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65-600: It was first established as Yanran at Shanyu Tai , southwest of present-day Urat Middle Banner , the northern slope of Lang Shan . This was later shifted to Hanhai a short period before it was changed to Anbei. The seat of governance remained there until the year 687. In 646 the Tang dynasty conquered the Xueyantuo and on 9 January 647, thirteen Tiele and Uyghur tribes surrendered to the Tang. Tang Taizong organized them into six commanderies and seven tributary prefectures under

130-1018: A mobile monastery-town, Örgöö was often moved to various places along the Selenge , Orkhon and Tuul rivers, as supply and other needs would demand. During the Dzungar wars of the late 17th century, it was even moved to Inner Mongolia . As the city grew, it moved less and less. The movements of the city can be detailed as follows: Shireet Tsagaan Nuur (1639), Khoshoo Tsaidam (1640), Khentii Mountains (1654), Ogoomor (1688), Inner Mongolia (1690), Tsetserlegiin Erdene Tolgoi (1700), Daagandel (1719), Usan Seer (1720), Ikh Tamir (1722), Jargalant (1723), Eeven Gol (1724), Khujirtbulan (1729), Burgaltai (1730), Sognogor (1732), Terelj (1733), Uliastai River (1734), Khui Mandal (1736), Khuntsal (1740), Udleg (1742), Ogoomor (1743), Selbe (1747), Uliastai River (1756), Selbe (1762), Khui Mandal (1772) and Selbe (1778). In 1778,

195-591: A monastic rule, Internal Rule of the Grand Monastery or Yeke Kuriyen-u Doto'adu Durem . For example, in 1797 a decree of the 4th Jebtsundamba forbade "singing, playing with archery, myagman, chess, usury and smoking"). Executions were forbidden where the holy temples of the Bogd Jebtsundama could be seen, so capital punishment took place away from the city. In 1839, the 5th Bogd Jebtsundamba moved his residence to Gandan Hill, an elevated position to

260-480: A settlement of the "Mongolian question" along Qing-era lines, but before this settlement could be put into effect, Khüree was occupied by the troops of Chinese warlord Xu Shuzheng , who forced the Mongolian nobles and clergy to renounce autonomy completely. The city changed hands twice in 1921. First, on 4 February, a mixed Russian/Mongolian force led by White Russian warlord Roman von Ungern-Sternberg captured

325-599: Is an extinct volcanic field on the northern slopes of the Khangai Mountains. The mountains feed the rivers Orkhon , Selenge , Ider , Zavkhan and the lakes Orog and Böön tsagaan. In the west, the Khangai mountains transition into the Great Lakes Depression . The Khangai mountain region is known for its mild microclimates in certain areas. Winters there are not as harsh as in other parts of

390-405: Is brought down by its cold winter temperatures even though it is significantly warm from late April to early October. The city lies in the zone of discontinuous permafrost , which means that building is difficult in sheltered locations that preclude thawing in the summer, but easier on more exposed ones where soils fully thaw. Suburban residents live in traditional yurts that do not protrude into

455-418: Is much frequented by merchants from China and Russia, and other places. By Zanabazar's death in 1723, Urga was Mongolia's preeminent monastery in terms of religious authority. A council of seven of the highest-ranking lamas ( Khamba Nomon Khan , Ded Khamba and five Tsorj ) made most of the city's religious decisions. It had also become Outer Mongolia's commercial center. From 1733 to 1778, Urga moved around

520-412: Is surrounded by Töv Province , whose capital Zuunmod lies 43 kilometres (27 mi) south of the city. With a population of just over 1.6 million as of December 2022 , it contains almost half of the country's total population. As the country's primate city , it serves as its cultural, industrial and financial heart and the center of its transport network . The city at its establishment in 1639

585-478: Is the capital and most populous city of Mongolia . It has a population of 1.6 million, and it is the coldest capital city in the world by average yearly temperature. The municipality is located in north central Mongolia at an elevation of about 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) in a valley on the Tuul River . The city was founded in 1639 as a nomadic Buddhist monastic centre, changing location 28 times, and

650-729: The Community of Democracies , and has also lent its name to the Ulaanbaatar Dialogue on Northeast Asian Security. Chinggis Khaan International Airport in Ulaanbataar was opened to the public on 4 July 2021. Since the 2010s Ulaanbaatar has seen a construction boom filling the city with high-rise offices and apartment blocks. Since 2013, a number of landmark buildings and structures have been demolished in Ulaanbaatar, despite considerable public outcry. This includes

715-476: The Gobi Desert to Kalgan , and southeast over the mountains to Peking. Urga was also a collection point for goods coming from further west. These were either sent to China or shipped north to Russia via Kyakhta, because of legal restrictions and the lack of good trade routes to the west. By 1908, there was a Russian quarter with a few hundred merchants and a Russian club and informal Russian mayor. East of

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780-659: The Jimi system . The six commanderies were Hanhai (翰海府), Jinwei (金微府), Yanran (燕然府), Youling (幽陵府), Guilin (龜林府), and Lushan (盧山府). The seven prefectures were Gaolan (皐蘭州), Gaoque (高闕州), Jilu (雞鹿州), Jitian (雞田州), Yuxi (榆溪州), Dailin (蹛林州), and Douyan (竇顏州). Collectively these were known as the "Cantian Khan Circuit." On 10 April the Yanran Protectorate was created at the foothills of the Shanyu Plateau, southwest of present-day Urad Middle Banner , and governorship of

845-770: The Keraites , a Nestorian Christian monarch whom Marco Polo identified as the legendary Prester John , is said to have had his palace here (the Black Forest of the Tuul River) and forbade hunting in the holy mountain Bogd Uul. The palace is said to be where Genghis Khan stayed with Yesui Khatun before attacking the Tangut in 1226. During the Mongol Empire (1206–1368) and Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1635)

910-561: The Khutugtu 's subjects". In 1761, a second amban was appointed for the same purpose, a Manchu one. A quarter-century later, in 1786, a decree issued in Peking gave right to the Urga ambans to decide the administrative affairs of Tusheet Khan and Setsen Khan territories. With this, Urga became the highest civil authority in the country. Based on Urga's Mongol governor Sanzaidorj's petition,

975-638: The Qianlong Emperor officially recognized an annual ceremony on Bogd Khan Mountain in 1778 and provided the annual imperial donations. The city was the seat of the Jebtsundamba Khutugtus, two Qing ambans, and a Chinese trade town grew "four trees" 4.24 km (2.63 mi) east of the city center at the confluence of the Uliastai and Tuul rivers. By 1778, Urga may have had as many as ten thousand monks, who were regulated by

1040-457: The Siberian anticyclone , Ulaanbaatar is the coldest national capital in the world, with a monsoon -influenced, cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk , USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 3b ). Aside from precipitation and from a thermal standpoint, the city is on the boundary between humid continental ( Dwb ) and subarctic ( Dwc ). This is due to its 10 °C (50 °F) mean temperature for

1105-541: The Uyghur Khaganate (745–840) built their capital Ordu-Baliq in the region. The tallest mountain is Otgontenger ( lit. "Youngest sky"), which is about 4,000 metres tall. It is revered by the Mongols and state ceremonies are held there. Otgontenger is considered sacred by ancient Turks . Suvraga Khairkhan , 3,117 metres tall, is another sacred mountain to the east of Tsetserleg . Taryatu-Chulutu

1170-662: The 13 tribes was handed over to the protector general, Li Suli (李素立), who served from 647 to 649. In 650, the Tang set up Wolf Mountain Prefecture where the Karluks lived under the jurisdiction of Hanhai. On 5 February 663 the Yanran Protectorate (on the northern bank of the Wujia River ) was renamed Hanhai Protectorate. In 663, the Yunzhong Protectorate was created from Hanhai. The Yunzhong Protectorate

1235-474: The 1910s estimated the population of Urga at 60,000, based on Nikolay Przhevalsky 's study in the 1870s. The city's population swelled during the Naadam festival and major religious festivals to more than 100,000. In 1919, the number of monks had reached 20,000, up from 13,000 in 1810. In 1910, the amban Sando went to quell a major fight between Gandan lamas and Chinese traders started by an incident at

1300-594: The 2010s, a construction boom has been ongoing, leading to many high-rise apartment and office blocks in the inner core as well as new settlement areas. Sükhbaatar Square , in the government district, is the center of Ulaanbaatar and contains in the middle a statue of revolutionary hero Damdin Sükhbaatar on horseback; and in the north side a statue of Chinggis Khan . To the north is the Government Palace , while Peace Avenue ( Enkh Taivny Urgon Chuloo ),

1365-529: The Chanyu Protectorate and killed the adjutant Zhang Xingshi. In 686, the status of the Chanyu Protectorate was downgraded to zhenshou shi (defense commissioner). In 687 the seat of Anbei was moved to the east of Tsetserleg , then Tongcheng southeast of Ejin Banner (one source gives this a date of 685), then Xi'an northwest of Minle and southeast of Zhangye . In 698 the seat was moved to

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1430-714: The Da Yi Yu shop in the Baruun Damnuurchin market district. He was unable to bring the lamas under control, and was forced to flee back to his quarters. In 1911, with the Qing dynasty in China headed for total collapse, Mongolian leaders in Ikh Khüree for Naadam met in secret on Mount Bogd Khan Uul and resolved to end 220 years of Manchu control of their country. On 29 December 1911, the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu

1495-748: The Hengsai settlement, Guo Ziyi resettled the army near modern Urad Front Banner in 755 and renamed it Da'an and then Tiande Army . Following the An Lushan Rebellion from 755-763, the Chanyu and Anbei protectorates lost any real authority and survived in name only. Due to the taboo of An Lushan's name, the Anbei Protectorate was renamed the Zhenbei Protectorate in 757, which meant "Protectorate General to Suppress

1560-710: The Khangai mountains: Arkhangai (North Khangai) and Ovorkhangai (South Khangai). The mild climate area where the two provinces meet (in eastern Khangai) is known as the cradle of Mongolian and nomadic civilization. The plains at the foot of the eastern Khangai host the Orkhon Valley World Heritage Site . The Xiongnu capital Luut Khot (Lungcheng), the Xianbei capital Ordo and the Rouran capital Moomt (Mume) are said to have been located there. Later empires also established their capitals there: e.g.

1625-563: The Natural History Museum, and stated that the government planned to renovate them instead. Ulaanbaatar is located at about 1,350 metres (4,430 ft) above mean sea level , slightly east of the center of Mongolia, on the Tuul River , a sub- tributary of the Selenge , in a valley at the foot of the mountain Bogd Khan Uul . Bogd Khan Uul is a broad, heavily forested mountain rising 2,250 metres (7,380 ft) to

1690-683: The North." In 758, it was relocated to Western Shouxiang city. The Chanyu Protectorate came under control of the Zhenwu Jiedushi (758-764). In 840 a group of Uyghurs attacked the Tiande Army. In 843 the Chanyu Protectorate was renamed back to Anbei Protectorate. Khangai Mountains The Khangai Mountains ( / k ə ŋ ˈ ɡ aɪ / kəng-GY ) form a range in central Mongolia , some 400 km (250 mi) west of Ulaanbaatar . Two provinces of Mongolia are named after

1755-922: The White Gate at Nisekh in September 2013, the Victims of Political Persecution Memorial Museum in October 2019, the Natural History Museum in December 2019, Buildings #3 and #6 of the National University of Mongolia , and the main building of the University of Finance and Economics in 2023. The 2019 Mongolian government budget originally included items for the demolition of a number of historic neoclassical buildings in

1820-403: The bones of which are found abundantly around Ulaanbaatar. A number of Xiongnu -era royal tombs have been discovered around Ulaanbaatar, including the tombs of Belkh Gorge near Dambadarjaalin monastery and tombs of Songinokhairkhan. Located on the banks of the Tuul River , Ulaanbaatar has been well within the sphere of Turco-Mongol nomadic empires throughout history. Wang Khan , Toghrul of

1885-734: The city moved from Khui Mandal and settled for good at its current location, near the confluence of the Selbe and Tuul rivers, and beneath Bogd Khan Uul , at that time also on the caravan route from Beijing to Kyakhta . One of the earliest Western mentions of Urga is the account of the Scottish traveller John Bell in 1721: What they call the Urga is the court, or the place where the prince (Tusheet Khan) and high priest (Bogd Jebtsundamba Khutugtu) reside, who are always encamped at no great distance from one another. They have several thousand tents about them, which are removed from time to time. The Urga

1950-515: The city was 659 millimetres or 25.94 inches at the Khureltogoot Astronomical Observatory on Mount Bogd Khan Uul. Ulaanbaatar has an average annual temperature of 0.2 °C or 32.4 °F, making it the coldest capital in the world (almost as cold as Nuuk , Greenland , but Greenland is not independent). Nuuk has a tundra climate with consistent cold temperatures throughout the year. Ulaanbaatar's annual average

2015-600: The city was eventually settled. With the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the city was a focal point for independence efforts, leading to the proclamation of the Bogd Khanate in 1911 led by the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, or Bogd Khan , and again during the communist revolution of 1921 . With the proclamation of the Mongolian People's Republic in 1924, the city was officially renamed Ulaanbaatar and declared

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2080-604: The city was named Ulaanbaatar Khot ( lit.   ' Red-Hero City ' ). During the socialist period , especially following the Second World War , most of the old ger districts were replaced by Soviet-style blocks of flats , often financed by the Soviet Union. Urban planning began in the 1950s, and much of the city core today is a result of construction between 1960 and 1985. The Trans-Mongolian Railway , connecting Ulaanbaatar with Moscow and Beijing,

2145-682: The city, freeing the Bogd Khan from Chinese imprisonment and killing a part of the Chinese garrison. Baron Ungern's capture of Urga was followed by the clearing out of Mongolia's small gangs of demoralized Chinese soldiers and, at the same time, looting and murder of foreigners, including a vicious pogrom that killed off the Jewish community . On 22 February 1921, the Bogd Khan was once again elevated to Great Khan of Mongolia in Urga. However, at

2210-413: The city. Much of these new arrivals settle in ger districts without plumbing, sanitation, central heating, and basic services. This rise in population, including the formation of new settlement areas, has not been accompanied with appropriate investment in infrastructure and services, hampering development and causing a myriad of problems. Ulaanbaatar was the scene of riots in 2008 after supporters of

2275-479: The control of Soviet Russia. On 29 October 1924, the town was renamed Ulaanbaatar . On the session of the 1st Great People's Khuraldaan of Mongolia in 1924, a majority of delegates had expressed their wish to change the capital city's name to Baatar Khot ( lit.   ' Hero City ' ). However, under pressure from Turar Ryskulov , a Kazakh Soviet activist of the Communist International ,

2340-533: The country's capital. Modern urban planning began in the 1950s, with most of the old ger districts replaced by Soviet-style flats . In 1990, Ulaanbaatar was the site of large demonstrations that led to Mongolia's transition to democracy and a market economy . Since 1990, an influx of migrants from the rest of the country has led to an explosive growth in its population, a major portion of whom live in ger districts, which has led to harmful air pollution in winter. Governed as an independent municipality , Ulaanbaatar

2405-548: The country. Because of strong winter inversions which have become known as a singularity of the mesoclimate of Mongolia (Gavrilova 1974) the Khangai tends to be some 10°C warmer than the surrounding areas. It is likely that even the highest mountain tops are some 5°C warmer than the sub-Khangai basins. Ulaanbaatar Ulaanbaatar ( / ʊ ˌ l ɑː n ˈ b ɑː t ər / ; Mongolian : Улаанбаатар , pronounced [ʊˌɮaːɴ‿ˈpaːʰtə̆r] , lit.   ' Red Hero ' ), previously anglicized as Ulan Bator ,

2470-531: The heart of Ulaanbaatar, including the Natural History Museum , Opera and Ballet House , Drama Theatre and National Library . The decision was met by a public outcry and criticism from the Union of Mongolian Architects, which demanded that the buildings be preserved and restored. In January 2020, culture minister Yondonperenlein Baatarbileg denied that the government intended to demolish buildings other than

2535-460: The imperial capital Karakorum) in what is now Burd sum , Övörkhangai , around 230 kilometres (143 miles) south-west from the present site of Ulaanbaatar, and was intended by the Mongol nobles to be the seat of Zanabazar , the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu . Zanabazar returned to Mongolia from Tibet in 1651, and founded seven aimags (monastic departments) in Urga, later establishing four more. As

2600-534: The main town was the Russian consulate, built in 1863, with an Orthodox church, a post office and 20 Cossack guards. It was fortified in 1900 and briefly occupied by troops during the Boxer Rebellion . There was a telegraph line north to Kyakhta and southeast to Kalgan and weekly postal service along these routes. Beyond the Russian consulate was the Chinese trading post called Maimaicheng , and nearby

2665-528: The main, natural route from the capital region of Karakorum to the birthplace and tomb of the Khans in the Khentii mountain region ( Ikh Khorig ) passed through the area of Ulaanbaatar. The Tuul River naturally leads to the north-side of Bogd Khan Mountain, which stands out as a large island of forest positioned conspicuously at the south-western edge of the Khentii mountains. As the main gate and stopover point on

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2730-589: The majority of delegates voted in favor of renaming the capital of Mongolia to Bator-khoto ("City of the Hero," or "City of the Hero," implicitly referring to the figure of Genghis Khan). Nevertheless, at the insistence of the Comintern representative, Soviet-Kazakhstan political figure T. R. Ryskulov , who previously had no connection to Mongolia, the city was named Ulan Bator Khoto ("City of the Red Hero") [14]. After

2795-425: The month of May. The city features brief, warm summers and long, bitterly cold and dry winters. The coldest January temperatures, usually at the time just before sunrise, are between −36 and −40 °C (−32.8 and −40.0 °F) with no wind, because of temperature inversion . Most of the annual precipitation of 267 millimetres (10.51 in) falls from May to September. The highest recorded annual precipitation in

2860-556: The name of the city was spelled Ulaanbaatar koto during the decade in which Mongolia used the Latin alphabet . Human habitation at the site of Ulaanbaatar dates from the Lower Paleolithic , with a number of sites on the Bogd Khan , Buyant-Ukhaa and Songinokhairkhan mountains, revealing tools which date from 300,000 years ago to 40,000–12,000 years ago. These Upper Paleolithic people hunted mammoth and woolly rhinoceros ,

2925-641: The old town of Yunzhong to the northwest of Horinger. In 708 the seat of Anbei was moved to the Western Shouxiang city near modern Wuyuan County, Inner Mongolia . In 714 the Chanyu Protectorate was revived in Yunzhong while Anbei was re-located to the Middle Shouxiang city, near modern Baotou . In 749 the seat was moved to the military settlement of Hengsai, near modern-day Urad Middle Banner. Due to unfavorable farming conditions near

2990-419: The opposition parties disputed the ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party 's claim of victory after the parliamentary elections . A four-day state of emergency was declared, the capital was placed under a curfew, and alcohol sales banned with no further riots taking place. This was the first deadly riot in modern Ulaanbaatar's history. In April 2013, Ulaanbaatar hosted the 7th Ministerial Conference of

3055-472: The palace of the Manchu viceroy. With the growth of Western trade at the Chinese ports, the tea trade to Russia declined, some Chinese merchants left, and wool became the main export. Manufactured goods still came from Russia, but most were now brought from Kalgan by caravan. The annual trade was estimated at 25 million rubles, nine-tenths in Chinese hands and one-tenth in Russian. The Moscow trade expedition of

3120-474: The revolutionary steadfastness of the Mongolian people in their struggle for independence. In the Western world, Ulaanbaatar continued to be generally known as Urga or Khuree until 1924, and afterward as Ulan Bator Russian : Улан-Батор , romanized :  Ulan-Bator . This form was defined two decades before the Mongolian name got its current Cyrillic spelling and transliteration (1941–1950); however,

3185-413: The riverine forest of the Tuul River is composed of broad-leaved, deciduous poplars , elms and willows . Ulaanbaatar lies at roughly the same latitude as Vienna , Munich , Orléans and Seattle . It lies at roughly the same longitude as Chongqing , Hanoi and Jakarta . Owing to its high elevation, its relatively high latitude, its location hundreds of kilometres from any coast, and the effects of

3250-482: The route to and from the holy Khentii mountains, the Bogd Khan Mountain saw large amounts of traffic going past it and was protected from early times. Even after the Northern Yuan period it served as the location of the annual and triannual Assembly of Nobles ( Khan Uuliin Chuulgan ). Founded in 1639 as a yurt monastery as Örgöö ( lit.   ' palace- yurt ' ), the settlement was first located at Lake Shireet Tsagaan nuur (75 kilometres (47 miles) directly east of

3315-456: The same time that Baron Ungern was taking control of Urga, a Soviet-supported Communist Mongolian force led by Damdin Sükhbaatar was forming in Russia, and in March they crossed the border. Ungern and his men rode out in May to meet Red Russian and Red Mongolian troops, but suffered a disastrous defeat in June. In July 1921, the Communist Soviet-Mongolian army became the second conquering force in six months to enter Urga, and Mongolia came under

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3380-435: The secular government and the Bogd Khan 's palace present, the city's name was changed to Niĭslel Khüree ( Mongolian : ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ; Нийслэл Хүрээ , lit.   'Capital Khüree'). When the city became the capital of the new Mongolian People's Republic on 29 October 1924, its name was changed to Ulaanbaatar ( lit.   ' Red Hero ' ). At the meeting of the 1st Great People's Khural in 1924,

3445-605: The soil. Extreme temperatures in the city range from −43.9 °C (−47.0 °F) in January 1957 to 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in July 1988. The city's inner core consists of a central district built in 1940s- and 1950s-style Soviet architecture, surrounded by and mingled with residential concrete towerblocks and large ger districts . Starting after the fall of communism, many of the towerblocks' ground floors were modified and upgraded to small shops, and many new buildings have been erected—some illegally, as some private companies erect buildings without legal licenses/permits. Since

3510-414: The south of Ulaanbaatar. It forms the boundary between the steppe zone to the south and the forest-steppe zone to the north. Traditionally, Ulaanbaatar is said to be surrounded by four peaks, clockwise from west: Songino Khairkhan, Chingeltei, Bayanzurkh, and finally Bogd Khan Uul. The forests of the mountains surrounding Ulaanbaatar are composed of evergreen pines, deciduous larches and birches , while

3575-406: The vicinity of its present location. In 1754, the Erdene Shanzodba Yam ^ of Urga was given authority to supervise the administrative affairs of the Bogd's subjects. It also served as the city's chief judicial court. In 1758, the Qianlong Emperor appointed the Khalkha Vice General Sanzaidorj as the first Mongol amban of Urga, with full authority to "oversee the Khuree and administer well all

3640-417: The vote, he gave a speech: Genghis Khan was a national hero, but he was a conqueror. Present-day People's Mongolia has no imperialistic goals; it wants to liberate itself and develop independently, along revolutionary lines. Therefore, the name Ulaanbaatar-Khoto will be a revolutionary name, and it will be understandable to everyone. The prefix Ulan ("red") gives this name a revolutionary character, symbolizing

3705-522: The way for the new constitution of 1992 and the dissolution of the Mongolian People's Republic . Since Mongolia's transition to a market economy in 1990, the city has experienced rapid growth. From a population of 535,000 in 1990, it had grown to 1 million inhabitants by 2007, and 1.5 million by 2021, or about half the entire country's population. Much of this rapid population rise is attributed to migration from rural areas, as herder families abandon their traditional lifestyles in search of opportunities in

3770-544: The west of the Baruun Damnuurchin markets. Part of the city was moved to nearby Tolgoit. In 1855, the part of the camp that moved to Tolgoit was brought back to its 1778 location, and the 7th Bogd Jebtsundamba returned to the Zuun Khuree. The Gandan Monastery flourished as a center of philosophical studies. Following the Treaty of Kyakhta in 1727, Urga (Ulaanbaatar) was a major point of the Kyakhta trade between Russia and China – mostly Siberian furs for Chinese cloth and later tea. The route ran south to Urga, southeast across

3835-521: Was a major site of demonstrations that led to Mongolia's transition to democracy and market economy in 1990 . Starting on 10 December 1989, protesters outside the Youth Culture Center called for Mongolia to implement perestroika and glasnost in their full sense. After months of large-scale demonstrations and hunger strikes, the governing Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party resigned on 9 March 1990. The provisional government announced Mongolia's first free elections , which were held in July 1990, paving

3900-417: Was completed in 1956, and cinemas, theaters, museums and other modern facilities were erected. Most of the temples and monasteries of pre-socialist Khüree were destroyed following the anti-religious purges of the late 1930s. The Gandan monastery was reopened in 1944 when the U.S. Vice President Henry Wallace asked to see a monastery during his visit to Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar and chiefly Sükhbaatar Square

3965-420: Was declared ruler of an independent Mongolia and assumed the title Bogd Khan. Khüree as the seat of the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu was the logical choice for the capital of the new state. However, following the tripartite Kyakhta agreement of 1915 , Mongolia's status was effectively reduced to mere autonomy. In 1919, Mongolian nobles, over the opposition of the Bogd Khan, agreed with the Chinese resident Chen Yi on

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4030-439: Was permanently settled at its modern location in 1778. During its early years, as Örgöö (anglicized as Urga ), it became Mongolia's preeminent religious centre and seat of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu , the spiritual head of the Gelug lineage of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia . Following the regulation of Qing-Russian trade by the Treaty of Kyakhta in 1727 , a caravan route between Beijing and Kyakhta opened up, along which

4095-540: Was referred to as Örgöö ( Mongolian : ᠥᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡ ; Өргөө , lit.   'Palace'). This name was eventually adapted as Urga in the West. By 1651, it began to be referred to as Nomiĭn Khüree ( Mongolian : ᠨᠣᠮ ‍ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ; Номын хүрээ , lit.   'Khüree of Wisdom'), and by 1706 it was referred to as Ikh Khüree ( Mongolian : ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ; Их хүрээ , lit.   'Great Khüree'). The Chinese equivalent, Dà Kùlún ( Chinese : 大庫倫 , Mongolian : Да Хүрээ ),

4160-404: Was renamed to Chanyu Protectorate in 664 and located northwest of Horinger and south of Hohhot . In August 669 the Hanhai Protectorate was renamed the Protectorate General to Pacify the North, otherwise known as the Anbei Duhufu. In 679, Ashide Wenfu and Ashide Fengzhi rebelled against the Chanyu Protectorate and backed Ashina Nishufu as their khagan. In 683, Ilterish Qaghan besieged

4225-407: Was rendered into Western languages as Kulun or Kuren . Other names include Bogdiin Khuree ( Mongolian : ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ; Богдын хүрээ , lit.   'The Bogd 's Khüree'), or simply Khüree ( Mongolian : ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ; Хүрээ , romanized :  Küriye ), itself a term originally referring to an enclosure or settlement . Upon independence in 1911 , with both

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