Western Front
61-634: Series of armed conflicts within the 20th Century in Western China Not to be confused with Xinjiang conflict . The Xinjiang Wars ( Chinese : 新疆戰爭 ) were a series of armed conflicts which took place within Xinjiang in the Republic of China during the Warlord Era , Chinese Civil War , and modern era. The wars also played an important role in
122-577: A National Minority ; they are considered to be no more indigenous to Xinjiang than the Han, and have no special rights to the land under the law. During the Mao era the People's Republic oversaw the migration into Xinjiang of millions of Han, who have been accused of economically dominating the region, although a 2008 survey on both ethnic groups has contradicted the allegation. Current Chinese minority policy
183-525: A QR code so police can easily see photos of the dwelling's authorized residents. In 2017, overseas Uyghur activists claimed that new restrictions were being imposed, including people being fined heavily or subjected to programmes of "re-education" for refusing to eat during fasting in Ramadan, the detention of hundreds of Uyghurs as they returned from Mecca pilgrimages, and many standard Muslim names, such as Muhammad, being banned for newborn children. It
244-596: A feeling of political marginalisation, contributed to the fermentation of groups who carried out numerous guerrilla operations, including sabotage and attacks on police barracks, and occasionally even acts of terrorism including bomb attacks and assassinations of government officials. A February 1992 Ürümqi bus bombing, attributed to the Shock Brigade of the Islamic Reformist Party, resulted in three deaths. On 28 October 2013, five Uyghurs drove
305-454: A handful of individuals. Its founder, Yusupbek Mukhlis came to be resented by other Uyghur groups for "exaggerating Uyghur involvement in militant activities", including falsely claiming credit for terrorist attacks. Xinjiang's importance to China increased after the 1979 Soviet assistance to Afghanistan , which led to China's perception of being encircled by the Soviets. China supported
366-670: A jeep into Beijing's Tiananmen Square , set the gas tank on fire, killed two civilians and injured more than forty bystanders. These Uyghurs had jihadist flags and there was evidence of their ties to ETIM. On 2 March 2014, eight Uyghurs armed with knives attacked civilians in a train station in southern China, killing 33 and injuring 143. A police roundup and execution of 30 suspected separatists during Ramadan resulted in large demonstrations in February 1997, characterised as riots by Chinese state media outlet China Daily and peaceful by Western media. The demonstrations culminated in
427-547: A population of more than 2.3 million, about 75% of whom are Han, 12.8% are Uyghur, and 10% are from other ethnic groups. In general, Uyghurs and the mostly Han government disagree on which group has greater historical claim to the Xinjiang region: Uyghurs believe their ancestors were indigenous to the area, whereas government policy considers Xinjiang to have belonged to China since around 200 BC during Han Dynasty . According to Chinese policy, Uyghurs are classified as
488-488: A response to the terrorist threat posed by extremist separatist groups. These policies, in addition to some long-standing prejudices between the Han and Uyghurs, have sometimes resulted in tension between the two ethnic groups. As a result of the policies, the Uyghurs' freedoms of religion and of movement have been curtailed, and many of them believe the government downplays their history and traditional culture. On
549-608: A result of the Great Leap Forward . As the Sino-Soviet split deepened, the Soviets initiated an extensive propaganda campaign criticising China, encouraging minority groups to migrate – and later revolt – and attempting to undermine Chinese sovereignty by appealing to separatist tendencies. In 1962, China stopped issuing exit permits for Soviet citizens, as the Soviet consulate had been distributing passports to enable
610-509: Is based on affirmative action , and has reinforced a Uyghur ethnic identity that is distinct from the Han population. However, Human Rights Watch describes a "multi-tiered system of surveillance, control, and suppression of religious activity" perpetrated by state authorities. It is estimated that over 100,000 Uyghurs are currently held in political "re-education camps", and far-reaching surveillance operations using drones produced by DJI are being undertaken. China justifies such measures as
671-524: Is directed at Uyghur separatism . In the last two decades of the 20th century, Uyghurs in Turpan were treated favourably by China with regard to religion; while Kashgar and Hotan were subject to more stringent government control. Uyghur and Han Communist officials in Turpan turned a blind eye to the law, allowing Islamic education of Uyghur children. Religious celebrations and the Hajj were encouraged by
SECTION 10
#1732772857497732-556: The 1st Brazilian Division , being forced to surrender after some days of fighting. On 29 April, Graziani surrendered, and was present at Caserta when a representative of German General Heinrich von Vietinghoff-Scheel signed the unconditional instrument of surrender for all Axis forces in Italy. But, possibly as a sign of the low esteem in which the Allies held the RSI, Graziani's signature
793-668: The Army Liguria under Graziani and were placed to guard the western flank of the Gothic Line facing France. The fourth RSI division, the 1st Italian "Italia" Bersaglieri Division, was attached to the German 14th Army in a sector of the Apennine Mountains thought least likely to be attacked. On 26 December 1944, several sizable RSI military units, including elements of the 4th Italian "Monterosa" Alpine Division and
854-566: The Army of The North ( Italian : Esercito del Nord ) was the army of the Italian Social Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Sociale Italiana , or RSI) from 1943 to 1945 that fought on the side of Nazi Germany during World War II . The ENR was officially formed 28 October 1943, by merging former Royal Army ( Regio Esercito ) units still loyal to fascist dictator Benito Mussolini and Italian pro-Fascist units raised by
915-852: The East Turkestan independence movement . Kumul Rebellion (1931–1934) Kirghiz rebellion (1932) Battle of Aksu (1933) Kizil massacre (1933) Battle of Sekes Tash (1933) Battle of Kashgar (1933) Battle of Ürümqi (1933) Battle of Toksun (1933) First Battle of Ürümqi (1933) Second Battle of Ürümqi (1933–1934) Battle of Kitai (1934) Battle of Kashgar (1934) Battle of Yangi Hissar (1934) Battle of Yarkand (1934) Battle of Khotan Battle of Tutung (1934) Battle of Dawan Cheng (1934) Soviet invasion of Xinjiang (1934) Charkhlik revolt (1935) Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937) Ili Rebellion (1944–1949) Battle of Baitag Bogd (1946–1948) Incorporation of Xinjiang into
976-614: The East Turkistan conflict , Uyghur–Chinese conflict or Sino-East Turkistan conflict (as argued by the East Turkistan Government-in-Exile ), is an ethnic geopolitical conflict in what is now China 's far- northwest autonomous region of Xinjiang , also known as East Turkistan. It is centred around the Uyghurs , a Turkic ethnic group who constitute a plurality (or 'relative majority' ) of
1037-730: The Gothic Line . On the Allied side were four Italian groups of volunteers from the old Italian army. These troops (of the Italian Co-Belligerent Army ) were equipped and trained by the British. On the Axis side were four RSI divisions. Three of the RSI divisions, the 2nd Italian "Littorio" Infantry Division, the 3rd Italian "San Marco" Marine Division, and the 4th Italian " Monterosa " Alpine Division, were allocated to
1098-704: The Republic of China , he was succeeded by Jin Shuren . On the death of the Kamul Khan Maqsud Shah in 1930, Jin abolished the Khanate entirely and took control of the region as warlord . Corruption, appropriation of land, and the commandeering of grain and livestock by Chinese military forces were all factors which led to the eventual Kumul Rebellion that established the First East Turkestan Republic in 1933. In 1934, it
1159-660: The "Littorio" Division, 350 soldiers of the "Tagliamento" Alpini Regiment, 730 soldiers of the 3rd and 8th Bersaglieri regiments, 4,000 troops of miscellaneous units of the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano (excluding the above-mentioned Divisions and Alpini and Bersaglieri Regiments), 300 members of the Legione Autonoma Mobile "Ettore Muti" , 200 members of the Raggruppamento Anti Partigiani , 550 members of
1220-664: The 1960s to eight million in 2001. In 1968, the East Turkestan People's Party was the largest militant Uyghur separatist organization, and may have received support from the Soviet Union. During the 1970s, the Soviets likely supported the United Revolutionary Front of East Turkestan (URFET), which issued a series of press releases responsible for creating the impression of an active, organized resistance movement, despite involving only
1281-692: The 1980s, student demonstrations and riots against police action assumed an ethnic aspect, and the April 1990 Baren Township riot has been acknowledged as a turning point. The Soviet Union supported Uyghur nationalist propaganda and Uyghur separatist movements against China. Soviet historians claimed that the Uyghur native land was Xinjiang; and Uyghur nationalism was promoted by Soviet versions of history on turcology. This included support of Uyghur historians such as Tursun Rakhimov , who wrote more historical works supporting Uyghur independence, claiming that Xinjiang
SECTION 20
#17327728574971342-593: The 3rd Italian "San Marco" Marine Division, participated in Operation Winter Storm . This was a combined German and Italian offensive against the American 92nd Infantry Division . The battle was fought in the Apennines . While limited in scale, this was a successful offensive and the RSI units did their part. In February 1945, the 92nd Infantry Division again came up against RSI units. This time it
1403-418: The 5 February Ghulja incident , in which a People's Liberation Army (PLA) crackdown led to at least nine deaths. 25 February Ürümqi bus bombings killed nine people and injured 68. Responsibility for the attacks was acknowledged by Uyghur exile groups. In Beijing's Xidan district, a bus bomb killed two people on 7 March 1997; Uyghur separatists claimed responsibility for the attack. Uyghur participation in
1464-581: The Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet assistance to the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and broadcast reports of Soviet atrocities committed on Afghan Muslims to Uyghurs to counter Soviet broadcasts to Xinjiang that Soviet Muslim minorities had a better life. Anti-Soviet Chinese radio broadcasts targeted Central Asian ethnic minorities, such as the Kazakhs. The Soviets feared disloyalty by
1525-578: The Allies. The dead break down as: 13,500 members of the Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana and Milizia Difesa Territoriale, 6,200 members of the Black Brigades , 2,800 Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana personnel, 1,000 Marina Nazionale Repubblicana personnel, 1,900 X MAS personnel, 800 soldiers of the "Monterosa" Division, 470 soldiers of the "Italia" Division, 1,500 soldiers of the "San Marco" Division, 300 soldiers of
1586-4198: The Altishahr Khojas Afaqi Khoja revolts Holy War of the Seven Khojas General of Ili Reconquest of Xinjiang Republic of China Xinjiang Wars First East Turkestan Republic Second East Turkestan Republic Ili Rebellion People's Republic of China PRC incorporation Geography Cities Tian Shan Junggar Basin ( Dzungaria ) Tarim Basin ( Southern Xinjiang ) Gurbantünggüt Desert Kumtag Desert Taklamakan Desert Turpan Depression Karakoram Mountains Altai Mountains Kunlun Mountains Pamir Mountains Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway Education Xinjiang University Xinjiang Agricultural University Xinjiang Medical University Culture Doppa Festival Music Meshrep gathering Muqam Tocharian clothing Cuisine Dapanji Nan Sangza Samsa Youtazi Pamirdin Xurpa Tunurkawab Chinese Islamic cuisine Economy Cotton industry Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Visitor attractions Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb Flaming Mountains Jiaohe ruins Gaochang Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi Id Kah Mosque Karakul Lake Kizil Caves Niya ruins Xinjiang conflict 1989 Ürümqi unrest Barin uprising 1992 Ürümqi bombings Ghulja incident 1997 Ürümqi bus bombings 2007 Xinjiang raid 2008 Uyghur unrest 2008 Kashgar attack Shaoguan incident July 2009 Ürümqi riots September 2009 Xinjiang unrest 2010 Aksu bombing 2011 Hotan attack 2011 Kashgar attacks Pishan hostage crisis 2012 Yecheng attack Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 April 2013 Bachu unrest June 2013 Shanshan riots 2013 Tiananmen Square attack 2014 Kunming attack 2014 China–Vietnam border shootout April 2014 Ürümqi attack May 2014 Ürümqi attack Assassination of Juma Tayir Xinjiang internment camps Persecution of Uyghurs in China People Amursana Mingrui Jahangir Khoja Yaqub Beg Zuo Zongtang Yang Zengxin Jin Shuren Sabit Damolla Sheng Shicai Ehmetjan Qasim Wang Zhen Saifuddin Azizi Rebiya Kadeer Nur Bekri Li Zhi Wang Lequan Zhang Chunxian Ilham Tohti Salih Hudayar Sattar Sawut Shirzat Bawudun Ghulam Osman Yaghma Rahile Dawut Related Uyghur people Migration to Xinjiang Altishahr Chinese Turkestan East Turkestan East Turkistan Government in Exile East Turkistan National Awakening Movement Independence movement World Uyghur Congress China–Kazakhstan relations China–Kyrgyzstan relations China–Pakistan relations China–Turkey relations [REDACTED] Category [REDACTED] Commons Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xinjiang_Wars&oldid=1255457821 " Categories : Xinjiang Wars 20th century in Xinjiang Wars involving
1647-876: The Chinese government for Uyghur Communist Party members, and 350 mosques were built in Turpan between 1979 and 1989. As a result, Han, Hui and the Chinese government were then viewed more positively by Uyghurs in Turpan. In 1989, there were 20,000 mosques in Xinjiang. Until separatist disturbances began in 1996, China allowed people to ignore the rule prohibiting religious observance by government officials. Large mosques were built with Chinese government assistance in Ürümqi. While rules proscribing religious activities were enforced in southern Xinjiang, conditions were comparatively lax in Ürümqi. According to The Economist , in 2016 Uyghurs faced difficulties travelling within Xinjiang and live in fenced-off neighbourhoods with checkpoint entrances. In southern Ürümqi, each apartment door has
1708-709: The Chinese government launched the Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism in Xinjiang. In recent years, the Chinese Communist Party under Xi Jinping Administration 's policy has been marked by much harsher policies, including mass surveillance and the incarceration without trial of over one million Uyghurs and other Muslim minority ethnic groups in internment camps . Numerous reports have stated that many of these minorities have been used for prison labour . International observers have labelled
1769-573: The Chinese government with regard to religious freedom. Religious freedom exists for Hui Muslims, who can practice their religion, build mosques and have their children attend them; more restrictions are placed on Uyghurs in Xinjiang. Hui religious schools are allowed, and an autonomous network of mosques and schools run by a Hui Sufi leader was formed with the approval of the Chinese government. According to The Diplomat , Uyghur religious activities are curtailed but Hui Muslims are granted widespread religious freedom; therefore, Chinese governmental policy
1830-712: The Communists defeated the Republic of China in the Chinese Civil War , the Soviets helped the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) recapture it, and it was annexed by the People's Republic in 1949. The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region was established in 1955. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, between 60,000 and 200,000 Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and other minorities fled China to the USSR, largely as
1891-685: The Germans after the occupation of southern Italy . As a consequence of the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943, political forces allied to king Victor Emmanuel III took power in Italy, imprisoned dictator Benito Mussolini and negotiated an armistice between Italy and the Allied armed forces that took effect on 8 September 1943. On 12 September 1943, the Germans launched " Operation Oak " ( Unternehmen Eiche ) and rescued Mussolini. The Fascist Italian Social Republic ( Repubblica Sociale Italiana , or RSI)
Xinjiang Wars - Misplaced Pages Continue
1952-768: The Homeland Gakutotai Gando Special Force Golden Square Heiho Indian National Army First Indian National Army Inner Mongolian Army Korean collaborators Lanka Sama Samaja Party Makapili Malayan Volunteer Army Manchukuo Imperial Army Royal Thai Armed Forces Russian collaborators Asano Brigade Russian Fascist Party Taiwanese collaborators Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman Takasago Volunteers Vietnamese collaborators Association for
2013-1011: The Netherlands Romanian Armed Forces Royal Hungarian Army Royal Iraqi Army Russian collaborators Russian Liberation Army Russian People's Liberation Army Security Battalions Slovak Expeditionary Army Group Slovene Home Guard Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists Ukrainian Insurgent Army Waffen-SS foreign Wehrmacht foreign Afrika Korps Polish Wehrmacht Army Ostlegionen Japanese collaborationists Arakan Defense Army Armistice Army Black Columns Burma Independence Army Central Asian collaborators East Turkestan independence movement Chin Defense Army Collaborationist Chinese Army Defenders of
2074-731: The People's Republic of China (1949) v t e Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan Lists by Axis forces German and Italian collaborationists Albanian collaborators Albanian Fascist Militia Balli Kombëtar Cham Albanian Armistice Army Battaglione Azad Hindoustan Belarusian Home Defence Blue Division Chetniks Croatian Armed Forces Finnish Defence Forces (until 1944) Golden Square Hiwi Kalmykian Cavalry Corps Latvian Auxiliary Police National Committee of Azerbaijan National Republican Army National Socialist Movement in
2135-521: The People's Republic of China (1949) Sino-Indian War (1962) Sino-Soviet border conflict (1969) 2013 Depsang standoff (2013) 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes v t e Xinjiang topics Ürümqi ( capital ) History Tocharians Yuezhi Xiongnu Han dynasty Protectorate of the Western Regions Chief Official of
2196-1393: The Republic of China 1930s conflicts 1930s in China Islam in China Military history of the Republic of China (1912–1949) Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text Xinjiang conflict [REDACTED] People's Republic of China (from 1949) [REDACTED] Republic of China (until 1950s) [REDACTED] Xinjiang (1933–1944) [REDACTED] East Turkestan independence movement [REDACTED] East Turkistan Education and Solidarity Association (denied by ETESA ) Supported by: [REDACTED] First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934) Supported by: [REDACTED] Xi Jinping ( CCP General Secretary , CMC Chairman : 2012–present) [REDACTED] Xinjiang Militia [REDACTED] Xinjiangese Armed civilians and volunteers [REDACTED] Xinjiang Army (1933–1944) [REDACTED] Xinjiang Army (1912–1933; 1944–1949) Various Supported by: 1,000+ dead c. (2007–2014) >1,700 injured 1989–2006 2007–present The Xinjiang conflict ( Chinese : 新疆冲突 , Pinyin : xīnjiāng chōngtú), also known as
2257-558: The Republic of China, abandoning the Soviets. In 1944, the Ili Rebellion led to the Second East Turkestan Republic . Though direct evidence of Soviet involvement remains circumstantial, and rebel forces were primarily made up of Turkic Muslims with the support of the local population, the new state was dependent on the Soviet Union for trade, arms, and "tacit consent" for its continued existence. When
2318-1676: The Restoration of Great Vietnam Vanguard Youth Lists by Axis countries Albania German Albania Italian Albania Baltic states Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belgium Bulgaria Burma Ceylon China East Turkestan Manchukuo Mongolia Croatia Denmark Finland (until 1944) France Greece Hungary India Indochina Cambodia Laos Vietnam Indonesia Iraq Italy Korea Luxembourg Madagascar Malaya Netherlands Norway Philippines Poland Romania Serbia Slovakia Soviet Union Byelorussia Belarus Chechnya Ukraine Spain (limited) Thailand Taiwan v t e Xinjiang Wars Battles Kumul Rebellion (1931–1934) Kirghiz rebellion (1932) Battle of Aksu (1933) Kizil massacre (1933) Battle of Sekes Tash (1933) Battle of Kashgar (1933) Battle of Ürümqi (1933) Battle of Toksun (1933) First Battle of Ürümqi (1933) Second Battle of Ürümqi (1933-1934) Battle of Kashgar (1934) Battle of Yangi Hissar (1934) Battle of Yarkand (1934) Battle of Tutung (1934) Battle of Dawan Cheng (1934) Soviet invasion of Xinjiang (1934) Charkhlik revolt (1935) Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937) Ili Rebellion (1944–1949) Battle of Baitag Bogd (1946-1948) Incorporation of Xinjiang into
2379-650: The Uyghurs in Xinjiang in June 2020. Similarly, in July, a group of 45 nations issued a competing letter to the UNHRC, defending China's treatment of both Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities in Xinjiang. Various groups and media organizations worldwide have disputed denials that human rights violations have occurred. Xinjiang is a large central-Asian region within the People's Republic of China comprising numerous minority groups: 45% of its population are Uyghurs , and 40% are Han . Its heavily industrialised capital, Ürümqi, has
2440-952: The Western Regions Kingdom of Khotan Sixteen Kingdoms Gaochang Göktürks : First , Western , Eastern and Second Tang dynasty Protectorate General to Pacify the West Four Garrisons of Anxi Beiting Protectorate Tibetan Empire Uyghur Khaganate Qocho Kara-Khanid Khanate Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin Qara Khitai Mongol Empire Yuan dynasty Chagatai Khanate Moghulistan Kara Del Turpan Khanate Yarkent Khanate Dzungar Khanate Dzungar conquest of Altishahr Dzungar–Qing Wars Dzungar genocide Kumul Khanate Qing dynasty Qing rule Revolt of
2501-469: The annexation of Mongolia and Tibet . Early Qing rule was marked by a "culturally pluralist" approach, with a prohibition on Chinese settlement in the region, and indirect rule through supervised local officials. An increased tax burden placed on the local population due to rebellions elsewhere in China later led to a number of Hui-led Muslim rebellions . The region was subsequently recaptured , and
Xinjiang Wars - Misplaced Pages Continue
2562-523: The army and the sentence of death was imposed on anyone who opposed being conscripted. Autonomous military forces in the RSI also fought against the Allies, including the Decima Flottiglia MAS under command of Prince Junio Valerio Borghese (National Republican Navy). Borghese held no allegiance to Mussolini and even suggested that he would take him prisoner if he could. During the winter of 1944–1945, armed Italians were on both sides of
2623-570: The bombing was dismissed by the Chinese government, and the Turkish-based Organisation for East Turkistan Freedom admitted responsibility for the attack. The bus bombings triggered a change in policy, with China acknowledging separatist violence. The situation in Xinjiang quieted until mid-2006, although ethnic tensions remained. National Republican Army The National Republican Army ( Italian : Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano ; abbreviated ENR), colloquially called
2684-410: The border in 1969. From the 1950s to the 1970s, a state-orchestrated mass migration into Xinjiang has raised the number of Han from 7% to 40% of the population, exacerbating ethnic tensions. On the other hand, a declining infant-mortality rate, improved medical care and non-applicability of China's one-child policy on minorities have helped the Uyghur population in Xinjiang grow from four million in
2745-673: The exodus. A resulting demonstration in Yining was met with open fire by the PLA, sparking further protests and mass defections. China responded to these developments by relocating non-Han populations away from the border, creating a "buffer zone" which would later be filled with Han farmers and Bingtuan militia. Tensions continued to escalate throughout the decade, with ethnic guerrilla groups based in Kazakhstan frequently raiding Chinese border posts, and Chinese and Soviet forces clashing on
2806-493: The extent of their groups' respective ties to the region. In reality, it has been home to many groups throughout history, with the Uyghurs arriving from Central Asia in the 10th century. Although various Chinese dynasties have at times exerted control over parts of what is now Xinjiang, the region as it exists today came under Chinese rule as a result of the westward expansion of the Manchu -led Qing dynasty , which also saw
2867-543: The first of these divisions completed training and was sent to the front. Recruiting military forces was difficult for the RSI, as most of the Italian army had been interned by German forces in 1943, many Italians had been conscripted into forced labour in Germany and few wanted to fight on Nazi Germany's side after 8 September 1943. The RSI became so desperate for soldiers that it granted convicts freedom if they would join
2928-548: The forced Sinicization campaign to be an instance of crimes against humanity , cultural genocide , as well as physical genocide . The Chinese government has denied charges of genocide and other human rights abuses, characterising the centres as deradicalisation and integration programs and were the subject of dispute at the 44th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC); 39 countries condemned China's treatment of
2989-719: The form of both terrorist attacks and wider public unrest such as the Baren Township conflict , 1997 Ürümqi bus bombings , protests in Ghuljia , June 2009 Shaoguan Incident and the resulting July 2009 Ürümqi riots , 2011 Hotan attack , April 2014 Ürümqi attack , May 2014 Ürümqi attack , 2014 Kunming attack as well as the 2015 Aksu colliery attack . Uyghur organizations such as the World Uyghur Congress denounce totalitarianism , religious intolerance , and terrorism as an instrument of policy. In 2014,
3050-574: The law against children attending mosques on non-Uyghurs outside Xinjiang. Since the 1980s Islamic private schools (Sino-Arabic schools ( 中阿学校 )) have been permitted by the Chinese government in Muslim areas, excluding Xinjiang because of its separatist sentiment. Hui Muslims employed by the state, unlike Uyghurs, are allowed to fast during Ramadan . The number of Hui going on Hajj is expanding and Hui women are allowed to wear veils, but Uyghur women are discouraged from wearing them. Muslim ethnic groups in different regions are treated differently by
3111-497: The non-Russian Kazakh, Uzbek, and Kyrgyz in the event of a Chinese invasion of Soviet Central Asia, and Russians were taunted by Central Asians: "Just wait till the Chinese get here, they'll show you what's what!" Chinese authorities viewed Han migrants in Xinjiang as vital to defence against the Soviet Union. China established camps to train the Afghan mujahideen near Kashgar and Hotan, investing hundreds of millions of dollars in small arms, rockets, mines, and anti-tank weapons. During
SECTION 50
#17327728574973172-442: The one-child policy, Uyghur numbers increased from 5.5 million in 1980s to over 12 million in 2017. Ethnic minority couples were paid incentives to keep their family size below the legal limit and accept sterilisation after three children preceding the removal of the preferential policy. Islamic leaders during the Cultural Revolution were forced to take part in acts against their religion, such as eating pork. China does not enforce
3233-497: The other hand, some Han citizens view Uyghurs as benefiting from special treatment, such as preferential admission to universities and exemption from the (now abandoned) one-child policy , and as "harbouring separatist aspirations". Nonetheless, it was observed in 2013 that at least in the workplace, Uyghur-Han relations seemed relatively friendly, and a survey from 2009 suggested that 70% of Uyghur respondents had Han friends while 82% of Han had Uyghur friends. Due to exemption from
3294-452: The region's population. Since the incorporation of the region into the People's Republic of China, factors such as the mass state-sponsored migration of Han Chinese from the 1950s to the 1970s, government policies promoting Chinese cultural unity and punishing certain expressions of Uyghur identity, and harsh responses to separatism have contributed to tension between the Uyghurs, and state police and Han Chinese. This has taken
3355-460: Was Bersaglieri of the 1st Italian "Italia" Infantry Division. The Italians successfully halted the US division's advance. RSI Minister of Defense Graziani was even able to say that he commanded an entire Army. This was the Italo-German Liguria Army. However, the situation subsequently deteriorated for the Axis forces on the Gothic Line. In late April, at Collecchio , the last remaining RSI troops were bottled up along with two Wehrmacht Divisions by
3416-673: Was an entity created by China made out of the different parts of East Turkestan and Zungharia. Bellér-Hann describes these Soviet Uyghur historians were waging an "ideological war" against China, emphasizing the "national liberation movement" of Uyghurs throughout history. The CPSU supported the publication of works which glorified the Second East Turkestan Republic and the Ili Rebellion against China in its anti-China propaganda war. China's "Strike Hard" campaign against crime, beginning in 1996, saw thousands of arrests, as well as executions, and "constant human rights violations", and also marked reduction in religious freedom. These policies, and
3477-468: Was claimed that Han officials had been assigned to reside in the homes of those with interned Uyghur family members as part of the government's "Pair Up and Become Family" program. There were also reportedly separate queues for Uyghurs and outsiders, where the former needed to get their identity cards checked at numerous points. The history of the region has become highly politicised, with both Chinese and nationalist Uyghur historians frequently overstating
3538-528: Was conquered by warlord Sheng Shicai with the aid of the Soviet Union . Sheng's leadership was marked by heavy Soviet influence, with him openly offering Xinjiang's valuable natural resources in exchange for Soviet help in crushing revolts, such as in 1937 . Although already in use, it was in this period that the term "Uyghur" was first used officially over the generic "Turkic", as part of an effort to "undermine potential broader bases of identity" such as Turkic or Muslim. In 1942, Sheng sought reconciliation with
3599-409: Was established as an official province in 1884. Near the end of their rule the Qing tried to colonize Xinjiang along with other parts of the imperial frontier. To accomplish this goal they began a policy of settler colonialism by which Han Chinese were resettled on the frontier. After the 1928 assassination of Yang Zengxin , governor of the semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate in east Xinjiang under
3660-412: Was formed as a puppet state in northern Italy with Mussolini as its leader. Marshal Rodolfo Graziani was named as the RSI's Minister of Defense . On 16 October, the Rastenburg Protocol was signed with Nazi Germany. In accordance with this protocol, the RSI was allowed to raise division -sized military formations. This allowed Graziani to raise four RSI divisions totaling 52,000 men. In July 1944,
3721-558: Was not required at Caserta. The surrender was to take effect on 2 May. Graziani ordered the RSI forces under his command to lay down their arms on 1 May. The military of the RSI suffered some 34,770 dead during the war and, given conventional killed-to-wounded and killed-to-missing ratios, probably in excess of 100,000 casualties total. The majority of deaths (≈21,600) were incurred by anti-partisan formations, such as National Guards, Black Brigades, and Territorial Militia. The rest (≈13,170) were incurred by regular military forces mostly facing
SECTION 60
#1732772857497#496503