government Units Act”,

216-535: A great deal of private investment. The success in Nicaragua may not be an easily replicated situation however. The movement was known as Energiewende and it is generally considered a failure for many reasons. A primary reason was that it was improperly timed and was proposed during a period in which their energy economy was under more competition. Globally, the transition of electric utilities to renewables remains slow, hindered by concurrent continued investment in

252-508: A municipalities, do not have their own judicial branch: their judiciary is the same as that of the national government. According to Chapter II, Title II, Book III of Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991 , a municipality shall mainly have a mayor ( alkalde ), a vice mayor ( ikalawang alkalde   /   bise alkalde ) and members ( kagawad ) of the legislative branch Sangguniang Bayan alongside

288-648: A new franchise. The Legislature approved the franchise in 1931, and VECO was given a 50 year authorisation to operate North and South of Cebu over 60km including: Mandaue , Consolacion , Liloan and Compostela , North of Cebu; and Talisay , Minglanilla , Naga , San Fernando and Danao . Daza's expansion of VECO resulted in the installation of a fifth engine, a Swiss Sulzer-Unternehmungen AG Winterthur Internal Combustion engine , boasting 1,500hp. In 1933, VECO produced 3,815,270KWH. In 1938, VECO had 10,000~ customers and owned subsidiary plants in: Bogo, Cebu ; Dumaguete, Central Visayas ; and Dipolog, Zamboanga . In

324-648: A secretary to the said legislature. The following positions are also required for all municipalities across the Philippines: Depending on the need to do so, the municipal mayor may also appoint the following municipal positions: As mentioned in Title II, Book III of Republic Act 7160, the municipal mayor is the chief executive officer of the municipal government and shall determine guidelines on local policies and direct formulation of development plans. These responsibilities shall be under approval of

360-601: Is a now-defunct local government unit; previously certain areas were created first as municipal districts before they were converted into municipalities. The era of the formation of municipalities in the Philippines started during the Spanish rule , in which the colonial government founded hundreds of towns and villages across the archipelago modeled after towns and villages in Spain . They were then grouped together along with

396-858: Is also more likely to attract executives experienced in working in competitive environments. In the United States, the Energy Policy Act of 1992 removed previous barriers to wholesale competition in the electric utility industry. Currently 24 states allow for deregulated electric utilities: Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Virginia, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, and Washington D.C. As electric utility monopolies have been increasingly broken up into deregulated businesses, executive compensation has risen; particularly incentive compensation. Oversight

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432-482: Is inherently independent of more traditional sources of energy, the market seems to have a very different structure. In the United States, to promote the production and development of alternative energies, there are many subsidies, rewards, and incentives that encourage companies to take up the challenge themselves. There is precedent for such a system working in countries like Nicaragua. In 2005, Nicaragua gave renewable energy companies tax and duty exemptions, which spurred

468-458: Is typically carried out at the national level, however it varies depending on financial support and external influences. There is no existence of any influential international energy oversight organization. There does exist a World Energy Council, but its mission is mostly to advise and share new information. It does not hold any kind of legislative or executive power. Alternative energy has become more and more prevalent in recent times and as it

504-429: The 1930s, with the success of Daza's expansion, VECO rewarded its employees by developed a company club house for the improved mind, health, living conditions and efficiency of its personnel. The clubhouse featured a free medical treatment and medicines. Its amenities included a modern tennis court, bowling alley, library, gymnasium, billiards and ping-pong. The company also established a 5-year's of service bonus. During

540-461: The Escaño family, VECO was reorganised and purchased two 250 hp gas engines to replace the company's single 300hp steam engine . The development allowed for greater generation capacity and was publicly promoted increasing the company's clientele. The rapid increase in need and accessibility of electricity in the early 20th Century resulted in the two engines being overpowered by 1925. That same year,

576-475: The French company EDF was the world's largest producer of electricity. An electric power system is a group of generation, transmission, distribution, communication, and other facilities that are physically connected. The flow of electricity within the system is maintained and controlled by dispatch centers which can buy and sell electricity based on system requirements. The executive compensation received by

612-500: The Municipalities of Cebu (now City), Talisay (now City), Minglanilla, Naga , San Fernando, Mandaue (now City), Consolacion, Liloan and Compostela . The period of existence of the franchise was for 50 years. This was subsequently extended for another 25 years by RA 6454 which took effect in 1972. In 2005, RA 9339 was signed extending the term of VECO's franchise for another 25 years. At present, VECO's franchise area covers

648-434: The Philippines A municipality ( Tagalog : bayan / munisipalidad / munisipyo / puweblo ; Hiligaynon : banwa ; Cebuano : lungsod ; Pangasinan : baley ; Kapampangan : balen / balayan ; Central Bikol : banwaan ; Waray : bungto ; Ilocano : ili ) is a local government unit (LGU) in the Philippines . It is distinct from city , which is a different category of local government unit. Provinces of

684-474: The Philippines are divided into cities and municipalities, which in turn, are divided into barangays (formerly barrios ) – villages . As of June 30, 2024 , there are 1,493 municipalities across the country. A municipality is the official term for, and the official local equivalent of, a town , the latter being its archaic term and in all of its literal local translations including Filipino . Both terms are interchangeable. A municipal district

720-558: The Sangguniang Bayan. The vice mayor ( bise-alkalde ) shall sign all warrants drawn on the municipal treasury. Being presiding officer of the Sangguniang Bayan ( English : Municipal Council), he can as well appoint members of the municipal legislature except its twelve (12) regular members or kagawad who are also elected every local election alongside the municipal mayor and vice mayor. In circumstances where

756-773: The Second World War the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) bombed all the generation units in order to deprive the occupying Japanese forces control of the network. In December 1945, with the war over, VECO was back in business delivering power to its customers. VECO was granted its legislative franchise under Act No. 3499 which was approved by the Philippine Legislature in 1928. It authorized VECO to install, operate and maintain electric light, heat and power system in

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792-677: The VECO shareholders' roster. Electric utility Electric utilities include investor owned , publicly owned , cooperatives , and nationalized entities. They may be engaged in all or only some aspects of the industry. Electricity markets are also considered electric utilities—these entities buy and sell electricity, acting as brokers, but usually do not own or operate generation, transmission, or distribution facilities. Utilities are regulated by local and national authorities. Electric utilities are facing increasing demands including aging infrastructure , reliability, and regulation. In 2009,

828-438: The cities of Cebu, Mandaue, Talisay and Naga plus the municipalities of Consolacion , Liloan , Minglanilla and San Fernando . VECO uses a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system to monitor and control its electric distribution assets via remote control. It also has a GIS (Geographic Information System) to map and manage its facilities. In early 2005, VECO opened a full service center at SM City Cebu with

864-414: The companies themselves cutting corners and costs for profits which has proven to be disastrous in the worst-case scenarios. This placed a strain on many other countries as many foreign governments felt pressured to close nuclear power plants in response to public concerns. Nuclear energy however still holds a major part in many communities around the world. Utilities have found that it isn't simple to meet

900-468: The current official term for such type of settlements . During the American administration , the municipal system put in place by the preceding Spanish authorities was preserved and at the same time reformed with greater inclusiveness among all Filipinos. Municipal districts, which were in essence unincorporated areas presided over by local tribal chiefs set up by American authorities, were created for

936-777: The executives in utility companies often receives the most scrutiny in the review of operating expenses . Just as regulated utilities and their governing bodies struggle to maintain a balance between keeping consumer costs reasonable and being profitable enough to attract investors, they must also compete with private companies for talented executives and then be able to retain those executives. Regulated companies are less likely to use incentive-based remuneration in addition to base salaries. Executives in regulated electric utilities are less likely to be paid for their performance in bonuses or stock options . They are less likely to approve compensation policies that include incentive-based pay. The compensation for electric utility executives will be

972-490: The expansion of fossil fuel capacity. Nuclear energy may be classified as a green source depending on the country. Although there used to be much more privatization in this energy sector, after the 2011 Fukushima district nuclear power plant disaster in Japan, there has been a move away from nuclear energy itself, especially for privately owned nuclear power plants. The criticism being that privatization of companies tend to have

1008-602: The first time in 1914. More municipalities were created during this time, especially in Mindanao where there was a massive influx of settlers from the Luzon and the Visayas. After a while the independent Republic of the Philippines was declared in 1946, all municipal districts were dissolved and were absorbed into or broken into municipalities. The latest guidelines in the creation of new municipalities were introduced in 1991 with

1044-825: The issuance of the Local Government Code. Municipalities have some autonomy from the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines under the Local Government Code of 1991 . They have been granted corporate personality enabling them to enact local policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their jurisdictions. They can enter into contracts and other transactions through their elected and appointed officials and can tax. They are tasked with enforcing all laws, whether local or national. The National Government assists and supervises

1080-425: The local government to make sure that they do not violate national law. Local Governments have their own executive and legislative branches and the checks and balances between these two major branches, along with their separation, are more pronounced than that of the national government. The Judicial Branch of the Republic of the Philippines also caters to the needs of local government units. Local governments, such as

1116-679: The lowest in regulated utilities that have an unfavorable regulatory environment. These companies have more political constraints than those in a favorable regulatory environment and are less likely to have a positive response to requests for rate increases. Just as increased constraints from regulation drive compensation down for executives in electric utilities, deregulation has been shown to increase remuneration. The need to encourage risk-taking behavior in seeking new investment opportunities while keeping costs under control requires deregulated companies to offer performance-based incentives to their executives. It has been found that increased compensation

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1152-414: The mayor permanently or temporarily vacates the position, he shall assume executive duties and functions. While the vice mayor presides over the legislature, she or he cannot vote unless the necessity of tie-breaking arises. Laws or ordinances proposed by the Sangguniang Bayan, however, may be approved or vetoed by the mayor. If approved, they become local ordinances. If the mayor neither vetoes nor approves

1188-477: The proposal of the Sangguniang Bayan for ten (10) days from the time of receipt, the proposal becomes law as if it had been signed. If vetoed, the draft is sent back to the Sangguniang Bayan. The latter may override the mayor by a vote of at least two-thirds (2   /   3) of all its members, in which case, the proposal becomes law. A municipality, upon reaching certain requirements (such as minimum population size, and minimum annual revenue) may opt to become

1224-474: The unique needs of individual customers, whether residential, corporate, industrial, government, military, or otherwise. Customers in the twenty-first century have new and urgent expectations that demand a transformation of the electric grid. They want a system that gives them new tools, better data to help manage energy usage, advanced protections against cyberattacks, and a system that minimizes outage times and quickens power restoration. Municipalities of

1260-450: Was founded in 1905 by a group of Cebu businessmen led by Messrs. M. Levering, A. Bryan, R. Landon and A. Pond. It started with an 800 kW generating facility by the Cebu pier. By 1918 the Escaño family's Vda. y Hijos de F. Escaño, Inc. (Widow and Children of F. Escaño, Inc.) had acquired control and began expanding both the generation capacity and the distribution network. In 1919, under

1296-528: Was governed by a capitan , usually a member of native principalia of the town, who have the task of remitting revenues to the central government in Manila . Ever since its inception to the present day, the term "municipality" holds the same definition as "town" when the first towns grew in size under the Spanish pueblo system ( pueblo meaning "town" in Spanish language) to be granted municipal charters, hence

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