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17-640: The Ural Cossack Host was a cossack host formed from the Ural Cossacks – those Eurasian cossacks settled by the Ural River . Their alternative name, Yaik Cossacks , comes from the old name of the river. They were also known by the names: The Yaik (Ural) Cossacks although speaking Russian and identifying themselves as being of primarily Russian ancestry also incorporated many Tatars into their ranks. According to Peter Rychckov some of these Tatars called themselves Bulgarians of Khazar origin, and

34-532: A commission which was to investigate and settle Cossack complaints and grievances, but his behaviour only antagonized them further. In reprisal, many were arrested, executed and outlawed. Pugachev appeared shortly after and managed to rally them to his cause. The Yaik Cossacks were renamed as part of the Ural Host after the rebellion. The Ural regiments later took part in Suvorov's Italian and Swiss expedition ,

51-580: The Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky expedition to Khiva . A census in 1723 showed 3,196 men fit for military service. Yaik Cossacks were the driving force in the rebellion led by Yemelyan Pugachev in 1773–1774. Their main livelihood was fishery and the taxation on it was a major source of friction between the Cossacks and the state. A revolt broke out in 1772, marked by the murder of General von Traubenberg . Traubenberg headed

68-663: The Cossack peoples who lived in the Russian Empire . Each stanitsa contained several villages and khutirs . An assembly of landowners governed each stanitsa community. This assembly distributed land, oversaw institutions like schools, and elected a stanitsa administration and court. The stanitsa administration consisted of an Ataman , a collection of legislators, and a treasurer . The stanitsa court made judgements regarding "petty criminal and civil suits". All inhabitants, except for non-Cossacks, were considered members of

85-1053: The Great Patriotic War of 1812 , the Russo-Turkish War , the November Uprising of 1830 and in the Crimean War . They also played a significant role in the Turkestan campaigns of the 1870s. In the Ural-Guryev operation of 1919–1920, the Red Turkestan Front defeated the Ural Army , which was formed from Ural Cossacks and other troops which rebelled against the Bolsheviks. During winter 1920, Ural Cossacks and their families, totaling about 15,000 people, headed south along

102-611: The Imperial Russian Army and for border patrol operations. Usually the hosts were named after the regions of their location. The stanitsa , or village, formed the primary unit of this organization. In the Russian Empire (1721-1917), the Cossacks constituted twelve separate hosts, settled along the frontiers: There was also a small number of the Cossacks in Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk , who would form

119-521: The Red Army 's Southern Front issued an order renaming the stanitsas to generic volosts , or counties. Local revolutionary committees assisted in this, passing resolutions in parallel to destroy the stanitsa as a social unit. The Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine lists the specific end date of the existence of the traditional stanitsa as 1920. Later in the Soviet Union, the term stanitsa

136-1464: The Yenisey Cossack Host and the Irkutsk Cossack Regiment of the Ministry of the Interior in 1917. Cossack hosts on Russian soil were disbanded in 1920, in the course of the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922 in a deliberate process of De-Cossackization to remove their identity. Cossacks who settled abroad continued to preserve the traditions of their hosts of origin (for example: the Triunited Don-Kuban-Terek Cossack Union ( Russian : Объединенный совет Дона, Кубани и Терека (ОСДКТ) ) founded in Istanbul in January 1921). Stanitsa A stanitsa or stanitza ( / s t ə ˈ n iː t s ə / ; Russian : станица [stɐˈnʲitsə] ), also spelled stanycia ( станиця [stɐˈnitsʲɐ] in Ukrainian ) or stanica ( станіца [stɐˈɲitsɐ] in Belarusian ),

153-603: The 1917 October Revolution in Russia, a new Soviet regime took power. Beginning in 1919, the Soviet regime pursued a policy of genocide and systematic repression against Cossacks known as De-Cossackization . The policy aimed at the elimination of the Cossacks as a distinct collectivity by exterminating the Cossack elite, coercing all other Cossacks into compliance and eliminating Cossack distinctness. As part of this policy,

170-576: The Soviet forces sought to erase Cossack administrative structures, especially of the Don Cossacks. The purpose of this was to "deny Cossacks any Don structure as a point of identification and to 'dilute' the Cossack population by appending portions of neighboring non-Cossack provinces". This included distinctly Cossack names for administrative units, as the Cossacks were fond of these names "as markers of their distinctiveness from peasants." The Soviets sought to erase these identities. On 20 April 1919,

187-457: The Ural and other cossack hosts. After 1907 a khaki-grey jacket was adopted for field uniform, worn with blue-grey breeches. The astrakhan hats and broad crimson/red trouser stripes of the peacetime uniform were however retained during World War I. Cossack host Each Cossack host consisted of a certain territory with Cossack settlements that had to provide military regiments for service in

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204-591: The conquest of the Volga from Kazan to Astrakhan, in 1577 Moscow sent troops to disperse pirates and raiders along the Volga (one of their number was Ermak ). Some of these fled southeast to the Ural River and joined the Yaik Cossacks. In 1580 they captured Saraichik together. By 1591 they were fighting for Moscow and sometime in the next century they were officially recognized. In 1717 they lost 1,500 men on

221-662: The eastern coast of the Caspian Sea towards Fort Alexandrovsk . Only a few hundred of them reached Persia in June 1920. The distinguishing colour of the Ural Host was crimson/red; worn on the cap bands, epaulettes and wide trouser stripes of a dark blue uniform of the loose-fitting cut common to the Steppe Cossacks. Individual regiments were distinguished by yellow numbers on the epaulettes. High fleece hats were worn on occasion with crimson cloth tops. No spurs were worn by

238-546: The first Yaik Cossacks, including these Tatars and Russians, existed by the end of the 14th century. These Tatars might be both Chuvash people and Mishari (Meschera in Russian, Mişär in Tatar language), the latter had not only Muslims and Jews, but Christians among them to facilitate their merge with Russians. Meschera were important on Don as well. Later, as Pushkin wrote, a lot of Nogai joined Yaik Cossacks. Twenty years after

255-412: The stanitsa. Non-Cossacks were required to pay a fee to use the local land owned by the stanitsa. The stanitsa was first an administrative unit in the 18th century. In the late 18th century, when the Cossack peoples largely lost their autonomy within the empire, they still kept self-governance at the level of the stanitsa; each stanitsa was still allowed to elect its own assembly. In the aftermath of

272-483: Was a historical administrative unit of a Cossack host , a type of Cossack polity that existed in the Russian Empire . The Russian word is the diminutive of the word stan ( стан ), which means "station" or "police district". It is distantly related to the Sanskrit word sthāna ( स्थान ), which means "station", "locality", or "district". The stanitsa was a unit of economic and political organisation of

289-590: Was used after 1929 to refer to rural settlements on former Cossack land that were governed by soviet councils . In modern Russia , the administration classifies a stanitsa as a type of rural locality in these federal subjects of Russia : The most populous stanitsa in modern Russia is Kanevskaya in Krasnodar Krai (44,800 people in 2005). Formerly, the most populous stanitsa was Ordzhonikidzevskaya in Ingushetia (61,598 people in 2010), but in 2016 it

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