Misplaced Pages

#694305

52-532: Xanthos or Xanthus , also referred to by scholars as Arna , its Lycian name, ( Turkish : Ksantos , Lycian : 𐊀𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀 Arñna , Greek : Ξάνθος , Latin : Xanthus ) was an ancient city near the present-day village of Kınık , in Antalya Province , Turkey. The ruins are located on a hill on the left bank of the River Xanthos. The number and quality of the surviving tombs at Xanthos are

104-527: A bilingual showing individuals' names in Greek and Lycian as a key to transliterate the Lycian alphabet and determine the meaning of a few words. During the next century the number of texts increased, especially from the 1880s when Austrian expeditions systematically combed through the region. However, attempts to translate any but the most simple texts had to remain speculative, although combinatorial analysis of

156-421: A convention, but does not automatically succeed the diocesan bishop. However a suffragan's office does continue in the diocese until he or she chooses to retire. An assistant bishop is appointed by the diocesan bishop, and his or her office ends when the ordinary who appointed her or him leaves office. Some Anglican Church of Canada suffragan bishops are legally delegated responsibility by the diocesan bishop for

208-650: A notable feature of the site, which, together with nearby Letoon , was declared to be a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. The city of Xanthos was a centre of culture and commerce for the Lycians , and later for the Persians , Greeks and Romans who in turn conquered the region. Xanthos influenced its neighbours architecturally; the Nereid Monument directly inspired the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus in

260-460: A relic. mexisttẽn Megasthenes. NOM ẽ-ep[i]tuwe-te it-set.up. PRET - 3sg mexisttẽn ẽ-ep[i]tuwe-te Megasthenes.NOM it-set.up.PRET-3sg Megasthenes set it up… In spite of McCone's alternative analysis, the assumption that verb-subject-object was Lycian's unmarked word order went unchallenged until the 2010s, when Alwin Kloekhorst independently formulated and adopted

312-592: A sacred road. The Greek historians Herodotus and Appian both described the conquest of the city by the Median general Harpagus on behalf of the Persian Empire , According to Herodotus, the Persians defeated a small Lycian army in the flatlands to the north of the city in c.  540 BC . The Lycians retreated into the city, which Harpagus then besieged. The Lycians destroyed their acropolis , and killed their wives, children and slaves, before engaging

364-407: A specific geographical area within the diocese. The Diocese of West Malaysia is divided into two "area dioceses", each with their own suffragan bishop. It is common for Anglican suffragan or assistant bishops to serve as acting bishop during a vacancy in the diocesan see (e.g., between the death or retirement of the bishop diocesan and their successor taking post). In order to achieve this,

416-466: A standard form with the object at the head of the sentence: "This tomb built X"; literally: "This tomb / it / he built / X" (order: O - ipc - V - S ). Laroche suspects the reason for this deviation to be that in this way emphasis fell on the funerary object: "This object, it was built by X". Example: In line 1 mẽti = m-ẽ-ti is the initial particle cluster, where m- = me- is the neutral "steppingstone" to which two suffixes are affixed: -ẽ- = "it", and

468-487: A suffragan bishop is a bishop who is subordinate to a metropolitan bishop or diocesan bishop (bishop ordinary) and so is not normally jurisdictional in their role. Suffragan bishops may be charged by a metropolitan to oversee a suffragan diocese and may be assigned to areas which do not have a cathedral . In the Catholic Church , a suffragan is a bishop who heads a diocese . His suffragan diocese , however,

520-690: A suffragan can be seen in Wales is Penrydd , established in 1537, when the Welsh dioceses were still within the Church of England. The Bishop of Swansea was a suffragan in the Diocese of St David's from 1890 till the erection of the diocese in 1923. Since disestablishment, Thomas Lloyd was suffragan Bishop of Maenan in the Diocese of St Asaph , when the bishop diocesan was also Archbishop of Wales . The Church of Ireland has no suffragan bishops, not even in

572-461: Is competent to conduct pastoral visits and he can perform sacred functions, as if he were a bishop in his own diocese in all churches of the Metropolitan province, but he is first to inform the diocesan bishop if the church is the cathedral. Bishops who assist diocesan bishops are usually called auxiliary bishops . If the assisting bishop has special faculties (typically the right to succeed

SECTION 10

#1732772593695

624-619: Is dedicated The Lycian alphabet consists of about 29 signs, many of them reminiscent of the Greek alphabet : Lycian was an Indo-European language, one in the Luwian subgroup of Anatolian languages . A number of principal features help identify Lycian as being in the Luwian group: The Luwian subgroup also includes cuneiform and hieroglyphic Luwian, Carian , Sidetic , Milyan and Pisidic . The pre-alphabetic forms of Luwian extended back into

676-534: Is located in its original location at Xanthos, now with replica reliefs. The archeological excavations and surface investigations at Xanthos have yielded inscriptions in both the Lycian language and Greek, including bilingual texts that are useful in the understanding of Lycian. The Xanthian Obelisk , otherwise known as the Inscribed Pillar, is a trilingual stele which was found in the city; it records an older Anatolian language conventionally known as

728-429: Is part of a larger ecclesiastical province , nominally led by a metropolitan archbishop . The distinction between metropolitans and suffragans is of limited practical importance. Both are diocesan bishops possessing ordinary jurisdiction over their individual sees . The metropolitan has few responsibilities over the suffragans in his province and no direct authority over the faithful outside of his own diocese. However he

780-559: The Church of England who have oversight of parishes and clergy that reject the ministry of priests who are women, usually across a whole province, are known as provincial episcopal visitors (PEVs) (or "flying bishops"). This concession was made in 1992 following the General Synod's vote to ordain women to the priesthood. The first PEV was John Gaisford , bishop of Beverley , who was consecrated on 7 March 1994. An early example of

832-757: The Eastern Orthodox Church , Xanthoupolis was a titular diocese under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , whose bishop assisted the Metropolitan Province of Smyrna, part of the larger Province of Asia Minor. Its last known bishop was Father Ignatios, later Metropolitan of Libya under the Patriarchate of Alexandria , who presided over this diocese from 1863 to 1884. In the Catholic Church,

884-706: The Late Bronze Age and preceded the fall of the Hittite Empire . These vanished at about the time of the Neo-Hittite states in southern Anatolia (and Syria ); thus, the Iron Age members of the subgroup are localized daughter languages of Luwian. Of the Luwic languages, only the Luwian parent language is attested prior to 1000 BC, so it is unknown when the classical-era dialects diverged. Whether

936-756: The Lukka people always resided in southern Anatolia or whether they always spoke Luwian are different topics. From the inscriptions, scholars have identified at least two languages that were termed Lycian . One is considered standard Lycian, also termed Lycian A; the other, which is attested on side D of the Xanthos stele, is Milyan or Lycian B, separated by its grammatical particularities. Nouns and adjectives distinguish singular and plural forms. A dual has not been found in Lycian. There are two genders : animate (or 'common') and inanimate (or 'neuter'). Instead of

988-580: The Milyan . Xanthos is located near to the modern village of Kınık . Xanthos was added as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , along with nearby Letoon , in 1988. Lycian language Lycia covered the region lying between the modern cities of Antalya and Fethiye in southern Turkey , especially the mountainous headland between Fethiye Bay and the Gulf of Antalya. The Lukka , as they were referred to in ancient Egyptian sources, which mention them among

1040-675: The Sea Peoples , probably also inhabited the region called Lycaonia , located along the next headland to the east, also mountainous, between the modern cities of Antalya and Mersin . From the late eighteenth century Western European travellers began to visit Asia Minor to deepen their acquaintance with the worlds of Homer and the New Testament . In southwest Asia Minor (Lycia) they discovered inscriptions in an unknown script. The first four texts were published in 1820, and within months French Orientalist Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin used

1092-451: The genitive singular case normally a so-called possessive (or "genitival adjective") is used, as is common practice in the Luwic languages : a suffix -(e)h- is added to the root of a substantive, and thus an adjective is formed that is declined in turn. Nouns can be divided in five declension groups: a -stems, e -stems, i -stems, consonant stems, and mixed stems; the differences between

SECTION 20

#1732772593695

1144-401: The metropolitan bishop commissions a suffragan/assistant (usually the full-time bishop senior by consecration) who becomes the episcopal commissary , but may be referred to by any number of phrases (since the commission is held from the metropolitan archbishop, she may be called archbishop's commissary ; the most usual current term in the Church of England being Acting Bishop of Somewhere). In

1196-416: The relative pronoun -ti , "who, he who". Kim McCone proposed in the 1970s that Lycian's unmarked word order was instead subject-verb-object . The apparent VSO and OVS orders come from various frontings and dislocations of a basic SVO structure. Lycian's SVO is itself a shift from the typical Anatolian subject-object-verb order, of which Lycian preverbal object pronouns like ẽ "him/her/it" would be

1248-524: The Anglican Church of Australia, someone (not always a bishop) acting as diocesan bishop is the administrator of the diocese and a bishop so commissioned is called the bishop administrator. In 2013, between the retirement of Nigel McCulloch and the confirmation of David Walker as bishop of Manchester , both of that diocese's suffragan bishops ( Chris Edmondson , bishop of Bolton , and Mark Davies , bishop of Middleton , who were consecrated on

1300-481: The Later Empire. The town took on a grid plan. A large piazza with porticoes was built in the west, probably where the classical agora was. There was also a triple-naved building which may have started as a pagan basilica and then become a church. There was probably a large porticoed avenue terminated with. a gateway. Xanthos, like the rest of Lycia, prospered in the later Roman period. Luxury houses were built on

1352-560: The Lycian acropolis. Several churches were also built, including a large basilica (74m x 29m), a small chapel, and another large basilica on the acropolis. In the sixth century, earthquakes damaged many buildings, and they were repaired. The city wall was also reinforced because of the Arab threat. The city was subsequently destroyed and deserted. Xanthus was a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archbishopric of Myra . In

1404-641: The Lycian vocabulary. A next leap forward could be made with the discovery in 1973 of the Letoon trilingual in Lycian, Greek and Aramaic. Though much remains unclear, comprehensive dictionaries of Lycian have been composed since by Craig Melchert and Günter Neumann . Lycian is known from these sources, some of them fairly extensive: Text in Lycian: Ebẽñnẽ prñnawu mẽn e prñnawatẽ hanadaza hrppi ladi ehbi setideime ebẽñnẽ eχbeχẽnẽ tẽti. Translate: Hanadaza built this building for his wife and sons and this stone

1456-696: The Roman Catholic Church. English diocesan bishops were commonly assisted by bishops who had been consecrated to sees which were in partibus infidelium (titular sees that had in most cases been conquered by Muslims) before the English Reformation . The separation of the English Church from Rome meant that this was no longer possible. The Suffragan Bishops Act 1534 allowed for the creation of new sees to allow these assistant bishops, who were named as suffragan. Before then,

1508-588: The SVO hypothesis. This led to other linguists like Heiner Eichner and H. Craig Melchert to adopt the SVO hypothesis after him. The principal unmarked example cited by SVO supporters comes from the following sentence: pajawa Pajawa. NOM m[a]n[ax]ine: Manaxine prñnawa-te: build. PRET - 3sg prñnaw-ã building- ACC ebẽ-ñnẽ: this- ACC pajawa m[a]n[ax]ine: prñnawa-te: prñnaw-ã ebẽ-ñnẽ: Pajawa.NOM Manaxine build.PRET-3sg building-ACC this-ACC Pajawa Manaxine built this building. (Note

1560-477: The absence of the initial particle cluster.) Suffragan A suffragan bishop is a type of bishop in some Christian denominations . In the Catholic Church , a suffragan bishop leads a diocese within an ecclesiastical province other than the principal diocese, the metropolitan archdiocese ; the diocese led by the suffragan is called a suffragan diocese . In the Anglican Communion ,

1612-408: The carnage. But Plutarch describes the carnage as self-inflicted, with Brutus and his Romans trying but unable to save the city from flames. In his words, 150 “did not escape having their lives saved.” Plutarch explains such suicidal behavior by the city’s similar response to Persian conquest generations earlier. It was rebuilt under Mark Antony . Most of the buildings visible today were built during

Xanthos - Misplaced Pages Continue

1664-600: The city was sacked. After Alexander's death, Xanthos was captured by Ptolemy I Soter from Antigonos . Xanthus was in the Roman province of Lycia . In 42 BC Brutus came to Lycia in the Roman Civil Wars , to obtain funds for his campaign in that year before the Battle of Philippi . The Lycian League refused to contribute; Brutus besieged Xanthos and the city was once again destroyed and only 150 Xanthian men survived

1716-519: The consecration of Henry Mackenzie as bishop of Nottingham on 2 February 1870. At that point, the sees of suffragans were still limited to the 26 towns named in the 1534 Act; the Suffragans Nomination Act 1888 allowed the creation of new suffragan sees besides the 26 so named. The appointment of bishops suffragan became much more common thereafter. Some Church of England suffragan bishops are legally delegated responsibility by

1768-513: The diocesan bishop for a specific geographical area within the diocese. Such formal arrangements were piloted by the experimental London scheme in 1970. For example, the Bishop of Colchester is an area bishop in the Diocese of Chelmsford . Such area schemes are presently found in the dioceses of: Area schemes have previously existed in Worcester diocese (1993–2002; Worcester (overseen by

1820-606: The diocesan bishop) he would be called a coadjutor bishop . Since they are not in charge of a suffragan diocese, they are not referred to as "suffragan bishops". In the Anglican churches, the term applies to a bishop who is assigned responsibilities to support a diocesan bishop . For example, the bishop of Jarrow is a suffragan to the diocesan bishop of Durham . Suffragan bishops in the Anglican Communion are nearly identical in their role to auxiliary bishops in

1872-483: The diocesan), Dudley), Salisbury diocese (1981–2009; Ramsbury, Sherborne), Lincoln diocese (2010 – 31 January 2013; Grantham, Grimsby) and Chichester diocese (1984–2013; Chichester (overseen by the diocesan), Lewes, Horsham). Other suffragans have or have had informal responsibility for geographical areas (e.g. in Winchester , Peterborough , and York), but these are not referred to as area bishops . Only

1924-702: The diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as the Titular bishopric of Xanthus . Excavations at Xanthos have shown that wooden structures were destroyed in c.  470 BC , probably by the Athenian Kimon . Xanthos was later rebuilt in stone. The Nereid Monument , the Tomb of Payava , and the original sculptures of the Harpy Tomb are exhibited in the British Museum . The Harpy Tomb itself

1976-578: The enemy in a suicidal attack. During the Persian occupation, a local leadership was installed and by 520 BC it was minting coins. By 516 BC Xanthos had been included in the first Nomos of Darius I in the tribute list. From Telmessos the army of Alexander the Great marched over the mountains to Xanthos. There representatives from each of the cities of the Lycian League, including

2028-606: The geographically large dioceses. Suffragan bishops are fairly common in larger dioceses of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (ECUSA), but usually have no responsibility for a specific geographical part of a diocese. ECUSA is not within the jurisdiction of the English law that requires diocesan and suffragan bishops to be appointed as bishop to a specific place, and so suffragans are not given

2080-454: The groups are very minor. The declension of nouns goes as follows: The paradigm for the demonstrative pronoun ebe , "this" is: The demonstrative ebe , 'this', is also used as a personal pronoun: 'this one', therefore 'he, she, it'. Here is a paradigm of all attested personal pronouns: Other pronouns are: The following numerals are attested: Just as in other Anatolian languages (Luwian, Lydian) verbs in Lycian were conjugated in

2132-478: The other Anatolian languages. Sentences in plain text mostly have the structure The verb immediately follows an "initial particle cluster", consisting of a more or less meaningless particle " se- " or " me- " (literally, 'and') followed by a series of up to three suffixes, often called emphatics. The function of some of these suffixes is mysterious, but others have been identified as pronomina like "he", "it", or "them". The subject, direct object, or indirect object of

Xanthos - Misplaced Pages Continue

2184-652: The port of Phaselis , personally offered the Lycians' submission, which was accepted. Alexander was encouraged when he found a sacred spring close to the River Xanthus, and obtained from there an inscribed bronze tablet that predicted that the Greeks would destroy the Persian Empire. Reports on the city's surrender to Alexander the Great differ: Arrian reports a peaceful surrender, but Appian claims that

2236-405: The present-future and preterite tenses and in the imperative with three persons singular and plural. Some endings have many variants, due to nasalization ( -a- → -añ-, -ã-; -e- → -eñ-, -ẽ- ), lenition ( -t- → -d- ), gemination ( -t- → -tt-; -d- → -dd- ), and vowel harmonization ( -a- → -e- : prñn a wãtẽ → prñn e wãtẽ ). About a dozen conjugations can be distinguished, on the basis of (1)

2288-469: The region of Caria . The acropolis of Xanthos dates from the 8th century BCE. The city was mentioned by ancient Greek and Roman writers. The Greek historian Strabo noted that Xanthos was the largest city in Lycia . The important religious sanctuary of Leto at Letoon , 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of Xanthos, dates from the late 6th century BC, and was closely associated with the city and linked by

2340-448: The same day, therefore neither had seniority) served as acting bishop co-equally. In 2014–2015, during the vacancy between the episcopates of Paul Butler and Paul Williams , the diocese's sole suffragan bishop, Tony Porter , bishop of Sherwood , became acting bishop of Southwell and Nottingham ; however, when he resigned the commission due to ill health, Richard Inwood (retired bishop of Bedford and an honorary assistant bishop of

2392-400: The sentence may thus proleptically be referred to in the initial particle cluster. As an example, the sentence "X built a house" might in Lycian be structured: "and-he-it / he-built / X / a-house". Other constituents of a sentence, like an indirect object, predicate, or complimentary adjuncts, can be placed anywhere after the verb. Contrary to this pattern, funeral inscriptions as a rule have

2444-487: The small dioceses of Portsmouth and of Sodor and Man do not have a suffragan bishop. Until 2016/2017, the dioceses of Newcastle and of Leicester each had a stipendiary assistant bishop instead of suffragans, but these have since been replaced with suffragan bishops. The Diocese of Truro has had at some periods an assistant bishop; these have included John Wellington (formerly bishop of Shantung ) and Bill Lash , both retired from sees abroad. Suffragan bishops in

2496-415: The term suffragan referred to diocesan bishops in relation to their metropolitan. The first bishops consecrated under that Act were Thomas Manning , bishop of Ipswich , and John Salisbury , bishop of Thetford , on 19 March 1536. The last Tudor suffragan bishop in post was John Sterne , bishop of Colchester , who died in post in 1607/8. No more suffragans were appointed for more than 250 years, until

2548-472: The texts cleared up some grammatical aspects of the language. The only substantial text with a Greek counterpart, the Xanthos stele , was hardly helpful because the Lycian text was quite heavily damaged, and worse, its Greek text does not anywhere come near to a close parallel. It was only after the decipherment of Hittite , by Bedřich Hrozný in 1917, that a language became known that was closely related to Lycian and could help etymological interpretations of

2600-408: The title of any particular city within the diocese. For example, Bishop Barbara Harris was titled simply “Suffragan Bishop of Massachusetts ”. Coadjutor and assistant bishops are different episcopal offices than suffragan . A coadjutor is elected by a diocesan convention to become the diocesan bishop (also called "the ordinary") upon the ordinary's retirement. A suffragan is also elected by

2652-465: The various conjugations are minor. Verbs are conjugated as follows; Mediopassive (MP) forms are in brown : A suffix -s- (cognate with Greek, Latin -/sk/-), appended to the stem and attested with half a dozen verbs, is thought to make a verb iterative : Emmanuel Laroche , who analysed the Lycian text of the Letoon trilingual, concluded that word order in Lycian is slightly more free than in

SECTION 50

#1732772593695

2704-399: The verbal root ending ( a -stems, consonant stems, -ije -stems, etc.), and (2) the endings of the third person singular being either unlenited (present -ti ; preterite -te ; imperative -tu ) or lenited ( -di ; -de ; -du ). For example, prñnawa- (to build) is an unlenited a -stem ( prñnawati , he builds), a(i)- (to make) is a lenited a(i) -stem ( adi , he makes). Differences between

#694305