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44-594: Oldest extant gun [REDACTED] The Xanadu Gun in 2021 The oldest extant gun bearing a date of production is the Xanadu Gun , so called because it was discovered in the ruins of Xanadu (Shangdu), the summer palace of the Yuan dynasty in Inner Mongolia , China . The Xanadu Gun is 34.7 cm (13.7 in) in length and weighs 6.21 kg (13.7 lb), its muzzle

88-1406: A boite Pot de fer Prangi Swivel gun Tarasnice Veuglaire Xanadu Gun Wankou Chong Wuwei Bronze Cannon Medieval large calibre guns Bombard Basilic Byzantine bombard Dardanelles bombard Dulle Griet Faule Grete Faule Mette Grose Bochse Mons Meg Orban bombard Pumhart von Steyr Early rockets and incendiaries Bo-hiya rocket arrow Byzantine rocket launcher Congreve rocket Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet (flamethrower) Fire arrow (rocket arrow) Fire crow rocket bomb Greek fire Hale rocket launcher Huo Che rocket arrow launcher Hwacha rocket arrow launcher Meng Huo You (Chinese petroleum) Mysorean rocket Naphtha Pen Huo Qi Petroleum naphtha Singijeon rocket arrow Thunder crash bomb Firing mechanisms Breechloader Doglock Flintlock Matchlock Miquelet lock Muzzleloader Snaphance Snaplock Snap matchlock Wheellock Literatures Huolongjing Jixiao Xinshu Wubei Zhi Wujing Zongyao Category:Early modern firearms Category:Early firearms Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xanadu_Gun&oldid=1250772988 " Categories : Weapons of China Weapons of

132-478: A description. It is gilt all over, and most elaborately finished inside. It is stayed on gilt and lacquered columns, on each of which is a dragon all gilt, the tail of which is attached to the column whilst the head supports the architrave , and the claws likewise are stretched out right and left to support the architrave. The roof, like the rest, is formed of canes, covered with a varnish so strong and excellent that no amount of rain will rot them. These canes are

176-496: A distinct recollection of the whole, and taking his pen, ink, and paper, instantly and eagerly wrote down the lines that are here preserved. "A person on business from Porlock" interrupted him and he was never able to recapture more than "some eight or ten scattered lines and images." Coleridge's poem opens similarly to Purchas's description before proceeding to a vivid description of the palace's varied pleasures: In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure-dome decree: Where Alph,

220-541: A four-foot-long pole grip. Due to its considerable length and size, it became one of the hallmarks of elite Tang infantry and was often placed at the front of the army as spearheads against enemy formations. The Taibai Yinjing states: This version of the changdao seems to have lost favor after the Tang dynasty. The changdao reappeared again during the Ming dynasty as a general term for two-handed single-edged swords. It

264-442: A good 3 palms in girth, and from 10 to 15 paces in length. They are cut across at each knot, and then the pieces are split so as to form from each two hollow tiles, and with these the house is roofed; only every such tile of cane has to be nailed down to prevent the wind from lifting it. In short, the whole Palace is built of these canes, which I may mention serve also for a great variety of other useful purposes. The construction of

308-426: A profound sleep, at least of the external senses, during which time he has the most vivid confidence, that he could not have composed less than from two to three hundred lines; if that indeed can be called composition in which all the images rose up before him as things with a parallel production of the correspondent expressions, without any sensation or consciousness of effort. On awakening he appeared to himself to have

352-484: A slight indisposition, an anodyne had been prescribed, from the effects of which he fell asleep in his chair at the moment that he was reading the following sentence, or words of the same substance, in 'Purchas's Pilgrimes': Here the Khan Kubla commanded a palace to be built, and a stately garden thereunto. And thus ten miles of fertile ground were inclosed with a wall. The Author continued for about three hours in

396-574: A somewhat standardized affair by the time of its fabrication. The design of the gun includes axial holes in its rear which some speculate could have been used in a mounting mechanism. Like most early guns with the possible exception of the Western Xia gun (the Wuwei bronze cannon ), it is small, weighing just over 6 kg (13 lb) and 35 cm (14 in) in length. Although the Xanadu Gun

440-656: A variety of trees and flowers, all executed with such exquisite art that you regard them with delight and astonishment. Round this Palace a wall is built, inclosing a compass of 16 miles, and inside the Park there are fountains and rivers and brooks, and beautiful meadows, with all kinds of wild animals (excluding such as are of ferocious nature), which the Emperor has procured and placed there to supply food for his gerfalcons and hawks, which he keeps there in mew. Of these there are more than 200 gerfalcons alone, without reckoning

484-550: A week to see) and he often useth one Leopard or more, sitting on Horses, which he setteth upon the Stagges and Deere, and having taken the beast, giveth it to the Gerfalcons, and in beholding this spectacle he taketh wonderful delight. In the middest in a faire wood he hath a royall House on pillars gilded and varnished, on every inch of which is a Dragon all gilt, which windeth his tayle about the pillar, which his head bearing up

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528-604: Is by no means hot; in fact it is a very cool place. When the 28th day of [the Moon of] August arrives he takes his departure, and the Cane Palace is taken to pieces. But I must tell you what happens when he goes away from this Palace every year on the 28th of the August [Moon]..." The lament of Toghon Temur Khan (the "Ukhaant Khan" or "Sage Khan"), concerning the loss of Daidu (Beijing) and Heibun Shanduu (Kaiping Xanadu) in 1368,

572-537: Is flared outwards, slightly bowl-shape, and called by Chinese as 碗口铳 ( Wǎn kǒu chòng ). Its dating is based on archaeological context and a straightforward inscription containing an era name and year that correspond with the Gregorian Calendar at 1298. Not only does the inscription contain the era name and date, it also includes a serial number and manufacturing information which suggests that gun production had already become systematized, or at least become

616-417: Is recorded in many Mongolian historical chronicles. The Altan Tobchi version is translated as follows: My Daidu, straight and wonderfully made of various jewels of different kinds My Yellow Steppe of Xanadu, the summer residence of ancient Khans. My cool and pleasant Kaiping Xanadu My dear Daidu that I've lost on the year of the bald red rabbit Your pleasant mist when on early mornings I ascended to

660-705: Is the most precisely dated gun from the 13th century, other extant samples with approximate dating may be older. See also [ edit ] Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty Military of the Yuan dynasty Wuwei Bronze Cannon , late Western Xia (1214–1227). Heilongjiang hand cannon , circa 1287–1288. Huo Chong , Chinese term for hand cannon. Hu Dun Pao , a term refers to cannon and trebuchet. References [ edit ] ^ "The World's Earliest Cannon (世界上最早的火炮)" (in Chinese). Archived from

704-484: Is widely believed to have visited Shangdu in about 1275. In about 1298–99, he dictated the following account: And when you have ridden three days from the city last mentioned, between north-east and north , you come to a city called Chandu, which was built by the Khan now reigning. There is at this place a very fine marble palace, the rooms of which are all gilt and painted with figures of men and beasts and birds, and with

748-433: The changdao as being identical to the modao ( Chinese : 陌刀 ), but the modao may have been a double-edged weapon like earlier zhanmajian . The changdao seems to have first appeared during the Tang dynasty as the preferred weapon choice for elite vanguard infantry units in the Tang army. It was described as having an overall length of seven feet, composed of a three-foot-long single-edged blade and

792-524: The Forbidden City in Beijing. The most visible modern-day remnants are the earthen walls though there is also a ground-level, circular brick platform in the centre of the inner enclosure. The city, originally named Kaiping ( 开平 ; 開平 ; Kāipíng ; 'open and flat'), was designed by Chinese architect Liu Bingzhong from 1252 to 1256, and Liu implemented a "profoundly Chinese scheme for

836-577: The Creation unto this Present . This book contained a brief description of Shangdu, based on the early description of Marco Polo: In Xandu did Cublai Can build a stately Pallace, encompassing sixteen miles of plaine ground with a wall, wherein are fertile Meddowes, pleasant Springs, delightfull streames, and all sorts of beasts of chase and game, and in the middest thereof a sumpuous house of pleasure, which may be moved from place to place. In 1625 Purchas published an expanded edition of this book, recounting

880-657: The Middle Ages Basilisk Baton a feu Breech-loading swivel gun Byzantine fire tube (cannon) Cannon Carronade Cetbang Chongtong Culverin Ekor lotong Falconet Fauconneau Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty Hongyipao Hu Dun Pao cannon Korean cannon Lantaka Lela Mortar Obusier de vaisseau Organ gun Pierrier

924-532: The Mongol Empire Military history of the Yuan dynasty Artillery of China Chinese inventions Individual cannons Early firearms Hidden categories: CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles containing Chinese-language text Shangdu Venetian traveller Marco Polo described Shangdu to Europeans after visiting it in 1275. It

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968-590: The Palace is so devised that it can be taken down and put up again with great celerity ; and it can all be taken to pieces and removed whithersoever the Emperor may command. When erected, it is braced against mishaps from the wind by more than 200 cords of silk. The Khan abides at this Park of his, dwelling sometimes in the Marble Palace and sometimes in the Cane Palace for three months of the year, to wit, June, July and August; preferring this residence because it

1012-592: The Sage Khan. The awe-inspiring reputation carried by the Lord Khan The dear Daidu built by the extraordinary Wise Khan (Kublai) The bejeweled Hearth City, the revered sanctuary of the entire nation Dear Daidu I have lost it all – to China. The Sage Khan, the reincarnation of all bodhisattvas, By the destiny willed by Khan Tengri (King Heaven) has lost dear Daidu, Lost the Golden Palace of

1056-645: The Wise Khan (Kublai), who is the reincarnation of all the gods, Who is the golden seed of Genghis Khan the son of Khan Tengri (King Heaven). I hid the Jade Seal of the Lord Khan in my sleeve and left (the city) Fighting through a multitude of enemies, I broke through and left. From the fighters may Buqa-Temur Chinsan for ten thousand generations Become a Khan in the golden line of the Lord Khan. Caught unaware I have lost dear Daidu. When I left home, it

1100-474: The Wise Khan spent his summers there! I have lost Kaiping Xanadu entirely – to China. An impure bad name has come upon the Sage Khan. They besieged and took precious Daidu I have lost the whole of it – to China. A conflicting bad name has come upon the Sage Khan. Jewel Daidu was built with many an adornment In Kaiping Xanadu, I spent the summers in peaceful relaxation By a hapless error they have been lost – to China. A circling bad name has come upon

1144-406: The capital is roughly square shaped with sides of about 2.2 km (1.4 mi). It consists of an "outer city", and an "inner city" in the southeast of the capital which has also roughly a square layout with sides about 1.4 km (0.87 mi), and the palace, where Kublai Khan stayed in summer. The palace has sides of roughly 550 m (1,800 ft), covering an area of around 40% the size of

1188-633: The city walls. Since 2002, a restoration effort has been undertaken. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) gave a continent-sized area of Saturn 's moon Titan the name Xanadu , referring to Coleridge's poem. Xanadu raised considerable interest in scientists after its radar image showed its terrain to be quite similar to earth's terrain with flowing rivers (probably of methane and ethane, not of water as they are on Earth), mountains (of ice, not conventional rock) and sand dunes. The Venetian explorer Marco Polo

1232-536: The city's architecture". In 1264 it was renamed Shangdu by Kublai Khan. At its zenith, over 100,000 people lived within its walls. In 1369 Shangdu was occupied by the Ming army , put to the torch and its name reverted to Kaiping. The last reigning Khan Toghun Temür fled the city, which was abandoned for several hundred years. In 1872, Steven Bushell, affiliated with the British Legation in Beijing, visited

1276-663: The dream, but his images of Shangdu became one of the best-known poems in the English language. Coleridge described how he wrote the poem in the preface to his collection of poems, Christabel, Kubla Khan, and the Pains of Sleep , published in 1816: In the summer of the year 1797, the Author, then in ill health, had retired to a lonely farm-house between Porlock and Linton, on the Exmoor confines of Somerset and Devonshire. In consequence of

1320-1479: The firearm Firearms Arquebus Bajozutsu pistol Bedil tumbak hand cannon Blunderbuss Combination gun Dragon English horse pistol Fire lance Hand cannon Hand mortar Heilongjiang hand cannon Howdah pistol Huo Chong hand cannon Huo Qiang lance hand cannon Istinggar arquebus Java arquebus Jiaozhi arquebus Meriam kecil hand cannon Muff pistol Nock M1779 seven barrel gun Petronel Pepperbox Pistol Puckle Μ1717 revolver gun San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon Shou Chong hand cannon Tanegashima arquebus Toradar arquebus Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon Rifles and muskets Belton M1777 repeating musket Brown Bess musket Charleville musket Che Dian Chong musket Cookson M1750 repeating rifle M1696 French common musket Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle Jäger rifle Jazayer musket Jezail musket Jingal Kabyle musket Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket Musket Musketoon Potzdam musket Spanish M1752 musket Springfield musket Wall gun Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket Early artillery Abus Artillery of France in

1364-540: The heights! Lagan and Ibagu made it known to me, the Sage Khan. In full knowledge I let go of dear Daidu Nobles born foolish cared not for their state I was left alone weeping I became like a calf left behind on its native pastures My eight-sided white stupa made of various precious objects. My City of Daidu made of the nine jewels Where I sat holding the reputation of the Great Nation My great square City of Daidu with four gates Where I sat holding

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1408-433: The loft, as also with his wings displayed on both sides; the cover also is of Reeds gilt and varnished, so that the rayne can doe it no injury; the reeds being three handfuls thick and ten yards log, split from knot to knot. The house itselfe also may be sundered, and taken downe like a Tent and erected again. For it is sustained, when it is set up, with two hundred silken cordes. Great Chan useth to dwell there three moneths in

1452-2143: The original on July 23, 2011 . Retrieved November 18, 2010 . ^ Andrade 2016 , p. 52-53. Bibliography [ edit ] Andrade, Tonio (2016), The gunpowder age: China, military innovation, and the rise of the west in world history , Princeton University Press, ISBN   978-0-691-13597-7 . v t e Types of Chinese weaponry Swords Short swords Dadao 大刀 Dao 刀 Hudie shuangdao (butterfly sword) 蝴蝶雙刀 Jian 劍 Liuyedao 柳葉刀 Niuweidao 牛尾刀 Piandao 片刀 Yanmaodao 雁毛刀 Long swords Changdao 長刀 Miaodao 苗刀 Wodao 倭刀 Zhanmadao 斬馬刀 Polearms Guandao 關刀 Ge (dagger-axe) 戈 Gun 棍 Ji 戟 Podao 朴刀 Qiang 槍 Hongyingqiang 紅纓槍 Tang 镗 Yueya chan (monk's spade) 月牙鏟 Roped/chained Liuxing Chui (meteor hammer) 流星錘 Sheng biao (rope dart) 繩鏢 Jiujie bian (nine section whip) 九節鞭 Sanjie gun 三節棍 Chang xiao bang 長小棒 Projectile Nu 弩 Zhuge nu 諸葛弩 Fire arrow 火箭 Huoqiang 火槍 Tu Huo Qiang 突火槍 Huochong 火銃 Shouchong 手銃 Rocket cart 火箭車 San yan chong 三眼銃 Che Dian Chong 掣電銃 Xun Lei Chong 迅雷銃 Wankou Chong 碗口銃 Hu dun pao 虎蹲砲 Thunder crash bomb 震天雷 Handheld Biān 鞭 Chǐ 尺 Chúi 錘 Emeici 峨嵋刺 Jiǎn 鐧 Lujiao dao (deer horn knives) 鹿角刀 Hook sword 鉤 Ji lian 鷄鐮 Fenghuo lun 風火輪 Protection Armour and Helmet 甲胄 Shield 盾 Hook shield 鉤鑲 Major lists Eighteen Arms of Wushu v t e Early firearms and thermal weapons Timeline History of gunpowder Historiography History of

1496-474: The other hawks. The Khan himself goes every week to see his birds sitting in mew, and sometimes he rides through the park with a leopard behind him on his horse's croup ; and then if he sees any animal that takes his fancy, he slips his leopard at it, and the game when taken is made over to feed the hawks in mew. This he does for diversion . Moreover at a spot in the Park where there is a charming wood he has another Palace built of cane , of which I must give you

1540-524: The reputation of the Forty Tumen Mongols My dear City of Daidu, the iron stair has been broken. My reputation! My precious Daidu, from where I surveyed and observed The Mongols of every place. My city with no winter residence to spend the winter My summer residence of Kaiping Xanadu My pleasant Yellow Steppe My deadly mistake of not heeding the words of Lagan and Ibagu! The Cane Palace had been established in sanctity Kublai

1584-534: The sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea. So twice five miles of fertile ground With walls and towers were girdled round: And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills, Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree; And here were forests ancient as the hills, Enfolding sunny spots of greenery. (lines 1–11) Changdao The changdao ( traditional Chinese : 長刀 ; simplified Chinese : 长刀 ; pinyin : chángdāo ; lit. 'long sword')

1628-402: The site and reported that remains of temples, blocks of marble, and tiles were still to be found there. By the 1990s, all these artifacts were completely gone, most likely collected by the inhabitants of the nearby town of Dolon Nor to construct their houses. The artwork is still seen in the walls of some Dolon Nor buildings. Today, only ruins remain, surrounded by a grassy mound that was once

1672-519: The voyages of famous travellers, called Purchas his Pilgrimes . The eleventh volume of this book included a more detailed description of Shangdu, attributed to Marco Polo and dated 1320: This Citie is three dayes journey Northeastward to the Citie Xandu, which the Chan Cublai now reigning built; erecting therein a marvellous and artificiall Palace of Marble and other stones, which abutteth on

1716-527: The wall on one side, and the midst of the Citie on the other. He included sixteene miles within the circuit of the wall on that side where the Palace abutteth on the Citie wall, into which none can enter but by the Palace. In this enclosure or Parke are goodly meadows, springs, rivers, red and fallow Deere, Fawnes carrying thither for the Hawkes (of whom are three mewed above two hundred Gerfalcons which he goeth once

1760-528: The yeare, to wit, in June, July and August. In 1797, according to his own account, the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge was reading about Shangdu in Purchas his Pilgrimes , fell asleep, and had an opium-inspired dream. The dream caused him to begin the poem known as ' Kubla Khan '. Unfortunately Coleridge's writing was interrupted by an unnamed " person on business from Porlock ", causing him to forget much of

1804-440: Was a two-handed, single-edged Chinese sword . The term changdao has been translated as "long saber," "saber-staff," or "long-handled saber." During the Ming dynasty , changdao was often used as a general term for two-handed swords and was used in the frequent raids along the coast . After Republican Era , the term miaodao is sometimes used to describe changdao due to similarity. Tang dynasty sources describe

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1848-433: Was conquered in 1369 by the Ming army under Chang Yuchun . Historical accounts of the city inspired the famous poem Kubla Khan , written by English Romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1797. Shangdu was located in what is now Shangdu Town, Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia , 350 kilometres (220 mi) north of Beijing. It is about 28 kilometres (17 mi) northwest of the modern town of Duolun . The layout of

1892-527: Was then that the jewel of religion and doctrine was left behind. In the future may wise and enlightened bodhisattvas take heed and understand. May it go around and establish itself On the Golden Lineage of Genghis Khan. In 1614, the English clergyman Samuel Purchas published Purchas his Pilgrimes – or Relations of the world and the Religions observed in all ages and places discovered, from

1936-614: Was viewed very positively as an effective weapon by Qi Jiguang , who acquired a Kage-ryū (Aizu) manual from Japanese wokou , studied it, and modified it for his troops and used its tactics against enemies on the Mongol border c. 1560. Qi specified a sword length of 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in), similar to the Japanese ōdachi . Its handle was long and slightly more than one-third of its total length, and its curve shallower than Japanese swords. Commanding up to 100,000 troops on

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