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38-465: The Yushan Range is shaped somewhat like a crucifix , with a relatively short east to west ridge and a relatively long north to south ridge. Mighty Yushan , towering 3,952 m (12,966 ft) above sea level, stands at the point where these two ridges meet. Yushan National Park is located around some parts of the Yushan Range. There are 22 peaks taller than 3,000 m (9,843 ft) among

76-725: A Tau cross or a Coptic cross . The crucifix is a principal symbol for many groups of Christians , and one of the most common forms of the Crucifixion in the arts . It is especially important in the Catholic Church , and is also used in the Eastern Orthodox Church , most Oriental Orthodox Churches except the Armenian & Syriac Church, Lutheranism , and Anglicanism . The symbol is less common in churches of other Protestant denominations , and in

114-436: A cross on the eastern wall of their house in order to indicate the eastward direction of prayer . Prayer in front of a crucifix, which is seen as a sacramental , is often part of devotion for Christians, especially those worshipping in a church, also privately. The person may sit, stand, or kneel in front of the crucifix, sometimes looking at it in contemplation, or merely in front of it with head bowed or eyes closed. During

152-455: A cross with an image of Jesus on it, as distinct from a bare cross. The representation of Jesus himself on the cross is referred to in English as the corpus (Latin for 'body'). The crucifix emphasizes Jesus ' sacrifice, including his death by crucifixion , which Christians believe brought about the redemption of mankind . Most crucifixes portray Jesus on a Latin cross , rather than

190-521: A prison in England replaced its crucifix and static altar with a cross and portable altar when it was renovated as a multi-faith chapel. Right-leaning media reported that the crucifix had been removed "in case it offends Muslims". In 2008 in Spain, a local judge ordered crucifixes removed from public schools to settle a decades-old dispute over whether crucifixes should be displayed in public buildings in

228-554: A cross or crucifix at their head. In the Eastern Orthodox Church , the crucifix is often placed above the iconostasis in the church. In the Russian Orthodox Church a large crucifix (" Golgotha ") is placed behind the Holy Table (altar). During Matins of Good Friday , a large crucifix is taken in procession to the center of the church, where it is venerated by the faithful. Sometimes the soma ( corpus )

266-748: A non-confessional state. On 18 March 2011, the European Court of Human Rights ruled in the Lautsi v. Italy case, that the requirement in Italian law that crucifixes be displayed in classrooms of state schools does not violate the European Convention on Human Rights . Crucifixes are common in most other Italian official buildings, including courts of law . On 24 March 2011, the Constitutional Court of Peru ruled that

304-609: A process of general humanization of Christ favored by the Franciscan order . During the 13th century the suffering Italian model ( Christus patiens ) triumphed over the traditional Byzantine one ( Christus gloriosus ) anywhere in Europe also due to the works of artists such as Giunta Pisano and Cimabue . Since the Renaissance the "S"-shape is generally much less pronounced. Eastern Christian blessing crosses will often have

342-402: A single crosspiece to which the sufferer's arms were nailed. There may also be a short projecting nameplate , showing the letters INRI (Greek: INBI). The Russian Orthodox crucifix usually has an additional third crossbar, to which the feet are nailed, and which is angled upward toward the penitent thief Saint Dismas (to the viewer's left) and downward toward the impenitent thief Gestas (to

380-606: A solution that became popular in the later Middle Ages , and in Northern Europe in the 15th century were sometimes used very extensively for speech, rather as in modern comics, as well as tituli . These were abandoned as old-fashioned in the Renaissance , but increased respect for classical traditions led to continued use of Ancient Roman-style tituli where they were considered necessary, including on portraits. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

418-464: Is normally painted on the cross, or in low relief . Strictly speaking, to be a crucifix, the cross must be three-dimensional, but this distinction is not always observed. An entire painting of the crucifixion of Jesus including a landscape background and other figures is not a crucifix either. Large crucifixes high across the central axis of a church are known by the Old English term rood . By

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456-693: Is removable and is taken off the crucifix at Vespers that evening during the Gospel lesson describing the Descent from the Cross . The empty cross may then remain in the centre of the church until the Paschal vigil (local practices vary). The blessing cross which the priest uses to bless the faithful at the dismissal will often have the crucifix on one side and an icon of the Resurrection of Jesus on

494-679: Is what I have done for you, what will you do for me?". The Lutheran Churches retained the use of the crucifix, "justifying their continued use of medieval crucifixes with the same arguments employed since the Middle Ages, as is evident from the example of the altar of the Holy Cross in the Cistercian church of Doberan." Martin Luther did not object to them, and this was among his differences with Andreas Karlstadt as early as 1525. At

532-637: The Life of Christ . Thus the Raising of Lazarus and Wedding at Cana are by far the most commonly shown miracles, and the healing miracles, visually easy to confuse, are neglected. The problems can clearly be seen in the small scenes of the Saint Augustine Gospels (late 6th century), where about 200 years after the manuscript was written tituli were added, which according to some art historians misidentify some scenes. Banderoles were

570-694: The Assyrian Church of the East and Armenian Apostolic Church , which prefer to use a cross without the figure of Jesus (the corpus ). Roman Catholics see the crucifix as the perfect fulfillment of that inferred by the serpent created by Moses in Numbers 21 :8—9, called the Nehushtan . It was promised that those sinners who looked upon the Nehushtan would be healed. The section of Numbers about

608-501: The Catholic Church which believes in his divinity . According to Christian tradition , Saint Peter was martyred by being crucified upside-down . In the Moravian Church , Nicolaus Zinzendorf had an experience in which he believed he encountered Jesus. Seeing a painting of a crucifix, Zinzendorf fell on his knees vowing to glorify Jesus after contemplating on the wounds of Christ and an inscription that stated "This

646-670: The Late Middle Ages these were a near-universal feature of Western churches, but they are now very rare. Modern Roman Catholic churches and many Lutheran churches often have a crucifix above the altar on the wall; for the celebration of Mass , the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church requires that "on or close to the altar there is to be a cross with a figure of Christ crucified". The standard, four-pointed Latin crucifix consists of an upright post or stipes and

684-489: The Crucifixion depicted on one side, and the Resurrection on the other, illustrating Eastern Orthodox theology 's understanding of the Crucifixion and Resurrection as two intimately related aspects of the same act of salvation. Another, symbolic, depiction shows a triumphant Christ ( Latin : Christus triumphans ), clothed in robes, rather than stripped as for his execution, with arms raised, appearing to rise up from

722-619: The Eastern Orthodox tradition he has normally been shown as dead since around the end of the period of Byzantine Iconoclasm . Eastern crucifixes have Jesus' two feet nailed side by side, rather than crossed one above the other, as Western crucifixes have shown them since around the 13th century. The crown of thorns is also generally absent in Eastern crucifixes, since the emphasis is not on Christ's suffering, but on his triumph over sin and death. The S-shaped position of Jesus' body on

760-406: The Middle Ages small crucifixes, generally hung on a wall, became normal in the personal cells or living quarters first of monks, then all clergy, followed by the homes of the laity , spreading down from the top of society as these became cheap enough for the average person to afford. Most towns had a large crucifix erected as a monument, or some other shrine at the crossroads of the town. Building on

798-578: The Nehushtan is one of the readings on Exaltation of the Cross that occurs on September 14 in the Roman Catholic Church. It is paired with John 3:14–15 as the gospel reading. Taken together, these readings explain the striking front and center position of a large crucifix normally fixed above or behind a Catholic altar. Western crucifixes usually have a three-dimensional corpus , but in Eastern Orthodoxy Jesus' body

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836-503: The Yushan Range, including 12 of the "top 100 peaks of Taiwan" (台灣百岳): 23°28′11″N 120°57′27″E  /  23.4698°N 120.9575°E  / 23.4698; 120.9575 This article about a location in Taiwan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Crucifix A crucifix (from the Latin cruci fixus meaning '(one) fixed to a cross') is

874-542: The altar or near it, there is to be a cross, with the figure of Christ crucified upon it, a cross clearly visible to the assembled people. It is desirable that such a cross should remain near the altar even outside of liturgical celebrations, so as to call to mind for the faithful the saving Passion of the Lord." The requirement of the altar cross was also mentioned in pre-1970 editions of the Roman Missal , though not in

912-435: The ancient custom, many Catholics, Lutherans and Anglicans hang a crucifix inside their homes and also use the crucifix as a focal point of a home altar . The wealthy erected proprietary chapels as they could afford to do this. Catholic (both Eastern and Western ), Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Anglican and Lutheran Christians generally use the crucifix in public religious services. They believe use of

950-656: The art of the West to use tituli was perhaps because so few people could read them in the Early Medieval period, and later because they reduced the illusionism of the image. Instead a system of attributes , objects identifying popular saints, was developed, but many such figures in Western art are now unidentifiable. This reluctance affected the choice of scenes shown in art; only those miracles of Jesus that were easily identifiable visually tended to be shown in cycles of

988-584: The cross is a Byzantine innovation of the late 10th century, though also found in the German Gero Cross of the same date. Probably more from Byzantine influence, it spread elsewhere in the West, especially to Italy , by the Romanesque period, though it was more usual in painting than sculpted crucifixes. It was in Italy that the emphasis was put on Jesus' suffering and realistic details, during

1026-543: The cross, sometimes accompanied by "rays of light", or an aureole encircling his body. He may be robed as a prophet , crowned as a king , and vested in a stole as Great High Priest . On some crucifixes a skull and crossbones are shown below the corpus, referring to Golgotha ( Calvary ), the site at which Jesus was crucified, which the Gospels say means in Hebrew "the place of the skull." Medieval tradition held that it

1064-534: The crucifix is in keeping with the statement by Paul the Apostle in 1 Corinthians : "we preach Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and folly to Gentiles, but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God". In the West, altar crosses and processional crosses began to be crucifixes in the 11th century, which became general around the 14th century, as they became cheaper. The Roman Rite requires that "either on

1102-457: The early 1620s when James' heir was seeking a Spanish marriage was the subject of rumour and close observation by both Catholics and Protestants; when the match fell through they disappeared. In 2005, a mother accused her daughter's school in Derby , England, of discriminating against Christians after the teenager was suspended for refusing to take off a crucifix necklace . In 2008, a chapel in

1140-468: The edge of Christ's hips and halo , and no background. More sculptural small crucifixes in metal relief are also used in Orthodoxy (see gallery examples), including as pectoral crosses and blessing crosses . Western crucifixes may show Christ dead or alive, the presence of the spear wound in his ribs traditionally indicating that he is dead. In either case his face very often shows his suffering. In

1178-530: The original 1570 Roman Missal of Pope Pius V . The Rite of Funerals says that the Gospel Book, the Bible, or a cross (which will generally be in crucifix form) may be placed on the coffin for a Requiem Mass , but a second standing cross is not to be placed near the coffin if the altar cross can be easily seen from the body of the church. Eastern Christian liturgical processions called crucessions include

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1216-516: The other, the side with the Resurrection being used on Sundays and during Paschaltide , and the crucifix on other days. Exorcist Gabriele Amorth has stated that the crucifix is one of the most effective means of averting or opposing demons . In folklore, it is believed to ward off vampires , incubi , succubi , and other evils. Modern anti-Christians have used an inverted (upside-down) crucifix when showing disdain for Jesus Christ or

1254-544: The presence of crucifixes in courts of law does not violate the secular nature of the state. Titulus (inscription) Titulus (Latin "inscription" or "label", the plural tituli is also used in English) is a term used for the labels or captions naming figures or subjects in art, which were commonly added in classical and medieval art , and remain conventional in Eastern Orthodox icons . In particular

1292-487: The term describes the conventional inscriptions on stone that listed the honours of an individual or that identified boundaries in the Roman Empire . A titulus pictus is a merchant's mark or other commercial inscription. The sense of "title", as in "book title", in modern English derives from this artistic sense, just as the legal sense derives from plainer inscriptions of record. The increasing reluctance of

1330-715: The time of the Reformation , Luther retained the crucifix in the Lutheran Church and they remain the center of worship in Lutheran parishes across Europe. In the United States, however, Lutheranism came under the influence of Calvinism, and the plain cross came to be used in many churches. In contrast to the practice of the Moravian Church and Lutheran Churches, the early Reformed Churches rejected

1368-650: The use of the crucifix, and indeed the unadorned cross, along with other traditional religious imagery, as idolatrous. Calvin , considered to be the father of the Reformed Church, was strongly opposed to both cross and crucifix. In England, the Royal Chapels of Elizabeth I were most unusual among local churches in retaining crucifixes, following the Queen's conservative tastes. These disappeared under her successor, James I , and their brief re-appearance in

1406-418: The viewer's right). The corpus of Eastern crucifixes is normally a two-dimensional or low relief icon that shows Jesus as already dead, his face peaceful and somber. They are rarely three-dimensional figures as in the Western tradition, although these may be found where Western influences are strong, but are more typically icons painted on a piece of wood shaped to include the double-barred cross and perhaps

1444-617: Was the burial-place of Adam and Eve , and that the cross of Christ was raised directly over Adam's skull, so many crucifixes manufactured in Catholic countries still show the skull and crossbones below the corpus. Very large crucifixes have been built, the largest being the Cross in the Woods in Michigan, with a 31 feet (9.4 m) high statue. In the early Church , many Christians hung

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