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50-804: There are very many proposals for the location of the Yam Suph of Exodus. It may refer to Lake Timsah , which has since become part of the Suez Canal . Lake Timsah was in Lower Egypt, specifically in the Suez valley next to the Sinai Peninsula , and north of the Gulf of Suez . It could also be the Gulf of Aqaba , which is referred to as the yam suph in the Books of Kings (1 Kings 9:26). The Lake of Tanis,

100-587: A container ship called the Ever Given ran aground in the canal and blocked it. Today, the Canal is a vital link in world trade, and contributes significantly to the Egyptian economy; in 2009 the income generated from the canal accounted for 3.7% of Egypt's GDP. The Isthmus of Suez is considered the boundary between Africa and Asia. Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as

150-536: A Persian; setting out from Persia I conquered Egypt. I ordered to dig this canal from the river that is called Nile and flows in Egypt, to the sea that begins in Persia. Therefore, when this canal had been dug as I had ordered, ships went from Egypt through this canal to Persia, as I had intended." In the 7th century AD a town named " Kolzum " stood just north of the site of present-day Suez and served as eastern terminus of

200-591: A canal built by Amr ibn al-'As , linking the Nile River and the Red Sea . Kolzum's trade fell following the closure of the canal in 770 by the second Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur , to prevent his enemies in Arabia from accessing supplies from Egypt and the lands north of it. Nonetheless, the town benefited from the trade that remained between Egypt and Arabia. By 780 al-Mansur's successor al-Mahdi restored part of

250-691: A former coastal lagoon fed by the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, has also been proposed as the place Moses parted the waters. Heinrich Karl Brugsch suggested that the Reed Sea is Lake Bardawil , a large lagoon on the north coast of the Sinai Peninsula. More recently, Manfred Bietak and James K. Hoffmeier have argued for an identification with the Ballah Lakes. Hoffmeier equates the yam suph with

300-506: A fresh water supply to the area. It was also proposed to construct a halfway port at this point along the canal. The Ismailia section of the Suez Canal , which connected Lake Manzala to Lake Timsah, was completed in November 1862. Construction of the segment was completed with forced labor , which expanded the workforce to 18,000 men. The trench measured 50 feet (15 m) wide by four to six feet deep and connected Lake Timsah to

350-527: A prosperous town, until it was occupied and plundered by Bedouins . Arab geographer al-Dimashqi noted that Kolzum belonged to the Mamluk province of al-Karak at the time. To prevent Portuguese attacks against Egyptian coastal towns and the Red Sea port of Jeddah , Qansuh al-Ghawri , the last Mamluk sultan, ordered a 6,000-man force headed by Selman Reis to defend Suez in 1507, which in turn limited

400-639: A successor of the ancient city of Clysma , a major Red Sea port and a center of monasticism. The city's name is derived from a fuʿayl form of the Arabic word for ' liquorice ' (Arabic: سُوس , romanized:  sūs ). Darius the Great 's Suez Inscriptions were texts written in Old Persian , Elamite , Babylonian and Egyptian on five monuments erected in Wadi Tumilat, commemorating

450-511: Is a brackish lake that experiences significant variations in salinity. Human engineering projects have impacted salinity, with resulting changes in the lake's biota. Decreases in salinity were noted as early as 1871 following Suez Canal construction, and subsequent enlargement of the channel from the Nile and other construction projects increased the inflow of fresh water to the lake. The El-Gamil outlet serves as Lake Timsah's principal source of salt water. Timsah's main source of fresh water

500-777: Is a lake in Egypt on the Nile delta . It lies in a basin developed along a fault extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Gulf of Suez through the Bitter Lakes region. In 1800, a flood filled the Wadi Tumilat , which caused Timsah's banks to overflow and moved water south into the Bitter Lakes about nine miles (14 km) away. In 1862, the lake was filled with waters from the Red Sea , and became part of

550-733: Is considered the most affluent area in the city. The real estate there is significantly more expensive than any other district in the city. Its buildings have more modern architectural style than those in the El Arbaeen District. It includes the affluent neighbourhood of Port Tawfik, which directly overlooks the Suez Canal. Port Tawfik includes some old-style houses that date back to the era of English occupation. The district also includes two of Egypt's most important oil refineries; El-Nasr Petroleum Company and Suez Petroleum Company. Also, Suez Port , one of Egypt's main ports, lies within

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600-565: The Gulf of Suez . It could also be the Gulf of Aqaba , which is referred to as the yam suph in the Books of Kings ( 1 Kings 9:26 ). The Lake of Tanis, a former coastal lagoon fed by the Pelusiac branch of the Nile , has also been proposed as the place Moses parted the waters. Heinrich Karl Brugsch suggested that the Reed Sea is Lake Bardawil , a large lagoon on the north coast of the Sinai Peninsula . More recently, Manfred Bietak and James K. Hoffmeier have argued for an identification with

650-526: The Mediterranean Sea , which Kenneth Kitchen argues are acceptable locations for yam suf . More conjecturally, it has also been suggested that suph may be related to the Hebrew suphah ("storm") or soph ("end"), referring to the events of the Reed/Red Sea escape itself: The crossing of the sea signaled the end of the sojourn in Egypt and it certainly was the end of the Egyptian army that pursued

700-426: The Mediterranean Sea . Work began south of Lake Timsah in 1862-1863 as expansion continued on the northern segment. Forced labor was used during canal construction from March 1862 until Ismail Pasha outlawed the practice in 1864. As a result of the canal, waters from Lake Manzaleh flowed into Lake Timsah. Expansion continued on the northern segment until 1867 and on the southern segment until 1876. Lake Timsah

750-515: The Middle Kingdom of Egypt , and was expanded by Darius I . Suez Canal construction in the vicinity of Lake Timsah began in 1861 on the segment north of the lake. Initial preparations included the construction of sheds to house 10,000 workers, steam sawmills, and importation of large quantities of wheelbarrows and wooden planks. 3,000 laborers dug a channel ( Ismailia Canal ) from the Nile to Lake Timsah in 1861 and 1862, which brought

800-650: The Ottoman Navy to the Red Sea, after the siege of Diu in 1538, a Portuguese fleet was sent in 1541 to seek out and destroy the Ottoman navy. After capturing El Tor on the Egyptian coast, the fleet's commander Estevão da Gama gave the order to attack Suez, but failed to engage the Ottoman fleet as the Ottomans had received intelligence about the incoming attack beforehand. Instead, the Portuguese fleet spent

850-563: The Red Sea to prevent the Ayyubid garrison at Kolzum from accessing water. In response, Saladin's brother al-Adil had Husam ad-Din Lu'lu' build a naval fleet, which sailed to the southern port of Aidab to end Raynald's venture. By the 13th century, it was recorded that Kolzum was in ruins, as was Suez, which had gradually replaced the former as a population center. According to Muslim historians al-Maqrizi and al-Idrisi , Kolzum had once been

900-604: The Red Sea . The term was rendered as 'Red Sea' in the King James Version , the most widely utilized English translation of the Bible. More recently, alternative understandings of the term have been proposed for passages in which it refers to the crossing the Red Sea as told in Exodus 13–15 ; as such, yam suph is sometimes rendered as 'sea of reeds' or 'sea of seaweed' in modern translations, rather than as 'Red Sea'. If

950-635: The Suez Canal , and is the capital of the Suez Governorate . It has three ports: the Suez Port (Port Tewfik), al-Adabiya, and al-Zaytiya, and extensive port facilities. Together they form a metropolitan area , located mostly in Africa with a small portion in Asia . 29°58′N 32°33′E  /  29.967°N 32.550°E  / 29.967; 32.550 Railway lines and highways connect

1000-482: The Suez Canal . Lake Timsah lies within a depression that spans the isthmus between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The lowest points of the depression form shallow natural lakes, of which Timsah is one. The surface area of Lake Timsah covers 5.4 square miles. Most of the lake is marshy and depth rarely exceeds 3 feet (1 metre). It has been asserted that, in ancient times , Lake Timsah

1050-510: The Ballah Lakes. Hoffmeier equates yam suf with the Egyptian term pa-tjufy (also written p3 ṯwfy ) from the Ramesside period, which refers to lakes in the eastern Nile delta. He also describes references to p3 ṯwfy in the context of the Island of Amun, thought to be modern Tell el-Balamun . Reeds tolerant of salt water flourish in the shallow string of lakes extending from Suez north to

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1100-541: The Egyptian term pꜣ-ṯwfj "the papyrus marsh" from the Ramesside period , which refers to lakes in the eastern Nile Delta . He also describes references to pꜣ-ṯwfj in the context of the Island of Amun, considered modern Tell el-Balamun . Reeds tolerant of saltwater flourish in the shallow string of lakes extending from Suez north to the Mediterranean Sea , which Kenneth Kitchen argues are acceptable locations for yam suph. The Hebrew word yam means 'sea', and

1150-733: The Gulf of Suez. Ain Sokhna has numerous high-class sea resorts and is frequented by many tourists, Egyptians and foreigners, all over the year due to its warm weather. The district is also home to the Ain Sokhna Sea Port, one of Egypt's main sea ports operated by the Dubai-based DP World Company and the Al-Ataka Fishing Port, which is the city's main fish production port. In ancient times, there

1200-718: The Mamluk military's capabilities against the Ottomans in the Mediterranean Sea . Following the Ottoman conquest of Egypt at the beginning of the 16th century, Suez became both a major naval and trading station. The Ottoman fleets at Suez were instrumental in disputing control over Indian Ocean trade with the Portuguese. in the Red Sea in the 16th & 17th century. Campaigns against the Ottoman Empire. Yellow - Factories ( Mokha) Red - Allied Territorie or under influence. Dark Green - Campaigns of Adal. In trying to limit

1250-657: The Red Sea" (capitalized) at each occurrence, suggesting that the Israelites may have used an ancient trade route , but this is not reflected in other English translations and the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges argues that 'no definite road is meant'. Just after the death of Aaron : Continuing the wanderings in the Wilderness: The opening verse of the book of Deuteronomy has an occurrence of Suph on its own. Some translations, including

1300-799: The Second Temple was rebuilt (349 BCE), Nehemiah was one of the 120 members of the Men of the Great Assembly , a council which functioned over several generations and rejuvenated the Jewish Nation. They prayed successfully against Idolatry , composed the standard Jewish prayers and brought about the dramatic flowering of the Oral law , the primary repository of divine wisdom (see: Tanakh ). Lake Timsah Lake Timsah , also known as Crocodile Lake ( Arabic : بُحَيْرة التِّمْسَاح );

1350-693: The Septuagint, have taken this as an abbreviation for the full form, others not: Moses reviews the strategy after the initial failure to invade Canaan . As above: Looking back on the events of the Exodus: Testimony of Rahab to Joshua's spies before the conquest of Jericho : Joshua ’s speech to the troops shortly before the conquest of Jericho : In Joshua ’s final speech to the Israelites: King Solomon ’s fleet: Jeremiah bemoaned his own fate. Why had he been

1400-699: The Suez Canal Company, which had been run by the French and owned privately, with the British as the largest shareholders. In 1956, Israeli, British and French forces invaded the Suez Canal, which became known as the Suez Crisis . Following Israel's invasion and occupation of the Sinai Peninsula in the Six-Day War of 1967, the Canal was closed, and did not reopen until 1975. On March 23, 2021,

1450-521: The Suez Canal, following the Yom Kippur War with Israel. Suez was the first city to hold major protests against the government of Hosni Mubarak during the 2011 Egyptian revolution and was the scene of the first fatality of that uprising. On account of this, it has been called the Sidi Bouzid of Egypt, recalling that small town's role in the 2010–2011 Tunisian revolution . In 2021,

1500-756: The canal. The Qarmatians led by al-Hasan al-A'sam defeated a Fatimid army headed by Jawhar al-Siqilli at Kolzum in 971 and thereby captured the town. Following his defeat in Cairo by al-Siqilli at the end of that year, Hasan and his forces retreated to Arabia via Kolzum. Suez was situated nearby and served as a source of drinking water for Kolzum, according to the Arab traveler al-Muqaddasi , who visited in 986. The Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, Saladin , fortified both Kolzum and Suez in order to defend Egypt's eastern frontier from Crusader raids by Raynald of Chatillon . Between 1183 and 1184, Raynald had ships stationed in

1550-400: The city with Cairo , Port Said , and Ismailia . Suez has a petrochemical plant, and its oil refineries have pipelines carrying the finished product to Cairo. These are represented in the flag of the governorate: the blue background refers to the sea, the gear refers to Suez's status as an industrial governorate, and the flame refers to the petroleum firms of Suez. The modern city of Suez is

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1600-604: The city. Examples of neighborhoods in Faisal District include Al-Sabbah, Al-Amal and Al-Mushi, to name a few. It is characterised by the existence of many industrial areas. There are plants and factories specialising in fertilisers, cement, steel, cooking oil, flour products, oil rigs, ceramic tiles, sugar, and many other products. There is also the Attaka Power Plant. The district also includes Ain Sokhna, one of Egypt's most important sea resorts, overlooking

1650-484: The comparatively short distance between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the occurrence of a line of lakes or depressions which became lakes ( Lake Manzala in the north, and depressions, Timsah and the Bitter Lakes, part way along the route), and the generally flat terrain. The construction of the canal was proposed by the engineer and French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps , who in 1854 acquired from Said Pasha

1700-435: The container ship Ever Given became stuck across the Suez canal near Suez. This came to be known as the 2021 Suez Canal obstruction . The city is divided into five main districts: The most populous district of the city, it has most of the government buildings and public institutions. It also has the city's main fruit and vegetable markets in addition to other markets and stores selling various commodities. Suez district

1750-417: The fleeing Hebrews (Ex 14:23-29; 15:4-5). After this event at Yam Suph, perhaps the verb Soph, meaning "destroy" and "come to an end," originated (cf. Amos 3:15; Jer 8:13; Isa 66:17; Psa 73:19). Another possible development of this root is the word suphah , meaning "storm-wind"...The meanings "end" and "storm-wind" would have constituted nice puns on the event that took place at the Yam Suph. The occurrences of

1800-420: The lake is of economic importance to the city and its fishermen. Suez Suez ( / ˈ s uː . ɛ z / , Egyptian Arabic : السويس , romanized:  as-Suways , pronounced [esseˈweːs] ) is a seaport city (population of about 700,000 as of August 2021 ) in north-eastern Egypt , located on the north coast of the Gulf of Suez on the Red Sea , near the southern terminus of

1850-409: The lake. Samples included tilapia , crabs, bivalves , clams and gastropods . The results showed that crabs contained "significantly higher concentrations of both total and carcinogenic PAHs than other species, while clams contained significantly lower levels of PAHs." In 2003, a number of groups attempted to relieve the lake of pollution. It was a significant event for the local community, since

1900-614: The next 7 months in the Red Sea sailing from port to port and waiting in Massawa before eventually leaving for India. German explorer Carsten Niebuhr noted that in the 18th century a 20-strong fleet sailed annually from Suez to Jeddah , which served both as Mecca 's port and Egypt's gateway for trade with India. However, by the French invasion of Egypt and Syria in 1798, Suez had once again devolved into an unimportant town. Fighting between French and Ottoman troops in 1800 left most of

1950-560: The one chosen to not only foretell the horrors of destruction but to witness them, and even to be at the mercy of the brethren he had tried to save? But there is no doubt that the exiled Jews in Babylon found strength in his prophecy that there would be redemption and glory seventy years after the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. Jeremiah did not live to see his prophecy fulfilled, but many of those who had heard his prophecies were among

2000-406: The ones who returned with Ezra and Nehemiah to inaugurate the Second Temple. God's presence and lovingkindness are always near; one need but have open eyes and an open heart to see them: God's presence and lovingkindness are always near; one need but have open eyes and an open heart to see them: A song of God's creation and rulership of the world in general and Israel in particular: After

2050-1000: The opening of a canal between the Nile and the Bitter Lakes , to facilitate a shipping connection between Egypt, then a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire , and Persia (i.e. the greater portion of the Empire itself). Partial transliteration and translation of the inscription: Transliteration of the Old Persian text: xâmanišiya \ thâtiy \ Dârayavauš \ XŠ \ adam \ Pârsa \ amiy \ hacâ \ Pâ rsâ \ Mudrâyam \ agarbâyam \ adam \ niyaštâyam \ imâm \ yauviyâ m \ katanaiy \ hacâ \ Pirâva \ nâma \ rauta \ tya \ Mudrâyaiy \ danuvatiy \ ab iy \ draya \ tya \ hacâ \ Pârsâ \ aitiy \ pasâva \ iyam \ yauviyâ \ akaniya \ avathâ \ yathâ \ adam \ niyaštâyam \ utâ \ nâva \ âyatâ \ hacâ \ Mudrâ yâ \ tara \ imâm \ yauviyâm \ abiy \ Pârsam \ avathâ \ yathâ \ mâm \ kâma\ âha English translation: "King Darius says: I am

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2100-425: The perimeter of Suez District. This district stretches all the way to the border with Ismailia Governorate and contains the entire Asian territory of the city. It has all the rural areas of the city and can be thought of as the city's "countryside". It includes the newer neighbourhoods of the city. Most of the areas at Faisal District were established after the 1973 Yom Kippur war , which had destroyed vast areas of

2150-518: The rights of constructing and operating the canal for a period of 99 years. The Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez was formed. Construction took 11 years, and the canal opened on 17 November 1869. The canal had an immediate and dramatic effect on world trade. In July 1956, just a few days after the fourth anniversary of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , the Egyptian government under President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised

2200-523: The term are as follows: End of the eighth Plague of Egypt : Prologue to The Exodus : The Passage of the Red Sea . After the pursuing Egyptians have been drowned in "the waters" of "the sea": The Exodus continues: During God's further instruction to Moses after the Ten Commandments : In the wilderness, before the conquest of Canaan : The New King James Version translates "the Way of

2250-587: The town in ruins. Its importance as a port increased after the Suez Canal opened in 1869. The city was virtually destroyed during battles in the late 1960s and early 1970s between Egyptian and Israeli forces occupying the Sinai Peninsula . The town was deserted following the Six-Day War in 1967. Avraham Adan tried to capture the city but it failed, it cost the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) 80 troops killed, 120 wounded and 40 tanks destroyed. Reconstruction of Suez began soon after Egypt reopened

2300-516: The vowel is placed differently "Soph" could be translated "Sof" which means 'end' and this passage has also been translated as "Sea at the End." There are many proposals for the location of the yam suph of Exodus. It may refer to Lake Timsah , which has since become part of the Suez Canal . Lake Timsah was in Lower Egypt , specifically in the Suez valley next to the Sinai Peninsula , and north of

2350-409: The word suph by itself means 'reed', e.g. in Exodus 2:3 ; hence, a literal translation of yam suph —with the two words combined in construct state —yields 'sea of reeds'. This was pointed out as early as the 11th century by Rashi , who nonetheless identified the yam suph mentioned in the locust plague as the saltwater inlet located between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula —known in English as

2400-408: Was a canal from the Nile delta to the Gulf of Suez, when the gulf extended further north than it does today. This canal fell into disuse, and the present canal was built in the nineteenth century. The Suez Canal offers a significantly shorter passage for ships, as compared to passing round the Cape of Good Hope . The construction of the Suez Canal was favoured by the natural conditions of the region:

2450-513: Was annual Nile flooding until the Aswan High Dam interrupted these flows in 1966, although groundwater also accounts for much of the lake's freshwater supply. Lake Timsah experiences both stratification variations in salinity and seasonal surface variations in salinity, and in recent decades freshwater taxa have been overtaking brackish taxa. In 2002, a study was conducted to check the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish and shellfish species that locals consume from

2500-421: Was the northern terminus of the Red Sea . On March 4, 1863, the city of Ismailia , named in honor of the viceroy Ismail Pasha , arose on Lake Timsah's northern bank. Several beaches overlook the lake, including the Moslem Youth, Fayrouz, Melaha, Bahary , Taawen, and a few Suez Canal Authority beaches. Lake Timsah possibly first became a juncture for canal construction approximately 4,000 years ago during

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