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124-455: 40°59′57″N 75°01′50″W  /  40.99926°N 75.03063°W  / 40.99926; -75.03063 This Warren County, New Jersey state location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in New Jersey is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Warren County, New Jersey Warren County is

248-403: A county located in the U.S. state of New Jersey . According to the 2020 census , the county was the state's 19th-most populous county , with a population of 109,632, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 940 (+0.9%) from the 2010 census count of 108,692, which in turn reflected an increase of 6,255 (+6.1%) from 102,437 counted at the 2000 census . The county is part of

372-427: A 16.1% margin over Joe Biden . In the 2009 gubernatorial election , Republican Chris Christie received 61% of the vote, defeating Democrat Jon Corzine , who received around 26%. In the 2013 gubernatorial election , Chris Christie received 72.6% of the vote, defeating Democratic challenger Barbara Buono , who received 25% of the vote. In the 2017 gubernatorial election , Republican Kim Guadango received 61.2% of

496-634: A consistently conservative county in local, state, and national elections, much like the neighboring counties of Sussex and Hunterdon. All of its state legislators and countywide elected officials are Republicans, as are the vast majority of municipal officials. As of June 1, 2024, there were a total of 87,537 registered voters in Warren County, of whom 35,756 (40.8%) were registered as Republicans , 23,346 (26.7%) were registered as Democrats and 26,938 (30.8%) were registered as unaffiliated . There were 1,497 voters (1.7%) registered to other parties. In

620-462: A far less costly victory. But he was motivated by revenge over patriot resistance at the Battles of Lexington and Concord and relatively heavy British losses, and he also felt that the colonial militia were completely untrained and could be overtaken with little effort, opting for a frontal assault. The famous order "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes" was popularized in stories about

744-442: A female householder with no husband present and 30.4% were non-families. Of all households, 25% were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.1. 23.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 30.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

868-438: A field strewn with dead and wounded comrades. This time, Pigot was not to feint; he was to assault the redoubt directly, possibly without the assistance of Howe's force. Howe advanced against Knowlton's position along the rail fence, instead of marching against Stark's position along the beach. The outcome of the second attack was very much the same as the first. One British observer wrote, "Most of our Grenadiers and Light-infantry,

992-499: A gap in the defense that Howe could have taken advantage of, had he pressed his attack sooner. They took positions along the breastwork on the northern end of the colonial position. Low tide opened a gap along the Mystic River to the north, so they quickly extended the fence with a short stone wall to the water's edge. Colonel Stark placed a stake about 100 feet (30 m) in front of the fence and ordered that no one fire until

1116-486: A landing party to set fire to the town. The smoke billowing from Charlestown lent an almost surreal backdrop to the fighting, as the winds were such that the smoke was kept from the field of battle. General Howe led the light infantry companies and grenadiers in the assault on the American left flank along the rail fence, expecting an easy effort against Stark's recently arrived troops. His light infantry were set along

1240-479: A letter of thanks written by George Washington, and statements from Colonel John Trumbull and Judge Thomas Grosvenor in Putnam's defense. Historian Harold Murdock wrote that Dearborn's account "abounds in absurd misstatements and amazing flights of imagination." The Dearborn attack received considerable attention because at the time he was in the middle of considerable controversy himself. He had been relieved of one of

1364-498: A more direct effect on his own career. He was dismissed from office just three days after his report was received, although General Howe did not replace him until October 1775. Gage wrote another report to the British Cabinet in which he repeated earlier warnings that "a large army must at length be employed to reduce these people" which would require "the hiring of foreign troops ". General Dearborn published an account of

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1488-468: A more rapid and resounding victory. However, the British leadership was excessively optimistic, believing that "two regiments were sufficient to beat the strength of the province". The artillery bombardment that was to have preceded the assault did not transpire because the field guns had been supplied with the wrong caliber of ammunition. Once in the field, Howe twice opted to dilute the force attacking

1612-565: A novel by Herman Melville . Colonel John Paterson commanded the Massachusetts First Militia, served in Shays' Rebellion , and became a congressman from New York . Lt. Col. Seth Read , who served under John Paterson at Bunker Hill, went on to settle Geneva, New York and Erie, Pennsylvania , and was said to have been instrumental in the phrase E pluribus unum being added to U.S. coins . George Claghorn of

1736-814: A plan on June 12. This plan began with taking the Dorchester Neck, fortifying the Dorchester Heights , and then marching on the colonial forces stationed in Roxbury. Once the southern flank had been secured, the Charlestown heights would be taken, and the forces in Cambridge driven away. The attack was set for June 18. On June 13, the Committee of Safety in Exeter, New Hampshire , notified

1860-523: A short, narrow isthmus known as the Charlestown Neck and extended about 1 mile (1.6 km) southeastward into Boston Harbor. Bunker Hill had an elevation of 110 feet (34 m) and lay at the northern end of the peninsula. Breed's Hill had a height of 62 feet (19 m) and was more southerly and nearer to Boston. The American soldiers were at an advantage due to the height of Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill, but it also essentially trapped them at

1984-730: A small band of Lenape raided the homes of local militia commanders, killing several members of the Swartout family and kidnapping other settlers during the Hunt-Swartout raid . In response to these aggressions, Jonathan Belcher , the colonial-era governor of the Province of New Jersey authorized that eight forts to be constructed along the Delaware River to defend the New Jersey frontier from such incursions, and authorized

2108-654: A tentative decision-maker, to his detriment. In the aftermath of the Battle of Long Island (1776), he again had tactical advantages that might have delivered Washington's army into his hands, but he again refused to act. Historian John Ferling maintains that, had General Gage used the Royal Navy to secure the narrow neck to the Charleston peninsula, cutting the Americans off from the mainland, he could have achieved

2232-1035: Is a part of Vicinage 13 of the New Jersey Superior Court (along with Somerset County and Hunterdon County ), which is seated at the Somerset County Courthouse in Somerville ; the Assignment Judge for Vicinage 15 is the Honorable Yolanda Ciccone. The Warren County Courthouse is in Belvidere . Law enforcement at the county level is provided by the Warren County Sheriff's Office and the Warren County Prosecutor's Office. Emergency services are provided by

2356-596: Is at 1,555 feet (474 m). Warren County has a humid continental climate ( Dfa / Dfb ). Average monthly temperatures in downtown Phillipsburg range from 29.0 °F (−1.7 °C) in January to 74.2 °F (23.4 °C) in July, while in Hackettstown they range from 27.0 °F (−2.8 °C) in January to 71.5 °F (21.9 °C) in July. The hardiness zones are 6a and 6b. Average temperatures in

2480-497: Is governed by the three-member Warren County Board of County Commissioners who are chosen at-large on a staggered basis in partisan elections with one seat coming up for election each year as part of the November general election. At an annual reorganization meeting held at the beginning of January, the board selects one of its members to serve as director and another as deputy director. In 2016, commissioners were paid $ 24,000 and

2604-541: Is part of the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ metropolitan statistical area in the Lehigh Valley . The 2010 United States census counted 108,692 people, 41,480 households, and 28,870 families in the county. The population density was 304.5 inhabitants per square mile (117.6/km ). There were 44,925 housing units at an average density of 125.9 per square mile (48.6/km ). The racial makeup

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2728-550: Is situated north of the terminal moraine; it runs north of Belvidere, to south of Great Meadows, then east to the north of Hackettstown. Towns such as Blairstown, Johnsonburg, Hope and Allamuchy are in the Kittatinny Valley The highest elevation is 1,600 feet (490 m) above sea level on the Kittatinny Ridge, at two areas just south of Upper Yards Creek Reservoir, west of Blairstown. The lowest point

2852-552: Is the confluence of the Delaware and Musconetcong rivers at the county's southern tip, at 160 feet (49 m) of elevation. The highest elevation on Allamuchy Mountain is 1,240 feet (380 m) on the ridge northeast of Allamuchy. On Jenny Jump Mountain the highest point is 1,134 feet (346 m) east of the Shiloh area or south of Interstate 80. Sunfish Pond has an elevation of 1,379 feet (420 m) and upper Yards Creek Reservoir

2976-681: Is the Musconetcong. Starting at Lake Musconetcong, the river divides the county from Morris and Hunterdon. This river drains the southern portion of the county and empties into the Delaware River near Warren Glen. Warren County is located in two valleys of the Great Appalachian Valley . The first is the Kittatinny Valley , which is in the northern part of the county, and the Lehigh Valley , which borders

3100-419: Is the only New Jersey county not a part of the combined statistical areas of either New York City or Philadelphia . The county's most populous municipality is Phillipsburg , with 15,249 residents at the time of the 2020 census while Hardwick Township had both the largest area, 37.92 square miles (98.2 km ), and the fewest people with 1,696 residents. Its county seat is Belvidere . Warren County

3224-430: The 2008 presidential election , John McCain carried Warren County by a 14% margin over Barack Obama , with Obama winning statewide by 15.5% over McCain. In the 2012 U.S. presidential election , Mitt Romney carried the county by a 15.4% margin over Barack Obama. In the 2016 U.S. presidential election , Donald Trump carried the county by a 25.3% margin over Hillary Clinton . In 2020 , Trump carried Warren County by

3348-420: The 47th Regiment of Foot and the 1st Marines, and the British were ready to march. Brigadier General Pigot's force were gathering just south of Charlestown village, and they were already taking casualties from sniper fire from the settlement. Howe asked Admiral Graves for assistance in clearing out the snipers. Graves had planned for such a possibility and ordered a carcass fired into the village, and then sent

3472-608: The County Clerk and County Surrogate (both elected for five-year terms of office) and the County Sheriff (elected for a three-year term). Constitutional officers of Warren County are: The county's prosecutor is James L. Pfeiffer of Pohatcong, who was nominated by Governor of New Jersey Phil Murphy and sworn into office in November 2019 after being confirmed by the New Jersey Senate . Warren County

3596-788: The Hudson River Valley and claimed all lands west of the Hudson River in the early 17th century. In the Quintipartite Deed of 1674 to 1702, the Province of New Jersey was divided by two lines, the Keith Line and the Coxe-Barclay line , which created the border of eastern Sussex county from the headwaters of the Pequannock River . The western border was the Delaware River . Later, after

3720-658: The Massachusetts Provincial Congress that a New Hampshire gentleman "of undoubted veracity" had overheard the British commanders making plans to capture Dorchester and Charlestown. On June 15, the Massachusetts Committee of Safety decided that additional defenses needed to be erected. General Ward directed General Israel Putnam to set up defenses on the Charlestown Peninsula, specifically on Bunker Hill. On

3844-787: The New Jersey Department of Transportation and 5.19 miles (8.35 km) by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission . Battle of Bunker Hill [REDACTED] United Colonies The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17, 1775, during the Siege of Boston in the first stage of the American Revolutionary War . The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts , which

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3968-784: The New York – New Jersey Highlands , also known as the Reading Prong. Around 450 million years ago, a chain of volcanic islands collided with proto North America . The chain of islands went over the North American Plate , creating the Highlands from the island rock and establishing the Great Appalachian Valley . The final collision was when the African Plate collided with the North American plate. That

4092-638: The North Jersey region of the state. The county borders the Delaware River and Easton, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley to its west, the New York City metropolitan area to its east, the Poconos to its northwest, and Hunterdon County to its south. Warren County constitutes part of the Allentown - Bethlehem -Easton, PA-NJ metropolitan statistical area in the Lehigh Valley and

4216-586: The Royal Scots Fusiliers not to fire until they could "see the white of their e'en." The phrase was also used by Prince Charles of Prussia in 1745, and repeated in 1755 by Frederick the Great , and may have been mentioned in histories with which the colonial military leaders were familiar. Whether or not it was actually said in this battle, it was clear that the colonial military leadership were regularly reminding their troops to hold their fire until

4340-483: The Battle of Bunker Hill (displayed in lede), was created as an allegorical depiction of the battle and Warren's death, not as an actual pictorial recording of the event. The painting shows a number of participants in the battle including a British officer, John Small , among those who stormed the redoubt, yet came to be the one holding the mortally wounded Warren and preventing a fellow redcoat from bayoneting him. He

4464-486: The British in any single encounter during the entire war. General Clinton echoed Pyrrhus of Epirus , remarking in his diary that "A few more such victories would have shortly put an end to British dominion in America." British dead and wounded included 100 commissioned officers, a significant portion of the British officer corps in America. Much of General Howe's field staff was among the casualties. General Gage reported

4588-421: The British of the need to hire substantial numbers of Hessian auxiliaries to bolster their strength in the face of the new and formidable Continental Army . Boston was situated on a peninsula at the time and was largely protected from close approach by the expanses of water surrounding it, which were dominated by British warships. In the aftermath of the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775,

4712-566: The British regulars passed it. Further reinforcements arrived just before the battle, including portions of Massachusetts regiments of Colonels Brewer, Nixon , Woodbridge , Little , and Major Moore, as well as Callender's company of artillery. Confusion reigned behind the Colonial lines. Many units sent toward the action stopped before crossing the Charlestown Neck from Cambridge, which was under constant fire from gun batteries to

4836-422: The British, most of them with grievous wounds; 20 died while held prisoner. The colonials also lost numerous shovels and other entrenching tools, as well as five out of the six cannons that they had brought to the peninsula. When news of the battle spread through the colonies, it was reported as a colonial loss, as the ground had been taken by the enemy, and significant casualties were incurred. George Washington

4960-410: The Charlestown Neck that would cut off the colonists' retreat, reducing the process of capturing the new redoubt to one of starving out its occupants. However, he was outvoted by the other three generals, who were concerned that his plan violated the convention of the time to not allow one's army to become trapped between enemy forces. Howe was the senior officer present and would lead the assault, and he

5084-922: The European continent into the colonies in the New World . After the Battle of Jumonville Glen in Fayette County, Pennsylvania on May 28, 1754, French colonists in North America armed several Native American tribes, who sided with the French. During the French and Indian War , a part of the Seven Years' War in North America , Sussex County often was raided by bands of Native Americans, including Lenape , Shawnee , and Iroquois . In 1756,

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5208-752: The Europeans brought with them. Many Native American populations were weakened from starvation due to the Little Ice Age, which was coldest during the 17th century. Their important corn, bean and squash crops failed due to spring frosts and early frosts in autumn. As the Native American population declined, more land was available for European settlement. All these factors made the Native American populations decline dramatically. Europeans purchased land known as land patents so Native Americans moved west to Ohio or Canada . The Dutch settled

5332-488: The Grenadiers, was fatally wounded. Pigot's attacks on the redoubt and breastworks fared little better; by stopping and exchanging fire with the colonists, the regulars were fully exposed and suffered heavy losses. They continued to be harried by snipers in Charlestown, and Pigot ordered a retreat after seeing what happened to Howe's advance. The regulars reformed on the field and marched out again, this time navigating

5456-639: The Massachusetts militia was shot in the knee at Bunker Hill and went on after the war to become the master builder of the USS Constitution , a.k.a. " Old Ironsides " , which is the oldest naval vessel in the world that is still commissioned and afloat. Notable British participants in the battle were: Lt. Col. Samuel Birch , Major John Small , Lord Rawdon , General William Howe , Major John Pitcairn and General Henry Clinton . John Trumbull 's painting, The Death of General Warren at

5580-649: The New Jersey Frontier Guard to man them. Several of these forts were little more than blockhouses, and others were personal homes that were fortified. The forts sprawled from present-day Phillipsburg through Belvidere . Blairstown , and along the eastern banks of the Delaware River to Port Jervis, New York . By the early 1800s, settlements in Phillipsburg , Hackettstown , Belvidere , and Washington in Warren County emerged as cornerstone communities of Sussex County . In 1824, Warren County

5704-579: The Warren County Public Safety Department and the county's municipal fire and police departments. Warren County falls entirely within the 7th congressional district. For the 118th United States Congress , New Jersey's 7th congressional district is represented by Thomas Kean Jr. ( R , Westfield ). The 22 municipalities of Warren County are represented by two separate legislative districts. Erik Peterson (R) Mike Inganamort (R) Warren County has long been

5828-427: The age of 18 living with them, 58.20% were married couples living together, 9.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.90% were non-families. 24.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.12. In the county, the population was spread out with 26.10% under

5952-468: The age of 18, 6.30% from 18 to 24, 31.30% from 25 to 44, 23.50% from 45 to 64, and 12.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 94.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.10 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 56,100, and the median income for a family was $ 66,223. Males had a median income of $ 47,331 versus $ 31,790 for females. The per capita income for

6076-517: The battle The Massachusetts Committee of Safety sought to repeat the sort of propaganda victory that it won following the battles at Lexington and Concord, so it commissioned a report of the battle to send to England. Their report, however, did not reach England before Gage's official account arrived on July 20. His report unsurprisingly caused friction and argument between the Tories and the Whigs , but

6200-475: The battle discouraged the British from any further frontal attacks against well defended front lines. American casualties were much fewer, although their losses included General Joseph Warren and Major Andrew McClary , the final casualty of the battle. The battle led the British to adopt a more cautious planning and maneuver execution in future engagements, which was evident in the subsequent New York and New Jersey campaign . The costly engagement also convinced

6324-531: The battle in Port Folio magazine years later, after Israel Putnam had died. Dearborn accused General Putnam of inaction, cowardly leadership, and failure to supply reinforcements during the battle, which subsequently sparked a major controversy among veterans of the war and historians. People were shocked by the rancor of the attack, and this prompted a forceful response from defenders of Putnam, including such notables as John and Abigail Adams. It also prompted Putnam's son Daniel Putnam to defend his father using

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6448-545: The battle of Bunker Hill. It is uncertain as to who said it there, since various histories, including eyewitness accounts, attribute it to Putnam, Stark, Prescott, or Gridley, and it may have been said first by one and repeated by the others. Modern scholarly consensus is nobody said it at the battle, it is a legend. It was also not an original statement. The idea dates originally to the general-king Gustavus Adolphus (1594–1632) who gave standing orders to his musketeers "never to give fire, till they could see their own image in

6572-430: The battle. He was later commemorated by the dedication of Fort McClary in Kittery, Maine . A serious loss to the Patriot cause, however, was the death of Joseph Warren . He was the President of Massachusetts' Provincial Congress, and he had been appointed a Major General on June 14. His commission had not yet taken effect when he served as a volunteer private three days later at Bunker Hill. Only 30 men were captured by

6696-472: The bow and arrow. Agriculture contributed to the rise of population density in areas where crops could be grown. The Lenape would tend their oval gardens during the spring and summer months. They fished with nets or by hand in the shallow rivers. The Lenape trapped game with deadfalls and snares. Problems developed in the early 17th century when the Little Ice Age began in North America . The late frost in May and June and early frosts in August or September, made

6820-433: The casualty counts alarmed the military establishment, and forced many to rethink their views of colonial military capability. King George 's attitude hardened toward the colonies, and the news may have contributed to his rejection of the Continental Congress' Olive Branch Petition , the last substantive political attempt at reconciliation. Sir James Adolphus Oughton , part of the Tory majority, wrote to Lord Dartmouth of

6944-416: The city. It also exposed the forces there to the possibility of being trapped, as they probably could not properly defend against attempts by the British to land troops and take control of Charlestown Neck. If the British had taken that step, they might have had a victory with many fewer casualties. The colonial fortifications were haphazardly arrayed; it was not until the morning that Prescott discovered that

7068-455: The colonial forces were generally well-managed, but the scene behind them was significantly disorganized, at least in part due to a poor chain of command and logistical organization. One commentator wrote: "it appears to me there never was more confusion and less command." Only some of the militias operated directly under Ward's and Putnam's authority, and some commanders directly disobeyed orders, remaining at Bunker Hill rather than committing to

7192-447: The colonial militia of some 15,000 men had surrounded the town and besieged it under the command of Artemas Ward . They controlled the only land access to Boston itself (the Roxbury Neck), but they were unable to contest British domination of the waters of the harbor. The British troops occupied the city, a force of about 6,000 under the command of General Thomas Gage , and they were able to be resupplied and reinforced by sea. However,

7316-432: The colonies, "the sooner they are made to Taste Distress the sooner will [Crown control over them] be produced, and the Effusion of Blood be put a stop to." About a month after receiving Gage's report, the Proclamation of Rebellion was issued in response. This hardening of the British position also strengthened previously weak support for independence among Americans, especially in the southern colonies. Gage's report had

7440-450: The command of William Prescott stealthily occupied Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill. They constructed a strong redoubt on Breed's Hill overnight, as well as smaller fortified lines across the Charlestown Peninsula . By daybreak of June 17, the British became aware of the presence of colonial forces on the Peninsula and mounted an attack against them. Two assaults on the colonial positions were repulsed with significant British casualties but

7564-419: The county seat of Belvidere have ranged from a low of 19 °F (−7 °C) in January to a high of 85 °F (29 °C) in July, although a record low of −17 °F (−27 °C) was recorded in January 1994 and a record high of 101 °F (38 °C) was recorded in July 1999. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.77 inches (70 mm) in February to 4.65 inches (118 mm) in July. The county

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7688-530: The county was $ 25,728. About 3.6% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over. The Bureau of Economic Analysis calculated that the county's gross domestic product was $ 3.7 billion in 2021, which was ranked smallest of the state's 21 counties and was a 3.6% increase from the prior year. The 22 municipalities in Warren County, with Census-designated places (CDPs) and other communities listed, are: Warren County

7812-517: The county was 94.54% White , 1.87% Black or African American , 0.11% Native American , 1.21% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 1.01% from other races , and 1.24% from two or more races. 3.66% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Among those residents listing their ancestry, 24.1% were of German , 19.7% Irish , 18.7% Italian , 9.8% English , 8.9% Polish and 4.4% American ancestry according to Census 2000. There were 38,660 households out of which 34.70% had children under

7936-423: The defense of Breed's Hill once fighting began. Several officers were subjected to court martial and cashiered after the battle. Once combat began, desertion was a chronic issue for the colonial troops. By the time of the third British assault, there were only 700–800 troops left, with only 150 in the redoubt. Colonel Prescott was of the opinion that the third assault would have been repulsed, had his forces in

8060-619: The earthworks and rail fences. The third attack succeeded, when the forces were arrayed in deep columns, the troops were ordered to leave all unnecessary gear behind, the attacks were to be at the point of the bayonet, and the flanking attack was merely a feint. Following the taking of the peninsula, the British had a tactical advantage that they could have used to press into Cambridge . General Clinton proposed this to Howe, but Howe declined, having just led three assaults with grievous casualties, including most of his field staff among them. The colonial military leaders eventually recognized Howe as

8184-446: The field, but they often acted quite independently. This was evident in the opening stages of the battle, when a tactical decision was made that had strategic implications. Colonel Prescott and his staff decided to fortify Breed's Hill rather than Bunker Hill, apparently in contravention of orders. The fortification of Breed's Hill was more militarily provocative; it would have put offensive artillery closer to Boston, directly threatening

8308-406: The following officer casualties in his report after the battle (listing lieutenants and above by name): Colonial losses were about 450 in total, of whom 140 were killed. Most of the colonial losses came during the withdrawal. Major Andrew McClary was technically the highest ranking colonial officer to die in the battle; he was hit by cannon fire on Charlestown Neck, the last person to be killed in

8432-411: The forward positions on Breed's Hill to support the embattled regiments. One colonial observer wrote to Samuel Adams afterwards, "it appears to me that there was never more confusion and less command". Some companies and leaderless groups of men moved toward the field; others retreated. They were running low on powder and ammunition, and the colonial regiments suffered from a hemorrhage of deserters. By

8556-430: The gates of hell." Prescott lived up to Willard's word, but his men were not so resolute. When the colonists suffered their first casualty, Prescott gave orders to bury the man quickly and quietly, but a large group of men gave him a solemn funeral instead, with several deserting shortly thereafter. It took six hours for the British to organize an infantry force and to gather up and inspect the men on parade. General Howe

8680-587: The growing of crops difficult. Cold weather also made big and small game more difficult to hurt, as some game animals would hibernate. Also nut crops from oak, hickory, beech, walnut, butternut, and chestnut, failed at times; making the supply of these nuts scarce. Rivers froze early, and water became cold fast; so fishing became impossible. The Native populations had declined after epidemics of infectious diseases, for which they had no acquired immunity . Native American populations were separated from Europe for thousands of years and had no immunity to these diseases that

8804-435: The harbor to fire on the colonial position, along with batteries atop Copp's Hill in Boston. The barrage had relatively little effect, as the hilltop fortifications were high enough to frustrate accurate aiming from the ships and far enough from Copp's Hill to render the batteries there ineffective. The shots that did manage to land, however, were able to kill one American soldier and damage the entire supply of water brought for

8928-540: The head Commissioner had an annual salary of $ 25,000. As of 2024 , Warren County's Commissioners are (with terms for director and deputy director ending every December 31): No Democrat has been elected to countywide office since 1997. Pursuant to Article VII Section II of the New Jersey State Constitution , each county in New Jersey is required to have three elected administrative officials known as "constitutional officers." These officers are

9052-409: The land across the water from Boston contained a number of hills which could be used to advantage. Artillery could be placed on the hills and used to bombard the city until the occupying army evacuated it or surrendered. It was with this in mind that Henry Knox led the noble train of artillery to transport cannon from Fort Ticonderoga . The Charlestown Peninsula to the north of Boston started from

9176-502: The landing areas and were being ferried back to Boston, while the wounded lying on the field of battle were the source of moans and cries of pain. Howe sent word to Clinton in Boston for additional troops. Clinton had observed the first two attacks and sent around 400 men from the 2nd Marines and the 63rd Foot , and followed himself to help rally the troops. In addition to these reserves, he convinced around 200 walking wounded to form up for

9300-608: The lands were taken over by the British , colonial-era New Jersey was divided into two parts, East Jersey and West Jersey . In the 17th century, the area of present-day Warren County was part of Burlington County , which emerged as one of the Thirteen Colonies in British America prior to the mid-18th century American Revolution . The area became Hunterdon County in 1714. In 1739, the area of Warren County

9424-457: The left flank, where they used a crude dirt wall as a breastwork and topped it with fence rails and hay. They also constructed three small v-shaped trenches between this dirt wall and Prescott's breastwork. Troops that arrived to reinforce this flank position included about 200 men from the 1st and 3rd New Hampshire regiments under Colonels John Stark and James Reed . Stark's men did not arrive until after Howe landed his forces, and thus filled

9548-495: The moment of presenting themselves lost three-fourths, and many nine-tenths, of their men. Some had only eight or nine men a company left." Pigot's attack did not enjoy any greater success than Howe, and he ordered a retreat after almost 30 minutes of firing ineffective volleys at the colonial position. The second attack had failed. Meanwhile, confusion continued in the rear of the colonial forces. General Putnam tried with limited success to send additional troops from Bunker Hill to

9672-617: The moment when it would have the greatest effect, especially in situations where their ammunition would be limited. A significant number of notable American patriots fought in this battle. Henry Dearborn and William Eustis , for example, went on to distinguished military and political careers; both served in Congress, the Cabinet, and in diplomatic posts. Others, like John Brooks , Henry Burbeck , Christian Febiger , Thomas Knowlton , and John Stark , became well known for later actions in

9796-414: The narrow beach, in column formation, in order to turn the far left flank of the colonial position. The grenadiers were deployed in the center, lining up four deep and several hundred across. Pigot was commanding the 5th , 38th , 43rd , 47th, and 52nd regiments, as well as Major Pitcairn's Marines; they were to feint an assault on the redoubt. Just before the British advanced, the American position along

9920-486: The nearby inferno from Charlestown. The colonists withheld their fire until the regulars were within at least 50 paces of their position. As the regulars closed in range, they suffered heavy casualties from colonial fire. The colonists benefited from the rail fence to steady and aim their muskets, and enjoyed a modicum of cover from return fire. Under this withering fire, the light companies melted away and retreated, some as far as their boats. James Abercrombie , commanding

10044-401: The new fortification around 4 a.m. and notified his captain. Lively opened fire, temporarily halting the colonists' work. Admiral Samuel Graves awoke aboard his flagship HMS  Somerset , irritated by the gunfire that he had not ordered. He stopped it, only to have General Gage countermand his decision when he became fully aware of the situation in the morning. He ordered all 128 guns in

10168-538: The night of June 16, colonial Colonel William Prescott led about 1,200 men onto the peninsula in order to set up positions from which artillery fire could be directed into Boston. This force was made up of men from the regiments of Prescott, Putnam (the unit was commanded by Thomas Knowlton ), James Frye , and Ebenezer Bridge. At first, Putnam, Prescott, and their engineer Captain Richard Gridley disagreed as to where they should locate their defense. Some work

10292-536: The north of Budd Lake. Blairstown Township, Hope Township, half of Independence Township, part of White Township, and all of Allamuchy Township was covered by the Glacier. When the glacier melted, a lake was formed at Great Meadows. Slowly the lake drained leaving a large flat area filled with organic material. The county is drained by three rivers. All three rivers are shallow and narrow. They are fresh water rivers that are excellent for fishing. The Paulins Kill drains

10416-401: The peninsula but instead withdrew his troops to Boston, turning the entire Charlestown Peninsula into a no man's land. The British received reinforcements throughout May until they reached a strength of about 6,000 men. Generals William Howe , John Burgoyne , and Henry Clinton arrived on May 25 aboard HMS  Cerberus . Gage began planning with them to break out of the city, finalizing

10540-412: The point of the bayonet and successfully carried the redoubt; however, the final volleys of fire from the colonists cost the life of Major Pitcairn. The defenders had run out of ammunition, reducing the battle to close combat. The advantage turned to the British, as their troops were equipped with bayonets on their muskets, while most of the colonists were not. Colonel Prescott, one of the last men to leave

10664-481: The pupil of their enemy's eye". Gustavus Adolphus's military teachings were widely admired and imitated and caused this saying to be often repeated. It was used by General James Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham when his troops defeated Montcalm's army on September 13, 1759. The earliest similar quotation came from the Battle of Dettingen on June 27, 1743, where Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw warned

10788-426: The rail fence was reinforced by two pieces of artillery from Bunker Hill. Howe had intended the advance to be preceded by an artillery bombardment from the field pieces present, but it was soon discovered that these cannon had been supplied with the wrong caliber of ammunition, delaying the assault. Attacking Breed's Hill presented an array of difficulties. The hay on the hillside had not been harvested, requiring that

10912-477: The redoubt been reinforced with more men, or if more supplies of ammunition and powder had been brought forward from Bunker Hill. Despite these issues, the withdrawal of the colonial forces was generally well-managed, recovering most of their wounded in the process, and elicited praise from British generals such as Burgoyne. However, the speed of the withdrawal precipitated leaving behind their artillery and entrenching tools. The British leadership acted slowly once

11036-429: The redoubt could be easily flanked, compelling the hasty construction of a rail fence. Furthermore, the colonists did not have the manpower to defend to the west. Manpower was a further problem on Breed's Hill. The defenses were thin toward the northern end of the colonial position and could have been easily exploited by the British (as they had already landed), had reinforcements not arrived in time. The front lines of

11160-567: The redoubt was captured on their third assault, after the defenders ran out of ammunition. The colonists retreated over Bunker Hill, leaving the British in control of the Peninsula. The battle was a tactical victory for the British, but it proved to be a sobering experience for them; they incurred many more casualties than the Americans had sustained, including many officers. The battle had demonstrated that inexperienced militia were able to stand up to regular army troops in battle. Subsequently,

11284-478: The redoubt with flanking assaults against the colonial left. The formations that the British used were not conducive to a successful assault, arrayed in long lines and weighed down by unnecessary heavy gear; many of the troops were immediately vulnerable to colonial fire, which resulted in heavy casualties in the initial attacks. The impetus of any British attack was further diluted when officers opted to concentrate on firing repeated volleys which were simply absorbed by

11408-446: The redoubt, parried bayonet thrusts with his normally ceremonial sabre. It is during the retreat from the redoubt that Joseph Warren was killed. The retreat of much of the colonial forces from the peninsula was made possible in part by the controlled withdrawal of the forces along the rail fence, led by John Stark and Thomas Knowlton, which prevented the encirclement of the hill. Burgoyne described their orderly retreat as "no flight; it

11532-588: The region, representing the beginning of the Woodland period . With this advancement in technology, Native Americans could store food and cook it better. Various cultures of indigenous peoples occupied the area at that time. Ancestors of the Algonquian -speaking Lenape moved into the area, perhaps as early as 1000 A.D. from the Mississippi River area. Technological innovations occurred around

11656-400: The regulars marched through waist-high grass which concealed the uneven terrain beneath. The pastureland of the hillside was covered with crisscrossing rail fences hampering the cohesion of marching formations. The regulars were loaded down with gear wholly unnecessary for the attack, and the British troops were overheating in their wool uniforms under the heat of the afternoon sun, compounded by

11780-528: The reinforcements. Prescott saw the British preparations and called for reinforcements. Among the reinforcements were Joseph Warren , the popular young leader of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, and Seth Pomeroy , an aging Massachusetts militia leader. Both of these men held commissions of rank, but chose to serve as infantry. Prescott ordered the Connecticut men under Captain Knowlton to defend

11904-405: The retreat on Bunker Hill. By 5 p.m., the colonists had retreated over the Charlestown Neck to fortified positions in Cambridge, and the British were in control of the peninsula. The British had taken the ground but at a great loss; they had suffered 1,054 casualties (226 dead and 828 wounded), and a disproportionate number of these were officers. The casualty count was the highest suffered by

12028-411: The river, Howe noted the large number of colonial troops on top of Bunker Hill. He believed these to be reinforcements and immediately sent a message to Gage, requesting additional troops. He then ordered some of the light infantry to take a forward position along the eastern side of the peninsula, alerting the colonists to his intended course of action. The troops then sat down to eat while they waited for

12152-423: The south. Others reached Bunker Hill, but then were uncertain where to go from there and just milled around. One commentator wrote of the scene that "it appears to me there never was more confusion and less command." General Putnam was on the scene attempting to direct affairs, but unit commanders often misunderstood or even disobeyed orders. By 3 p.m., the British reinforcements had arrived, which included

12276-678: The southern part of the county. The Lehigh Valley starts at the terminal moraine of the Wisconsin Glacier slightly north of Belvidere . It extends from the Delaware River south to where the Musconetcong River enters the Delaware River, northeast to the Jenny Jump Mountains and then along Route 80 to the Allamuchy Mountains to the terminal moraine near Hackettstown . The Kittatinny Valley

12400-401: The third attack. The third assault was to concentrate squarely on the redoubt, with only a feint on the colonists' flank. Howe ordered his men to remove their heavy packs and leave all unnecessary equipment behind. He arrayed his forces in column formation rather than the extended order of the first two assaults, exposing fewer men along the front to colonial fire. The third attack was made at

12524-468: The time that the third attack came, there were only 700–800 men left on Breed's Hill, with only 150 in the redoubt. Connecticut's Captain John Chester saw an entire company in retreat and ordered his company to aim muskets at them to halt the retreat; they turned about and headed back to the battlefield. The British rear was also in disarray. Wounded soldiers that were mobile had made their way to

12648-592: The top commands in the War of 1812 due to his mistakes. He had also been nominated to serve as Secretary of War by President James Monroe , but was rejected by the United States Senate (which was the first time that the Senate had voted against confirming a presidential cabinet choice). The colonial regiments were under the overall command of General Ward, with General Putnam and Colonel Prescott leading in

12772-469: The top. The settled part of the town of Charlestown occupied flats at the southern end of the peninsula. At its closest approach, less than 1,000 feet (300 m) separated the Charlestown Peninsula from the Boston Peninsula, where Copp's Hill was at about the same height as Breed's Hill. The British retreat from Concord had ended in Charlestown, but General Gage did not fortify the hills on

12896-513: The troops. The rising sun also alerted Prescott to a significant problem with the location of the redoubt: it could easily be flanked on either side. He promptly ordered his men to begin constructing a breastwork running down the hill to the east, deciding that he did not have the manpower to also build additional defenses to the west of the redoubt. The British generals met to discuss their options. General Clinton had urged an attack as early as possible, and he preferred an attack beginning from

13020-474: The vote, while the eventual statewide winner Democrat Phil Murphy received 25.4% of the vote. In the 2021 gubernatorial election , Republican Jack Ciattarelli defeated Governor Phil Murphy in the county by 29.6%. As of 2010 , the county had a total of 1,055.07 miles (1,697.97 km) of roadways, of which 690.53 miles (1,111.30 km) were maintained by the local municipality, 256.15 miles (412.23 km) by Warren County and 103.20 miles (166.08 km) by

13144-407: The walls. The works on Breed's Hill did not go unnoticed by the British. General Clinton was out on reconnaissance that night and was aware of them, and he tried to convince Gage and Howe that they needed to prepare to attack the position at daylight. British sentries were also aware of the activity, but most apparently did not think it cause for alarm. A sentry on board HMS  Lively spotted

13268-515: The war. Stark became known as the "Hero of Bennington" for his role in the 1777 Battle of Bennington . Free African-Americans also fought in the battle; notable examples include Barzillai Lew , Salem Poor , and Peter Salem . Another notable participant was Daniel Shays , who later became famous for his army of protest in Shays' Rebellion . Israel Potter was immortalized in Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile ,

13392-417: The western portion of the county. The river flows from Newton to Blairstown Township, and then through Knowlton Township where it drains into the Delaware River . The Pequest River drains the middle of the county flowing from Andover Township through Allamuchy, then to Independence Township where it turns west and flows through White Township and then empties into the Delaware River at Belvidere. The third river

13516-538: The works were spotted on Breed's Hill. It was 2 p.m. when the troops were ready for the assault, roughly ten hours after the Lively first opened fire. This leisurely pace gave the colonial forces ample time to reinforce the flanking positions that would have otherwise been poorly defended and vulnerable. Gage and Howe decided that a frontal assault on the works would be a simple matter, although an encircling move, gaining control of Charlestown Neck, would have given them

13640-581: The year 500 A.D. with the invention of the bow and arrow as projectile points became smaller to fit onto an arrow shaft. This permitted Native Americans to procure more food since they could be further away from game to kill it. Food such as nuts could be stored in clay pots or the pots were used for cooking Agriculture started around that time with the cultivation of corn, beans, and squash. Seeds were probably procured from traveling groups or tribes. Settlements of family groups became more stable, as they could store food in pottery, as well as procure more game with

13764-442: Was 41.5 years. For every 100 females, the population had 94.6 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 91.5 males. As of the 2000 United States census there were 102,437 people, 38,660 households, and 27,487 families residing in the county. The population density was 286 inhabitants per square mile (110/km ). There were 41,157 housing units at an average density of 115 per square mile (44/km ). The racial makeup of

13888-434: Was 90.29% (98,137) White , 3.51% (3,818) Black or African American , 0.14% (155) Native American , 2.46% (2,673) Asian , 0.03% (30) Pacific Islander , 1.81% (1,964) from other races , and 1.76% (1,915) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 7.05% (7,659) of the population. Of the 41,480 households, 31.2% had children under the age of 18; 55.1% were married couples living together; 10.2% had

14012-511: Was established and Belvidere was named as its county seat. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , as of the 2020 census, the county had a total area of 362.65 square miles (939.3 km ), of which 356.54 square miles (923.4 km ) was land (98.3%) and 6.11 square miles (15.8 km ) was water (1.7%). Warren County has rolling hills with the Kittatinny Ridge in the west. Allamuchy Mountain and Jenny Jump Mountain are part of

14136-413: Was even covered with bravery and military skill". It was so effective that most of the wounded were saved; most of the prisoners taken by the British were mortally wounded. General Putnam attempted to reform the troops on Bunker Hill; however, the flight of the colonial forces was so rapid that artillery pieces and entrenching tools had to be abandoned. The colonists suffered most of their casualties during

14260-507: Was friends of Putnam and Trumbull. Other central figures include Andrew McClary who was the last man to fall in the battle. The Bunker Hill Monument is an obelisk that stands 221 feet (67 m) high on Breed's Hill. On June 17, 1825, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle, the cornerstone of the monument was laid by the Marquis de Lafayette and an address delivered by Daniel Webster . The Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge

14384-486: Was included in Morris County . In 1753, Sussex County , including present-day Warren County, separated from Morris County. During the French and Indian War of 1754, fortified homes or small forts were built along the Delaware River from Phillipsburg to Port Jervis, New York . The mountains of Warren County were the frontier of the war. Hostilities between the British and the French began to spill over from

14508-622: Was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on November 20, 1824, from portions of Sussex County . At its establishment, the county consisted of the townships of Greenwich , Independence , Knowlton , Mansfield , Oxford , and the now defunct Pahaquarry . Warren County is named for Joseph Warren , a patriot during the American Revolution and Founding Father of the United States who

14632-422: Was killed in action by British troops at the Battle of Bunker Hill , in Charlestown, Massachusetts on June 17, 1775. The county was named for Joseph Warren , a physician, Founding Father of the United States , and major general in the American Revolutionary War who died after volunteering to fight as a private at the Battle of Bunker Hill . About 1000 B.C., clay pottery was beginning to be used in

14756-533: Was of the opinion that the hill was "open and easy of ascent and in short would be easily carried." General Burgoyne concurred, arguing that the "untrained rabble" would be no match for their "trained troops". Orders were then issued to prepare the expedition. General Gage surveyed the works from Boston with his staff, and Loyalist Abijah Willard recognized his brother-in-law Colonel Prescott. "Will he fight?" asked Gage. "As to his men, I cannot answer for them," replied Willard, "but Colonel Prescott will fight you to

14880-590: Was on his way to Boston as the new commander of the Continental Army , and he received news of the battle while in New York City. The report included casualty figures that were somewhat inaccurate, but it gave Washington hope that his army might prevail in the conflict. We have ... learned one melancholy truth, which is, that the Americans, if they were equally well commanded, are full as good soldiers as ours. A British officer in Boston, after

15004-418: Was performed on Bunker Hill, but Breed's Hill was closer to Boston and viewed as being more defensible, and they decided to build their primary redoubt there. Prescott and his men began digging a square fortification about 130 feet (40 m) on a side with ditches and earthen walls. The walls of the redoubt were about 6 feet (1.8 m) high, with a wooden platform inside on which men could stand and fire over

15128-486: Was peripherally involved. It was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops, though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent hill which became known as Breed's Hill . On June 13, 1775, the leaders of the colonial forces besieging Boston learned that the British were planning to send troops out from the city to fortify the unoccupied hills surrounding the city, which would give them control of Boston Harbor. In response, 1,200 colonial troops under

15252-564: Was the final episode of the building of the Appalachian Mountains . Then the African plate tore away from North America. The Wisconsin Glacier covered the northern part of the county from 21,000 to 13,000 BC. The glacier covered the top of Kittatinny Mountain and carved the terrain in the northern part of the county. The terminal moraine runs from north of Belvidere to the south of Great Meadows to north of Hackettstown, to

15376-513: Was to lead the major assault, driving around the colonial left flank and taking them from the rear. Brigadier General Robert Pigot on the British left flank would lead the direct assault on the redoubt, and Major John Pitcairn would lead the flank or reserve force. It took several trips in longboats to transport Howe's initial forces (consisting of about 1,500 men) to the eastern corner of the peninsula, known as Moulton's Point. By 2 p.m., Howe's chosen force had landed. However, while crossing

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