( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis )
75-856: The Xueyantuo were an ancient Tiele tribe and khaganate in Northeast Asia who were at one point vassals of the Göktürks , later aligning with the Tang dynasty against the Eastern Göktürks . Xue 薛 appeared earlier as Xinli 薪犁 in Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian , vol. 110 but were not referred to again until the 7th century. Golden (2011) proposed that 薛 Xue's Old Turkic form Sir derived from Sanskrit Śrī "fortunate, auspicious" The etymology of Yantuo 延陀
150-576: A barrier against the Xueyanto, in an attempt to distract them from the territorial competition in the west. Among the Göktürk nobles, Ashina Simo was selected as the qaghan ( Qilibi Khan ) with his capital at the border. The plot failed, as he was unable to gather his people, many of his tribesmen having escaped to the south by 644 after a series of unsuccessful incursions by the Xueyantuo supported by
225-499: A conflict at Dunhuang . In 611, Shekui, a qaghan from Tashkent and grandson of Tardu, attacked Chuluo and forced him to escape to China. The return of Shekui marked the end of the rebellion, although exactly when the rebels were put down is uncertain. One Chinese account indicated that the Gaochang kingdom still remained under their vassal until the year 612. They were most likely subdued after this year as Shekui restored order in
300-544: A generic name for Inner Asians (whether Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking). Only in modern era do modern historians use term Turks to describe an ethno-cultural collection of various Turkic groups. In 546 the remainder of the Fufuluo, now called Tiele, rebelled and were defeated by Bumin Khan at Dzungaria . Around 250,000 of them were then incorporated into his army. In 552, Bumin Khan sent his army and defeated Anagui just north of
375-458: A long time. The younger daughter said: "Our father put us here, wanting to give us to Heaven. Now this wolf came here, it is probably a heavenly being, sent by Heaven." She was about to descend and approach the wolf but her elder sister said in horror: "This is a beast! Do not bring disgrace to our parents." The younger sister did not listen to her, she descended and became the wolf's wife and gave birth to children. Later on, they multiplied and formed
450-644: A new Xueyantuo Khaganate. This Xueyantuo Khaganate was quickly recognized by the Tang Empire, as a counterweight against its enemy Eastern Türkic Khaganate. "Raising Yi'nan on Kagan throne was done under pressure from the Tang court interested in stripping El-kagan of the rights to the supreme power in the huge region, and also in final dismemberment of the Türkic state, a source of many conflicts on their northern borders." Xueyantuo provided military service by assisting
525-561: A siege on Istijab . But although Yukuk got no help from Tulo tribes he managed to defeat them. After this victory, Yukuk tried to regain Tulo support. But Tulo leaders rejected his proposal. Yukuk, feeling insecure without tribal support, escaped to Kunduz (in modern Afghanistan ) in 642. He then conquered Tuhuoluo (吐火羅; i.e. Bactrian-speaking Tokharoi or Tocharians ) and attacked Yiwu in 642, which had by now been converted into Tang's Yi Prefecture (伊州), although his attacks were repelled by
600-664: A state. This is why their people like to sing long-songs with a drawn-out voice, similar to the howling of wolves. In 391 the Rouran chief, Heduohan (曷多汗) was killed by the Tuoba Northern Wei . Heduohan's brother Shelun raided several tribal dependencies of the Tuoba in retaliation, but reportedly suffered a serious defeat in 399, and was forced to flee westward. Here Shelun defeated the Hulu (斛律) tribe and subjugated them. With
675-716: Is certain that a large number of them were captured. After the event, a message was sent to the north to appease the restless Tiele. In 669 similar unsuccessful revolts had been made by the Xueyantuo, but the details of these are vague. The last revolt was mentioned in 686, led by the Pugu and Tongluo to join with the Ashina clan, who had formed the Second Turkic Khaganate under Ilterish Qaghan in 682. They were immediately suppressed by an army dispatched from Juyan . A number of them were moved to that region along with
750-500: Is contested. The epitaph of Shatuo leader Li Keyong states that his clan's progenitor was "Yidu, Lord of the Xueyantuo country, an unrivaled general" (益度、薛延陀國君、無敵將軍). However, Chinese chroniclers also traced the Shatuo's origins to a Tiele chief named * Bayar (拔也 Baye ) ~ * Bayïrku (拔也古 Bayegu ) or Western Turkic Chuyue 處月 (often identified with Chigils ). ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) The surname of Xueyantuo's khans
825-432: Is much debated. It was first identified with Tarduš , one of two divisions, besides Töliš , of the short-lived Xueyantuo Qaghanate, by Western Orientalists (like Vilhelm Thomsen ) who considered Töliš and Tarduš to be tribal names. The ethnonym is thus reconstructable as Syr-Tardush . However, Chinese scholars viewed Töliš and Tarduš as names of political organizations or districts: for example, Cen Zhongmian viewed
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#1732766220573900-800: Is uncertain, although modern Chinese historian Bo Yang lists their surname as "Yishi" in his edition (also known as the Bo Yang Edition ) of the Zizhi Tongjian , but without citing a source. It is possible that Bo was influenced by the Tongdian , which refers to the Xueyantuo surname as Yilitu 壹利吐, Yiliduo 一利咄 as in Cefu Yuangui , Yilidie 壹利咥 as in New Book of Tang . Li Keyong 's epitaph also records his alleged Xueyantuo ancestor's name as Yidu 益度. According to Cen Zhongmian,
975-473: Is unclear, perhaps due to the Chinese repression of the surrounding tribes during the campaigns. Two years later the revolts were suppressed by the Chinese at the upper Selenge River around Khangai . The battle was short, and a massacre was said to be committed by the two leading commanders. According to one exaggerated account from Tang Huiyao around 900,000 surrendered tribesmen were slaughtered, though it
1050-643: The Alans were probably erroneously added. By the end of the 6th century nothing more was known about them. Those tribes in the eastern areas (north of China and near Lake Baikal), such as the Guligan (骨利干), Duolange (多览葛) Xijie (奚结) and Baixi (白霫) were being rewarded afterward, though a few like the Fuluo (覆罗), Mengchen (蒙陈) and Turuhe (吐如纥) disappeared. Fuluo (覆羅) were possibly linked to the 伏利(具) Fuli(-ju) in Book of Sui ,
1125-852: The Gaochang kingdom (likely by the Tuin River of the Govi-Altai range . Early on a Fufuluo clan known as the Yizhan (which had lived there since the mid 2nd century) allied with the Touba. In 481, the Fufuluo began to interfere with the Gaochang and deposed one of their kings. The Fufuluo were then subjugated by the Rouran Khaganate . After the death of the Rouran ruler Yucheng in 485 CE, his belligerent son Dulun fought more wars against
1200-587: The Hephthalites , kindred steppe nomads, for the first time extended their domain as far as Karashahr , where Qiongqi was killed and his son Mietu (弥俄突) was taken hostage . After 507, the Hephthalites uninterruptedly sent eighteen embassies with gifts (朝献/朝贡) to the Chinese courts (twelve to Northern Wei , three to the Liang dynasty , two to Western Wei and one to Northern Zhou ), as opposed to only one in 456. Like Peroz I and his son Kavadh I earlier in
1275-657: The Tuyuhun . Earlier, when Apa was captured, Nili took over from him, but he died after the defeat of Tardu in the east. His son Heshana Khan succeeded him in the Western Qaghanate, levying heavy taxes on the Tiele. To prevent a revolt he gathered several hundreds of chiefs and murdered them. In 605 an alliance among the Tiele under the Qibi (契苾) and Xueyantuo (薛延陀) tribes was formed to overthrow him. They captured most of
1350-577: The Chinese border. Two years before his death, he eliminated the remnants of the Rouran to the north and subjugated the Tiele. According to Suishu , the Tiele consisted of over 40 tribes divided into seven locations: The ancestors of the Tiele were the descend[a]nts of the Xiongnu. There were many clans among the Tiele, who were compactly distributed along the valley from the east of the Western Sea. Although there were so many different names of
1425-700: The Chinese capital. The remaining rebellious Göktürks formed the Second Turkic Eastern Qaghanate under Ilteris Sad and his 5,000 supporters. They were mostly active in the southern region bordering China at mount Čoγay (总材山). Over the decade they held countless raids across the Chinese border. Yukuk Shad Yukuk Shad (r. 638–642, died 653) reigned in the final days of the Western Turkic Khaganate . His name Yukuk means " owl ", according to Gumilyov , or means "venerable", according to Gabain . His full title
1500-575: The Chinese. In 679 a major rebellion was led by three Göktürk nobles . Among them, Ashina Nishufu (阿史那泥熟匐), a direct descendant of Illig, was chosen as their qaghan. They were quickly subdued by the Chinese and their leader was betrayed and killed by his own troops. The rest of the Göktürks managed to escape and allied themselves with Ashina Funian (阿史那伏念) for a new rebellion. Funian declared himself qaghan in 681, but his revolt did not succeed and more than fifty participants were executed on November 16 at
1575-532: The Dzungaria and defeated his occupying army, taking several important cities, including Kumul , Karashahr and Gaochang , pushing Heshana Khan further west to the lower Ili River by 607. After victory, the Qibi chief Geleng (哥楞) was proclaimed as the qaghan by the tribes and the Xueyantuo chief Yiedie Khan as subordinate qaghan. At the same year Geleng allied with the Chinese to defeat the Tuyuhun to resolve
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#17327662205731650-607: The Gaoche comprised six tribes and twelve clans (姓). The Gaoche are probably remnants of the ancient Red Di . Initially they had been called Dili. Northerners take them as Chile. Chinese take them as Gaoche Dingling. Their language, in brief, and Xiongnu [language] are the same yet occasionally there are small differences. Or one may say that they [Gaoche] are the junior relatives of the Xiongnu in former times. The Gaoche migrate in search of grass and water. They dress in skins and eat meat. Their cattle and sheep are just like those of
1725-551: The Kaghanate to a status even more powerful than the times of Datan. During these wars, a southwestern Gaoche tribal group known as the Fufuluo united twelve clans and rebelled, but were defeated by the Rouran. They escaped and established a state northwest of Gaochang in 487. From then on, little is known about the rest of the Gaoche until the Göktürks . The Fufuluo (副伏罗) were a Gaoche tribe of twelve clans, dwelling close to
1800-793: The Northern Wei before they were defeated on June 16, 429. Afterwards, as many as 1.5 million Gaoche were said to have been captured and settled to areas adjacent to the capital Pingcheng in the south. After this settlement they were called the Western Chile (西部敕勒), including a section of the Ordos Desert south of the Yellow River known as the Hexi Chile (河西敕勒), the Eastern Chile (东部敕勒), between Wuzhou (武周) and
1875-645: The Qarluq. This alerted the Chinese, and Wuhe was assassinated by a ruse upon receiving his uncle's position from the Chinese deputy in the north. Later Juluobo was detained by the Chinese. On November 17, Porun (婆闰) was granted his fathers title. Since their submission, the Tiele (mainly the Uyghur) had participated in several campaigns under Chinese leadership. Under the command of Ashina Sheer (阿史那社尔), Yuan Lichen (元礼臣), Gao Kan (高侃), Liang Jianfang (梁建方), Cheng Zhijie (程知节), Su Ding Fang and Xiao Siya (萧嗣业) this resulted in
1950-496: The Rouran went into a temporary decline. However, in 460 they launched new campaigns in the west, destroying the remnant of Northern Liang . During a campaign against Khotan in 470, the king wrote in his supplicatory letter to the Toba Emperor that all of the statelets in the west had submitted to the Rouran. In 472, Yucheng attacked Northern Wei across the western border. By the time of his death in 485, Yucheng had restored
2025-603: The Rouran, but the wheel of their carts are high and have very many spokes. The predecessors of Huihe were Xiongnu . Because, customarily, they ride high-wheeled carts. They were also called Gaoche during the Yuan Wei times, or also called Chile, mistakenly rendered as Tiele. One group known as the Eastern Gaoche (东部高车) probably dwelled from the Onon River to Lake Baikal (巳尼陂). However, their relationship with
2100-784: The Silk Road. Later, Xueyantuo leader Yshbara was installed as a lesser Kagan Yetir (yeti er "seven tribes"). In 610, Shekui (r. 610–617) ascended to the Western Turkic throne, both rulers renounced their Kagan ranks and rejoined the Western Türkic Khaganate. The next Western Türkic Tong-Yabgu-Kagan (r. 617–630) annexed all seven tribes of the Xueyantuo-headed Tiele confederation, which also included Uighur , Bayïrku, Ădiz , Tongra, Bugu and Barsil tribes. In 627 Xueyantuo leader led his tribes into
2175-724: The Tang Empire against the Tatars in the 630s. The Xueyantuo's vast khaganate spanned from the Altai Mountains to the Gobi Desert . On March 27, 630, the Xueyantuo allied with the Tang to defeat the Eastern Qaghanate in the Yin Mountains . Illig Qaghan escaped, but was handed over to the Tang by his subordinate qaghan on May 2. After Eastern Göktürk Illig Qaghan Ashina Duobi was defeated by Tang in 630,
2250-578: The Tang dynasty. Defeats by the advancing Tang troops had made their tribal allies lose confidence in them. The crisis deepened the next year when a coup d'état took place within the clan. On August 1, 646, the Xueyantuo were defeated by the Uyghur (Huihe, 回纥) and the Tang. The Xueyantuo's Duomi Khan , Bazhuo, was killed by the Uyghur. A Tang army led by the general Li Daozong , the Prince of Jiangxia, crushed
2325-405: The Tang emperor. He allied with his nephew Ashina Heluohu (阿史那贺逻鹘), choosing him as the leader of the raid on May 19. They were unsuccessful and over 40 rebels were executed. Heluohu was spared and expelled to the far south. After this incident, an arraignment was made on August 13. A deportation of all Goktürks north of Ordos was carried out, in an attempt to restore the puppet Eastern Qaghanate as
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2400-738: The Tang general Guo Xiaoke ( 郭孝恪 ). In 642, he began to suffer dissent within, as he was said to have hoarded the spoils from attacks on the Sogdian states of Kangju (康居) and Maymurgh (米 Mǐ ; on the Amu Darya near today Panjakent ) and refused to divide them with his subordinates, and when one of his generals, Ashina Nishou (阿史那泥熟) nevertheless seized some, Ashina Yugu executed him, causing Ashina Nishou's subordinate Huluwu (胡祿屋) to rebel. The rebels sought aid from Tang, and Emperor Taizong created El Kulug Shad 's son as Irbis Sheguy khagan. Yukuk initially prevailed in battle against Yipishekui Khan, but
2475-416: The Tiele tribes next to the Xueyantuo. Their name first appeared in 390 as Yuanhe (袁纥). Under the leadership of Pusa (菩萨), son of chief Tejian (特健), the Uyghur co-operated with the Xueyantuo to make a stand against the Eastern Qaghanate. Soon after his death, his successor Tumidu (吐迷度) formed a new alliance with the Chinese and turned against his former ally. Thereafter, Tumidu was granted a Chinese title like
2550-651: The Touba Northern Wei . After a disagreement, A-Fuzhiluo betrayed him, and in 487, together with his younger cousin Qiongqi (穷奇), they managed their clans of over 100,000 yurts to escape from the pursuing armies, led by Dulun and his uncle Nagai by defeating them. After they settled, he founded a statelet (also known as the A-Fuzhiluo kingdom) under the title of Ulu Beglik (候娄匐勒, based on an interpretation of Shiratori Kurakichi and Pulleyblank ). Like
2625-468: The Töliš-Tarduš division as east–west whereas Wang Jingru, citing New Book of Tang , viewed Töliš-Tarduš as north–south. Sergey Klyastorny (2003:305), apud Golden (2018), proposed that Xueyantuo transcribed * Sir-Yamtar ; in contrast to the tribal name Sir , [Ïšβara] Yamtar appeared as a personal name of one companion of Kül Tigin , mentioned the eponymous inscription in his memory. Tongdian records
2700-586: The West Turks was challenged by the leaders of the ten tribes collectively known as Onok . However, there was also a competition between the two wings of Onok; i.e., the Dulu and the Nushibi factions. Ishbara Tolis who became the khagan in 634 tried to increase his authority by the support of Nushibi. But his camp was raided and he had to escape to Fergana (in modern Uzbekistan ). But even after his escape,
2775-622: The Western Qaghanate. Failure to put down these uprisings led to a fatal division within the Gökturks ruling Ashina clan. Under the leadership of Zhenzhu Khan in 628, grandson of Yishibo, the Xueyantuo made their crossing over the Altai, and quickly founded a confederation with the rest of the Tiele at the east. The Xueyantuo founded a short-lived Qaghanate over the steppe under Zhenzhu Khan , his son Duomi Khan and nephew Yitewushi Khan ,
2850-516: The Xue tribe [Yantuo] live intermixed. Thus the appellation Xueyantuo. The Khagan clan's surname is Yilitu. For generations they have been a strong nation." The rulers of Xueyantuo claimed to be originally named Xue (薛/偰), and that the name of the tribe was changed to Xueyantuo after the Xue defeated and merged the Yantuo into their tribe. After Yishibo, the Xueyantuo founded a short-lived Qaghanate over
2925-665: The Xueyantuo effectively took over control of the Eastern Göktürks' former territory, at times submissive to the Tang and at times warring with the Tang and the subsequent khan of the Eastern Göktürks that Tang supported, the Qilibi Khan Ashina Simo. In 632 the Xueyantuo repulsed an army of Si Yabgu Qaghan from the Western Qaghanate, then subjugated the Qarluq at the Ulungur and Irtysh River , and then
3000-534: The Xueyantuo forces. The last Xueyantuo khan, the Yitewushi Khan Duomozhi, surrendered. Their remnants were destroyed two years later, on September 15. The Sir re-appeared later as [Al]tï Sir "Six Sir Tribes", subjects of the Latter Turk ruler Bilge Khagan ; Klyashtorny controversially proposed that Sir were precursors to Kipchaks . Xueyantuo's relationship with the later Shatuo Turks
3075-419: The Yenisei Kyrgyz tribes. In 634 one of their rivals, Dubu Qaghan (Ashina Shier), son of Chuluo Khan , who ruled much of the eastern half of the Western Qaghanate, was eliminated before escaping to the Tang dynasty. After that they maintained a friendly relationship with the Tang until 639, when a raid on the Tang capital was planned by the Gökturks under Ashina Jiesheshuai (阿史那结社率), who had been disparaged by
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3150-406: The aforementioned names are related to a variant of elteris . Duan Lianqin asserted that the name Yishibo (Yiedie Khan) can also be read interchangeably as Yedie (也咥). The Zizhi Tongjian , in the original, referred to one ethnic Xueyantuo general named Duomo, possibly the Yitewushi Khan (after he became a Tang general) by the family name of Xue —although the Tang Huiyao indicated that it was not
3225-408: The aid of a Hulu named Chiluohou (叱洛侯), Shelun conquered most of the Gaoche tribes and proclaimed himself Kaghan of the Rouran on March 11, 402. Many Gaoche, such as Chiluohou, were promoted to establish better control. During the reign of Shelun and his successor Datan , the Rouran pushed as far as the Issyk Kul , where they defeated the Wusun and drove them to the south. In the east they raided
3300-417: The border line between the Nushibi (the south of he river) and the Tulo (north of the river ) by the Ili river treaty in 638. Yukuk assumed the title Ilig Beg Tughluk Khagan and became the khagan of the north side. By 641, Yukuk consolidated most tribes between the Ili River and Siberia (including those not a part of Onok group) under his rule. In 642 he raided Samarkand (in modern Uzbekistan ) one of
3375-408: The campaigns of Former Yan and Dai in 357 and 363 respectively. However, the protagonists were also addressed as " Dingling " in the records of the Southern Dynasties . The name Gaoche ("high cart") was a nickname given by the Chinese. The Book of Jin , compiled by Fang Xuanling et al., listed Chile as the fifth of 19 Southern Xiongnu tribes (種). By the time of the Rouran domination,
3450-442: The capital suburbs, and the Northern Chile (北部敕勒), to the north and around the borders. The greater part of the latter two possibly fled back to the steppe and were not heard of after 524 and 445 respectively. The Western Chile (mainly the Hulu and Tiele related to Fufuluo's Qifuli (泣伏利) clan) being caused by a horse race, by which south and north were eventually assimilated. With the loss of numerous subjects and vital resources,
3525-427: The capture of Chebi Khan in 650 and the end of the Western Qaghanate in 657, except for a last campaign at Goguryeo which probably killed Porun. During those campaigns, visits would be paid to restrain the tribes. In 658 such a visit was repelled, a revolt broke out in 660 starting with the Sijie (思结), Bayegu (拔野古), Pugu (仆骨) and Tongluo (同罗), and it was joined by the other 5 tribes later. The reason for this revolt
3600-447: The clans, they were all called Tiele as a whole. There was no ruler among them, and they belonged to the Eastern and Western Türks separately. They lived in unsettled places, and moved along with the water and grass. They were good at shooting on horseback, and were fierce and cruel, especially greedy. They live on plundering. The clans close to the west do several kinds of cultivating, and breed more cattle and sheep than horses. Since
3675-413: The country, he erected a high platform and placed his two daughters on the top, saying: "Oh Heaven, please come and receive them yourself!" After three years, their mother wanted to bring them back but the Chanyu said: "You may not, their time is not up yet." After another year, there was an old wolf who guarded the platform day and night, howling. It dug a hole underneath the platform and would not leave for
3750-415: The court, and never stopped contact from that year. The original manuscript contains no punctuation, so different scholars read and reconstruct the ethonyms differently. The Tiele were a large tribal group, however it is unlikely they would have been under a unified leadership. References of the tribes in the remote areas west of the Pamir Mountains were sparse and mentioned only in passing, some tribes like
3825-435: The establishing of the Türk state, the Tiele help the Türks by participating in battles everywhere, and subdue all the groups in the North. [...] Their customs were mostly like those of the Türks . The differences were that the husband should stay in his wife’s family, and could not go home until the birth of his children. Also the dead were to be buried. In the third year of Daye (607), Tiele sent an envoy and tribute to
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#17327662205733900-500: The final decade, they helped the Eastern Wei to fight the Western Wei in a civil war. After defeat, the nobility surrendered to them. The term Tiele appeared in Chinese literature from the 6th century to 8th century, and most scholars agree that Tiele is simply different Chinese characters used to describe the same Turkic word as Chile, although some scholars disagree on what the specific original Turkic word may be: Tölöš ~ Töliš , Türk , or Tegreg ~ Tägräg . The name "Tiele"
3975-487: The last of which eventually surrendered to the Chinese. Shortly after 646, the Uyghur and the rest of the twelve Tiele chiefs (and subsequently the far-away Guligan and Dubo) arrived at the Chinese court. They were bestowed either with the title of commander-in-chief (都督 dudu ) or prefect (刺史 cishi ) under the loose control (羁縻 jimi ) of the northern protectorate or "pacificed north" (安北府), whose seat and name changed at certain times. The Uyghur were prominent among
4050-427: The later Qibi and Xueyantuo in 605, the Fufuluo divided their rule between north and south at Dzungaria . The Fufuluo allied with the Northern Wei in 490 and fought against the Rouran until 541 when they were dispersed by them. Shortly after the death of Dulun in 492, several important cities on the eastern route were taken by Fufuluo, separating the Rouran from the west. With the elimination of Rouran influence,
4125-424: The leaders of the ten tribes preferred a khagan from the Ashina house to maintain the delicate balance between the two wings. Yukuk's name was proposed by a certain Tun Tudun. Yukuk whose father's territory had long been lost readily accepted the invitation. But it soon turned out that although he was welcome by Dulu, Nushibi tribes opposed him. After a civil war between the two wings of the Onok, Ili River became
4200-420: The masses gradually dwindled and weakened. Until the beginning of Wude [era], there have been Xueyantuo, Qibi, Huihe, Dubo, Guligan, Duolange , Pugu, Bayegu, Tongluo, Hun, Sijie, Huxue, Xijie, Adie , Baixi, etc. scattered north of the [Gobi] desert . Tiele allied themselves in a rebellion against the Göktürks during the turmoil between 599 and 603. This might have already started as early as in 582, when rumor
4275-413: The name Yantuo was probably derived from Yundluɣ, and Xueyantuo can be reconstructed as Sir-Yundluɣ . Initially the Xue and the Yantuo were two separate tribes. Tongdian states that: "Xueyantuo is a splinter tribe from Tiele . In the time of Former Yan [emperor] Murong Jun , Xiongnu Shanyu Helatou led his tribe, numbering 35,000, to come surrender. Yantuo are probably their descendants. With
4350-399: The origin of Yantuo: "During the reign of Murong Jun in the Former Yan , the Xiongnu chanyu Helatou (賀剌頭, "the leader of the Alat tribe ") led his tribe of thirty-five thousand people and came to surrender. Yantuo people are probably their descendants." Based on this, Bao (2010) proposed that Yantuo people were the descendants of the Alat tribe , also known as Hala-Yundluɣ; therefore,
4425-561: The rebels refused to submit despite the defeats, and Yukuk eventually withdrew and took up position in former Tuhuoluo territory. New khagan initially attacked Yukuk and forced him to escape to Isfijab (Sayram in modern Kazakhstan ). They further laid a siege on Isfijab . But although Yukuk got no help from Tulu tribes he managed to defeat them. After this victory, Yukuk tried to regain Tulu support. But Tulu leaders rejected his proposal. Yukuk, feeling insecure without tribal support, escaped to Kunduz (in modern Afghanistan ) in 642. He spent
4500-465: The refuge of the Hephthalites. In 520, Chounu was repulsed by his younger brother Yifu (伊匐) who restored the realm. After his defeat, Chounu returned to the east, where he was killed in a coup in which the ruling clan of Yujiulu (郁久闾) was split into two factions. In 521, the Fufuluo penetrated into the Rouran territory, but were finally repulsed by 524. Thereafter, the Fufuluo suffered a series of defeats from Anagui before being annihilated in 541. During
4575-415: The rest of the Gaoche and its tribal components is unclear. The Book of Wei preserved the Gaoche's origin myth . According to legends, the Xiongnu Chanyu had two daughters, both extremely beautiful. The people of the country all thought them to be spirits. The Chanyu said: "How could I find husbands for my daughters! I am going to give them to Heaven." Thereupon, at a desolate place in the north part of
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#17327662205734650-425: The rest of the Tiele chiefs, and carried the title of qaghan among the other tribes, who now annually donated furs to the Chinese to fulfill their tax obligations. In 648, Tumidu was murdered by his nephew Wuhe (乌纥) and another tribesman named Juluobo (俱罗勃). Both were sons-in-law of the Chebi Khan , the ruler of the Eastern Qaghanate at the northern Altai, who now held hegemony over the surrounding tribes, including
4725-507: The same person, as it indicated that the Yitewushi Khan died during Emperor Taizong's reign. Tiele people The Tiele , also named Gaoche or Gaoju , were a tribal confederation of Turkic ethnic origins living to the north of China proper and in Central Asia , emerging after the disintegration of the confederacy of the Xiongnu . Chinese sources associate them with the earlier Dingling . The names "Chile" (敕勒) and "Gaoche" ( 高车 ) first appear in Chinese records during
4800-432: The seat of the protectorate under the jurisdiction of Ganzhou . Earlier during the rebellion contacts between the northern protectorate and the Chinese capital were cut off, and the only way to pass was through the area of Suzhou . After the disintegration of the Eastern Qaghanate in 630, many Göktürk nobles were resettled either at the Chinese border or in the capital. Some went on to participate in frontier campaigns for
4875-420: The steppe under Zhenzhu Khan , his son Duomi Khan and nephew Yitewushi Khan , the last of whom eventually surrendered to the Tang dynasty. In 605, Xueyantuo were attacked by the Western Türkic Chuluo Khagan . Consequently, they abandoned the Western Turks and established their own Khaganate under a leadership of Qibi tribe 's Yağmurčin Bağa-Qağan , retaining the control and income from the Turfan segment of
4950-568: The steppe. However, Lee & Kuang (2017) state that Chinese histories did not describe the Ashina-led Göktürks as descending from the Dingling or belonging to the Tiele confederation. The Tiele were ruled by the Göktürks during the mid 6th century and early 7th century. Many of their tribal chiefs were expelled and some were killed during this period. When Göktürks ' power peaked, at least 15 Tiele tribes were named: Tiele are originally Xiongnu's splinter stocks. As Tujue are strong and prosperous, all Tiele districts (郡) are divided and scattered,
5025-462: The territory of the Eastern Türkic Khaganate, defeated the main force of the Khaganate led by the son of the reigning Illig Qaghan , Yukuk Shad , and settled in the valley of river Tola in the Northern Mongolia. After the victory, Uighur leader Yaoluoge Pusa assumed a title huo xielifa ( Chinese : 活頡利發 * kat-elteber or * war-hilitber ) and split from the confederation, and in 629 the Xueyantuo Yinan-erkin declared himself Inčü Bilge-Khagan of
5100-461: The wealthiest cities of the Silk Road . But the distribution of loot between the tribes caused problems, and he lost the support of Tulo tribes. Nushibi tribes, supported by Tang China , saw this as a chance to overthrow Yukuk. They elected Irbis Seguy (Ilig Beg Shekuei Qaghan) as they khagan. This election meant the end of Onok union. Initially they attacked Yukuk and forced him to escape to Isfijab (Sayram in modern Kazakhstan ). They further laid
5175-452: The west, the Hephthalites helped Mietu. He returned to his realm and Biliyan (跋利延), the successor of A-Fuzhiluo, was overthrown by his tribesmen, while shortly paying tribute to the Touba. In 508, Yujiulü Futu attacked the Fufuluo and gained a victory, but was killed by Mietu on his course back. Later in 516, l , son of Futu, defeated Mietu, and in reprisal had him towed to death by a horse. The Fufuluo went for several years into exile under
5250-406: The west. Later on, Dulan took over his reign and in 599 he, together with Tardu, launched a civil war against his son Qimin , who sided with the Chinese. However, he was unsuccessful and was assassinated during his battles with the Chinese. His partner Tardu took over and launched a revolt against the Qaghanate. In 603 he was revolted against by the Tiele tribes, provoked by the Chinese, and fled to
5325-401: The 匐利(羽) Fuli(-yu) in Tanghuiyao and the Bökli-Çöligil (𐰋𐰇𐰚𐰲𐰃:𐰲𐰇𐰠𐰏𐰠) on Kul Tigin inscription. According to some researchers (Onogawa, 1940; Duan, 1988; Lung, 2011; Davis, 2008; Tang, 2009; etc.), the Göktürks ' leading Ashina clan were descended from the Tiele tribe by ancestral lineage. Like the Göktürks , the Tiele were probably one of many nomadic Turkic peoples on
5400-816: Was first interpreted as "Tölis" by Édouard Chavannes and Vilhelm Thomsen , but this was pointed out as inaccurate in 1937 by Cen Zhongmian, as Tölis applied to the Turkic title of official (突利失 Tulishi ) in the east that also came to be attached to the Xueyantuo qaghan. Some scholars (Haneda, Onogawa, Geng, etc.) proposed that Tiele , Dili , Dingling , Chile , Tele , & Tujue all transliterated underlying Türk ; however, Golden proposed that Dili , Dingling , Chile , Tele , & Tiele transliterated Tegrek while Tujue transliterated Türküt , plural of Türk . The appellation Türük ( Old Turkic : 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰) ~ Türk (OT: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚) (whence Middle Chinese 突厥 * dwət-kuɑt > * tɦut-kyat > standard Chinese : Tūjué )
5475-482: Was initially reserved exclusively for the Göktürks by Chinese, Tibetans, and even the Turkic-speaking Uyghurs . In contrast, medieval Muslim writers, including like Ottoman historians like Mustafa Âlî and explorer Evliya Çelebi as well as Timurid scientist Ulugh Beg , often viewed Inner Asian tribes, "as forming a single entity regardless of their linguistic affiliation" commonly used Turk as
5550-404: Was spread about a revolt in the north when a raiding campaign led Ishbara Qaghan away from the capital. Among the rivals of Ishbara in the west was Tardu, son of Istämi . He allied with Apa Khan, a qaghan at the northern Dzungaria and Khovd River, and declared himself independent. In 587 Baga Khan, heir of Ishbara, captured Apa with the help of the Chinese but died the next year on a campaign in
5625-560: Was 乙毗咄陆可汗 or Yipi Duolu Kehan ( Zuev 's reconstructed Old Turkic : * Yelbi Turuk Qaghan ). He was the son of Illig Qaghan , ruler of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and spent his early years there. In 627, he was assigned to suppress a rebellion around Tien shan but was defeated and fled. After the death of Tong of the Western Turkic Khanate in 628, the central authority of the khagans among
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