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65-560: While the Young Māori Party had political intentions, it did not function as a political party as they are generally understood. The Young Māori Party's members either acted as independents or joined an existing party, such as the New Zealand Liberal Party . In most respects, the Young Māori Party is best understood as a club or association, not a united electoral bloc. Anthropologist and author Toon Van Meijl said of

130-573: A conservative , Ballance began to organise the liberal-aligned opposition into a more united movement, and was officially named Leader of the Opposition in July 1889. In the 1890 elections , Ballance led his liberal faction to victory, and early in the new year, became Premier . Ballance and his allies, recognising the benefit that they had gained from their unity, set about building a permanent organisation. The Liberal Party, with common policies and

195-532: A Liberal Party politician and theorist, said that while the party supported an active role for the state, particularly in social matters, it did not in any way seek to discourage or inhibit private enterprise. Many historians have claimed that the Liberal Party's policies were based more on pragmatism than on ideology, although politicians such as Ballance and Reeves definitely had theories behind their actions. In 1893, John Ballance died unexpectedly, leaving

260-432: A consistent and approved set of policies. Candidate selection was ultimately determined by Seddon. The Federation was New Zealand's first national party political organisation, and had most of the features of a modern political party , including: subscribing members, a central council and an annual conference. The Liberal Party aggressively promoted agrarianism during their dominant period from 1891 to 1912. They believed

325-498: A federal or national act to create a basic standard for everyone across America. The lack of a state level law makes understanding collective bargaining laws easier. However, a downside is there is a lack of specification by centralizing labor relation laws means that a state is unable to amend the laws to better suit its people. In Canada, each province is given legal jurisdiction over their labor relation laws. During collective bargaining, unions and employers both have ways to shut down

390-449: A gender pay gap as well. This shows that although collective bargaining may help, it is not the be-all end all to the problem. An integral part of collective bargaining is the ILO (International Labour Organization). The ILO contains International Labour Standards that ensure equity. "The ILO supports governments to fulfil their international obligation to respect, to promote, and to realize

455-485: A period of stewardship by William Hall-Jones ), did not have the same charismatic flair. Increasingly, the Liberals found themselves losing support on two fronts – farmers, having obtained their goal of land reform, were gradually drifting to the conservative opposition, and workers, having become dissatisfied at the slowed pace of reform, were beginning to talk of an independent labour party. The Liberals were aware of

520-472: A policy it called "populism." Seddon had proclaimed the goal as early as 1884: "It is the rich and the poor; it is the wealthy and the landowners against the middle and labouring classes. That, Sir, shows the real political position of New Zealand." The Liberal strategy was to create a large class of small land-owning farmers who supported Liberal ideals. To obtain land for farmers the Liberal government, over

585-625: A positive impact on benefits and total compensation in Canada when compared with non-unionized work environments. Results from the Canadian general Social Survey (GSS) in 1998 demonstrate that union work environments increase total compensation by 12.4 percent, and 10.4 percent by wages. In terms of total compensation, the empirical data suggests that unions have achieved larger fringe benefits for their members in comparison to non-union. As for wages, Union-non-union differentials were found to vary across

650-517: A role in shrinking the gender pay gap. Although collective bargaining has helped the gender pay gap, due to its role in directly affecting wages, there is still unfair equity in benefits and bonuses given out. Developed countries like the UK who practice collective bargaining still have a sizeable pay gap. Developing countries like specific places in Africa, where they do not rely on collective bargaining, have

715-429: A system for settling industrial disputes , which was accepted by both employers and trade unions. In 1893 it extended voting rights to women , making New Zealand the first country in the world to enact universal adult suffrage . The Liberal Party became extremely successful, winning seven consecutive elections and the popular vote in each. New Zealand gained international attention for the Liberal reforms, especially how

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780-483: A truly democratic society had to rest on the foundations of an independent land-owning class of small farmers, as opposed to large farms with hired help, or urban factories. The landed gentry and aristocracy ruled the United Kingdom at this point in time. New Zealand never had an aristocracy but it did have wealthy landowners who largely controlled politics prior to 1891. The Liberal Party set out to change that by

845-511: A twenty-year period from 1891 to 1911 purchased 3.1 million acres (13,000 km ) of Maori land. The government also purchased 1.3 million acres (5,300 km ) from large estate holders for subdivision and closer settlement by small farmers. In South Island, the 84,000 acre Cheviot estate was broken up. In eleven years, 176 South Island pastoral estates were broken up; totalling 940,000 acres (3,800 km ) and divided into 3,500 farm. The main method used to persuade pastoralists to sell

910-582: A well-defined leadership, was proclaimed. A national party organisation (called the Liberal Federation) was established, with supporters of the new party encouraged to become members and help organise party activities – this was a new development in New Zealand, as previously, parliamentary factions existed only as loose groupings of politicians, not as structured party organizations . The Liberal Party drew its support from two basic sources –

975-601: Is a right for workers and can bring about many benefits, including limiting biases and equity gaps. Thus, ensuring all workplaces are fair. Collective Bargaining has been proven to lower the wage gap and establish more equality in workers and wages. Internationally, countries that use collective bargaining have lower wage inequality such as Denmark, Finland, France, the Netherlands and Sweden, and countries who use collective bargaining less, have higher wage inequality, like Hungary and Poland. Collective bargaining has also played

1040-558: Is frequently a subarea within human resource management . Courses in labor relations typically cover labor history, labor law, union organizing, bargaining, contract administration, and important contemporary topics. In the United States, labor relations in most of the private sector is regulated by the National Labor Relations Act . Labor relations in the railroad and airline industries are regulated by

1105-472: The 1911 general election , the Liberal Party won four fewer seats than the Reform Party, but managed to remain in power with the support of some labour-aligned MPs and independents. In 1912, Sir Joseph Ward stepped down and was replaced by Thomas Mackenzie , who defeated George Laurenson by 22 votes to 9 ( John A. Millar did not stand in this leadership ballot on 22 March). In July 1912, coupled with

1170-605: The Railway Labor Act . Public sector labor relations is regulated by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 and various pieces of state legislation. In other countries, labor relations might be regulated by law or tradition. An important professional association for United States labor relations scholars and practitioners is the Labor and Employment Relations Association . Labour relations in Canada and

1235-580: The Agriculture Department disseminated information on the best farming methods. The Liberals proclaimed success in forging an egalitarian, anti-monopoly land policy. The policy built up support for the Liberal Party in rural North Island electorates. By 1903, the Liberals were so dominant that there was no longer an organised opposition in Parliament. Slowly, however, the Liberal Party's dominance began to erode. The "reforming fires" of

1300-797: The Canadian labour market. Previous studies on unions' impact on Canadian wages through the use of the GSS indicated that the union-non-union differential was 18 percent. However, a more recent study indicates that the differential is 10.4%. This decline of differential indicates an increase of competitive pressure. In a unitary perspective there is an emphasis on employees sharing common objectives and being harmonious with one another. This perspective views strikes as pathological. Labour relations in which trade unions are involved are viewed negatively and labelled unnecessary. Within this perspective there are alternative positions held upon matters such as trade unions. Some view labour relations with unions as an extension to

1365-468: The Liberal Party's leadership open. It is believed that Ballance wished Robert Stout , a colleague known for his liberal views, to succeed him, but in the end, the leadership passed to Richard Seddon . Although Seddon went on to become New Zealand's longest serving Prime Minister, he was not as highly regarded by the Liberal Party as he was by the general public. In particular, Seddon's social views were more conservative than those of Ballance or Stout, and he

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1430-664: The Liberals gradually found themselves pressed between the conservative Reform Party and the growing Labour Party . The Liberals fragmented in the 1920s, and the remnant of the Liberal Party—later known as the United Party —eventually merged with Reform in 1936 to establish the modern National Party . Prior to the establishment of the Liberal Party, MPs were all independent, although often grouped themselves into loose factions. Some of these factions were occasionally referred to as "parties", but were vague and ill-defined. In

1495-412: The Liberals were no longer able to provide the reforms that workers needed. The Liberal Party found itself torn between its two primary constituencies, unable to satisfy both. This coincided with a gradual decline in the organisational standards of the Liberal Party, with the situation having reached the point where in some cases, multiple "Liberal" candidates were contesting the same electoral race. At

1560-625: The Opposition †: Died in office Labour relations Labor relations or labor studies is a field of study that can have different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. In an international context, it is a subfield of labor history that studies the human relations with regard to work in its broadest sense and how this connects to questions of social inequality . It explicitly encompasses unregulated, historical, and non-Western forms of labor. Here, labor relations define "for or with whom one works and under what rules. These rules (implicit or explicit, written or unwritten) determine

1625-440: The United States are exceptionally similar, with a 1959 survey of 15 countries describing them as a single system. Until the 1970s, the majority of union members and union organizations had a place with United States–based specialty, modern and industrial associations. In Canada, more than 4000 subsidiaries and branch plants of American corporations exist. In the 1960s, due to institutional and political factors that were shared with

1690-493: The United States has a more centralized system where all states follow the same labour laws run by the National Labour Relations Board (NLRB). Another difference between the two countries is there are many more Canadian workers than there are American workers covered by labour relations laws. In 2008, it was reported that 31.2% of public and private employment in Canada were covered, and only 13.7% in

1755-498: The United States, there was an unusually high amount of strikes, as well, the incidence of violence and illegal activities that came out of work and labour disputes has been much higher in the Canada and the United States than in other industrialized countries. Characteristics that would lead to higher aggressive strikes would be the result of mass unionization and the hostility that arose from the widespread employer opposition to unions, organizational and institutional union rivalries, and

1820-457: The United States. Unions are a significant aspect of labor relations and provide job security to workers and ensure all employees are well compensated for labor. Union negotiators offer high-level pay in exchange for workers to tolerate repetitive job design or unsafe working conditions. Unions are critical in providing security and assurance to employees that their job position will remain unaffected and always compensated for their work. Some of

1885-510: The United States. It is widely argued that the New Zealand Liberal Party in 1891 lacked a clearcut ideology to guide them. Instead they approached the nation's problems pragmatically , keeping in mind the constraints imposed by democratic public opinion. To deal with the issue of land distribution, they worked out innovative solutions to access, tenure, and a graduated tax on unimproved values. Out of office after 1912,

1950-406: The absence of a large labour party. Although the United States and Canada share many similarities with modern labour relations, there are definitely a few defining differences between the two nations. In Canada, there is not a set of labour laws followed by all the provinces, instead all provinces have their own set of laws, and although they may be similar they are not federally run. Unlike Canada,

2015-406: The authority of them. Also called radical perspective or conflict model. This perspective is to reveal the nature of the capitalist society. It recognizes inequalities in power in the employment relationship and in wider society as a whole. Consequently, conflict is perceived as a result. Collective bargaining is a vital part of labour relations. It is essential to labor relations because it sets

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2080-490: The basis on which the Labour Party 's Michael Joseph Savage built the modern NZ welfare state . Seddon was extremely popular with common New Zealanders, and under his particular brand of populism , the Liberal Party established itself as the dominant party of New Zealand politics. In 1899, the Liberal and Labour Federation was formed to select candidates approved by the party leadership and ensure that they promoted

2145-479: The chances of labour-aligned candidates from splitting the non-conservative vote, but this only applied in the 1908 and 1911 general elections, and the rule was repealed in 1913. In 1909, the conservative opposition (led by William Massey ) established the Reform Party , a united organisation to challenge the Liberals. At the same time, the first noteworthy labour-orientated parties were appearing, saying that

2210-412: The changes introduced were land reforms , progressive taxes on land and income, and legislation to improve the working conditions of urban labourers. Many of the Liberal Party's policies were described as " socialist " by both its opponents and sympathetic international observers such as André Siegfried and Albert Métin , but there is debate over whether this label is valid. William Pember Reeves ,

2275-500: The cities, and small farmers. In the cities, the Liberals were supported particularly strongly by workers and labourers, but also by the more socially progressive members of the middle class. In the countryside, the Liberals won support from those farmers who lacked the ability to compete with the large runholders , who monopolised most of the available land. Both groups saw themselves as being mistreated and oppressed by what had been described as New Zealand's "early colonial gentry" –

2340-462: The defection of some Liberal MPs like Millar; this arrangement collapsed, and twenty-one years of Liberal Party government came to an end. The Liberals adopted a number of new policies in an attempt to win back votes, including an increase in land tax (supported by the labour movement) and the introduction of proportional representation , with Grey Lynn MP George Fowlds ' Proportional Representation And Effective Voting Bill 1911 (86–1). However,

2405-515: The effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining, and to take measures to encourage the full development of machinery for voluntary negotiations." Technical Assistance (provided by the ILO) including, advisory services and technical cooperation’s, help employers and governments exercise their workers freedom and association and right to collective bargaining. The ILO states, “all member states accept an obligation to respect, promote and realize

2470-495: The effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining.” Therefore the ILO is international so that not only the westernized countries but developing countries as well can strive to get equal and fair treatments for their workers. To maintain equal and fair treatment for both employees and employers the 74th United States Congress created the National Labor Relation Act ("NLRA") in 1935. They use

2535-440: The employer and the union with the intent of coming to a collective agreement. Negotiations can end in either a strike by workers, a lockout by employers, a boycott, or the primary goal, an agreement. Although collective bargaining can be seen as simple social discussion, it is more substantive than that. It is “a fundamental and principle right at work.” Collective bargaining also provides a sense of equality and equity, and it gives

2600-622: The end, the pro-suffrage MPs were able to get enough support to pass the measure despite their leader actively campaigning against it. In other matters, however, Seddon was more closely aligned with Ballance's original vision. Many of the party's earlier reforms were strengthened. William Pember Reeves, now the party's foremost theorist, promoted a number of other similar reforms including the world's first compulsory system of state arbitration . Reeve's efforts to introduce further union-friendly regulation created friction with Seddon, who disagreed with Reeves's intellectual view of political matters and

2665-430: The establishment of the Liberal Party was John Ballance . Ballance, an MP, had served in a number of liberal-orientated governments, and had held office in posts such as Treasurer , Minister of Defence , and Minister of Native Affairs . He had a well-established reputation as a liberal, and was known for supporting land reform , women's suffrage , and Māori rights. During the last term in power of Harry Atkinson ,

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2730-573: The foundation of the Labour Party in 1916 deprived the Liberals of many votes from working-class areas, while the business world, concerned at Labour's rise, was uniting behind Reform's "anti-socialism" platform. The Liberal Party was accused by Labour of being a party of the elite, and by Reform of having socialist sympathies – between the two, many predicted that the Liberals would continue to decline. Several leadership changes – back to Ward in mid-1912, to William MacDonald and then Thomas Wilford in 1920, and to George Forbes in 1925 – failed to revive

2795-695: The group "the Young Maori Party's programme generated a basic division within Maori society between a relatively small educated elite and a predominantly illiterate mass of poor people". The membership of the Young Māori Party consisted primarily of younger Māori who had received a European-style education. Many were from the East Coast or the Bay of Plenty . Prominent members included James Carroll , Paraire Tomoana , Āpirana Ngata , Te Rangi Hīroa (who

2860-419: The history of Parliament, factions were formed around a number of different views – at one time, centralism and provincialism were the basis of factions, while at another time, factions were based on geographical region. Towards the 1880s, however, factions had gradually become stabilised along lines of liberalism and conservatism , although the line between the two was by no means certain. The key figure in

2925-573: The myth of European cultural superiority. They believed that the Party was mistaken in believing that if Māori adopted European ways, they would be treated as equals. Recently this perception has been revised by historians such as Ranginui Walker and James Belich , who emphasise the achievements of the Party, especially Ngata, and stress that their strategy of co-operation was effective in the context of its time. New Zealand Liberal Party The New Zealand Liberal Party ( Māori : Pāti Rīpera )

2990-459: The organization if the bargaining is not resulting in the demands each party wants. A union has the option to go on strike and the organization or employer can use a lockout. Strike authorizations votes are common to influence or threaten their employer in becoming more understanding. Whereas lockouts have the same effect on unions. Both parties have extreme ways to influence and can result in costly shutdowns for unions or employer. The Pullman Strike

3055-748: The party itself, United won a considerable victory, and formed a government in 1928. Later, United would reluctantly merge with Reform to counter the Labour Party. The result of this merger, the National Party , remains prominent in New Zealand politics. Both the National and the Labour Parties, the two main powers since 1936, claim to be the Liberal's successors. Key:    Liberal     Conservatives     Reform PM : Prime Minister LO : Leader of

3120-437: The party's fortunes. In June 1926, the Liberals were overtaken as the second-largest party and official opposition by Labour who won the 1926 by-election for Eden . Gradually, the Liberal Party's organisation decayed to the point of collapse. In 1927, a faction of the Liberal Party formed a new organisation, which was eventually named the United Party . To the considerable surprise of most observers, including many members of

3185-582: The party, the basis of their original success, were dying, and there was little innovation in the field of policy. In 1896, a splinter group formed the Radical Party , to advocate more "advanced" policies than Seddon's. In 1905, a similar group formed the New Liberal Party to push for more "progressive" policies, but this group was defunct by the time of the 1908 NZ general election. In 1906, Seddon died. Joseph Ward , his replacement (after

3250-429: The problem facing them, and attempted to counter it. As early as 1899, Seddon had founded the "Liberal and Labour Federation", an attempt to relaunch Ballance's old Liberal Federation with more support from workers. Later, Joseph Ward declared a "holiday" from socially progressive legislation, halting any changes that might drive away conservatives. The party also introduced runoff voting (second ballot), hoping to reduce

3315-427: The relationship that exists between managers and employees in regards to communications. In the pluralistic perspective it is accepted that conflict will arise between employees and organizations as there will be divergent opinions in some situations. In order to deal with the conflict that may arise between those in a labour relationship trade unions are used. Managers view trade unions as an inconvenience but respect

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3380-411: The state regulated labour relations . It was innovating in the areas of maximum hour regulations and compulsory arbitration procedures. Under the Liberal administration the country also became the first to implement a minimum wage and to give women the right to vote . The goal was to encourage unions but discourage strikes and class conflict. The impact was especially strong on the reform movement in

3445-540: The tone for a fair and equal workplace which forms the basis for cordial labor relations. Collective Bargaining is used to ensure all workers are represented equally and fairly. When collective bargaining is exercised within organizations, it is to address working conditions, terms of employment, and work relations. It can even include 'productivity bargaining' agreements between employers and workers in which changes to working practices are implemented in return for higher pay or job security. Such negotiations take place between

3510-606: The type of work, type and amount of remuneration, working hours, degrees of physical and psychological strain, as well as the degree of freedom and autonomy associated with the work." More specifically in a North American and strictly modern context, labor relations is the study and practice of managing unionized employment situations. In academia, labor relations is frequently a sub-area within industrial relations , though scholars from many disciplines including economics, sociology, history, law, and political science also study labor unions and labor movements. In practice, labor relations

3575-451: The unions' main objectives are; job security , suitable compensation for labor, job design, retraining and reskilling, and health and safety. No matter how strong the union is, there is often a mismatch between critical company decision-making and the union representatives' demands. However, to provide proper job security and suitable compensation for employees, agreements must be made between union representatives and employers. Unions have

3640-471: The well-educated and aristocratic land-owners and commercial magnates. It was this group that most strongly opposed the Liberal Party, denouncing its policies as an attempt by the unsuccessful to rob the prosperous. In power, the Liberals enacted a large number of social, health, and economic reforms. This was made possible by their unity – previously, reforms had stalled due to the need for long and complex negotiations to win support from individual MPs. Among

3705-434: The worker the ability to partake in building a fair and legal work environment. Collective bargaining can be traced back to the industrial revolution in the 18th-19th century. During this time, many jobs were lost to the ability of machines taking over. Because of this, people started to form organizations to protect their jobs and income. Thus, bringing about unions and, in turn, collective bargaining. Collective bargaining

3770-593: Was a founding member), and Maui Pomare . The most important concern of the group was the improvement of Māori health and welfare. Most members of the Party believed that in order to prosper, Māori needed to adopt European ways of life, particularly Western medicine and education. At times, especially earlier in their careers, they offended older and more traditional Māori by attempting to abolish traditional practices. Later they developed more sensitivity and tended to present Western ways as similar to pre-European traditions. Ngata in particular also realised that Māori culture

3835-468: Was correctly predicted that he would win considerable support from the public. An early clash between the Liberal Party's two wings came over the issue of women's suffrage . Ballance had been a strong supporter of the suffrage movement, having proclaimed his belief in the "absolute equality of the sexes", but Seddon was opposed. Considerable bitterness arose over the matter, with Stout and his allies strongly promoting suffrage despite Seddon's hostility. In

3900-502: Was defeated by Labour - Ratana candidate Tiaki Omana . The Party was widely admired by Pākehā , who saw their programmes as advancing the Māori race, and by contemporary Māori, who benefitted from their initiatives and admired their ability to work within Pākehā systems. From the 1970s, however, a new generation of activist Māori began to see the Young Māori Party as 'sell outs' who had swallowed

3965-537: Was in danger of being corrupted or swamped by European culture, and encouraged the revival of many Māori arts and crafts, such as kapa haka and carving. He also recorded many waiata and other forms of Māori literature, ensuring its preservation. As it was a group of like-minded politicians rather than a true party, the Young Māori Party did not survive the retirement, defeat and deaths of its members. Hiroa left parliament in 1914, and by 1930 Carroll and Pomare had both died. Ngata remained in parliament until 1943, when he

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4030-578: Was nervous about public toleration of the Liberals' pace of reforms. In 1895, Reeves resigned from his cabinet portfolio and became New Zealand's Agent-General (later High Commissioner) in the United Kingdom. Seddon also introduced a number of new welfare and pension measures, sometimes compared to the welfare reforms of the UK Liberal Party under Prime Minister H. H. Asquith in the United Kingdom . These measures eventually formed

4095-401: Was seen by many as having a controlling and autocratic style of management. Seddon had originally assumed the leadership on an interim basis, with a full caucus vote intended for a later date, but no such vote was ever held. Stout and his liberal colleagues challenged this, but were unsuccessful – although many in the party were uneasy about Seddon's views, Seddon himself was charismatic, and it

4160-519: Was taxation of large land holdings. Coupled with this, many of the early pioneer estate owners were dying and the estates were being divided amongst their often large families. Equal partibility was the norm amongst families of Irish and middle-class English backgrounds. The success of the small farm enterprises went hand-in-hand with the rapid development of dairy farming, underpinned by the invention of refrigerated shipping in 1882. The Advances to Settlers Act of 1894 provided low-interest mortgages, while

4225-398: Was the first organised political party in New Zealand. It governed from 1891 until 1912 . The Liberal strategy was to create a large class of small land-owning farmers who supported Liberal ideals, by buying large tracts of Māori land and selling it to small farmers on credit. The Liberal Government also established the basis of the later welfare state , with old age pensions , developed

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