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40-596: Zorig Sanjaasuren (1962–1998) was a prominent Mongolian politician and leader of the country's 1990 democratic revolution. He is called the "Golden Magpie of Democracy" (Mongolian: Ардчиллын алтан хараацай, Ardchillyn altan kharaatsai). He was murdered in 1998; his murder case is still unsolved. After his death, his sister, Oyun, entered politics and founded the Civil Will Party along with the Zorig Foundation. Zorig Foundation runs two notable programs:

80-646: A leading role in the events that led to Mongolia's adoption of a multi-party system . On 10 December 1989, a month after the fall of the Berlin Wall , Zorig led a group of 200 activists in a public protest demanding a free-market economy and free elections. In January 1990 Zorig and his fellow Mongolian Democrat dissidents began staging weekend protests in Sükhbaatar Square , the center of Ulaanbaatar . The protests started small but grew into large crowds as January passed into February. Tensions increased as

120-780: A seat in the parliament. The elected chairman was Lhamsürem Enebish till 2001, and the Chairman of the Secretariat was Baasanganobo Enebish till 2001. The next chairman was Sanjbegz Tömör-Ochir , and the next Chairman of the Secretariat was Dagdankhuu Batbaatar until 2003. The third and final Chairman of the Secretariat during this term was Namsraijav Luvsanjav. The State Great Khural adopted 140 new laws, made amendments to 443 laws, and repealed 51 laws. The parliament also ratified 110 international treaties and conventions. The State Great Khural had 11 standing committees as well as 8 subcommittees in 2004–2006. The number of standing committees

160-802: A year as an instructor for the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League in Ulaanbaatar, and in 1986 became lecturer for scientific communism at the Mongolian State University . He became an accomplished chess player, later serving as president of the Mongolian Chess Federation. In 1988, he founded the "New Generation" group, a group of young dissidents dedicated to spreading democracy in Mongolia. In 1989 and 1990, Zorig played

200-631: Is Sanjaasürengiin Oyuun , a Mongolian politician who is also the Director of External Affairs at the Green Climate Fund . Its current executive director is Maralmaa Munkh-Achit. The foundation auditing board's members are as follows: Bold M., Solongo J., and Sukhbaatar D. Zorig Sanjaasuren Sanjaasürengiin Zorig ( Mongolian : Санжаасүрэнгийн Зориг ; 20 April 1962 – 2 October 1998)

240-434: Is affiliated with and deals with specific issues within the standing committee. The State Great Khural shall set up temporary committees for reviewing specific issues, making proposals and submitting reports to the plenary sessions. A party/coalition with 8 or more seats must establish a party caucus. Independents and members of several parties may choose to join a caucus, but may not establish their own. Each caucus must elect

280-1160: Is eligible to be elected. New elections are held if the Khural is dissolved, if two-thirds of members vote for dissolution, if the President dissolves the Khural, or if the President or half the Cabinet resigns. The main organizational form of the State Great Khural is the session. According to the Article 27 of the Constitution, regular sessions of the State Great Khural convene in every six months for not less than 50 working days. Session consists of plenary sessions, exclusive or joint Standing Committee sittings and caucus meetings. The four types of sessions are: The State Great Khural shall have standing committees dealing with specific fields of public policy. The Standing committees are composed of 10-19 members and shall be convened on Tuesday and Wednesday each week. The subcommittee

320-560: Is frequently extended back to refer to the 1924–60 Khural to distinguish it from the post-1992 State Great Khural. The first free, democratic and multi-party election in Mongolia was held in 1990. Then the newly elected parliament changed the Constitution, established the State Baga Khural which replaced the People's Great Khural as the highest legislative body. This elected the first chairman, Radnaasümbereliyn Gonchigdorj , and

360-669: The General Intelligence Agency of Mongolia to the Archive of Criminal Cases Database under the Supreme Court of Mongolia . The crime remains unsolved; many believe corrupt parliament members hired people to kill him. People%27s Great Khural The State Great Khural is the unicameral parliament of Mongolia , located in the Government Palace . Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren became

400-527: The Government Palace , symbolising Zorig's morning walk toward his workplace. Flowers are placed at the statue every year on the day of his death, attended by his family members, friends, politicians, and other citizens. The Zorig Foundation , founded in October 1998 shortly after S. Zorig's murder, exists today as "a Mongolian non-profit organization promoting democracy through social action, youth activities, and good governance programs." In December 2016,

440-869: The Mongolian Democratic Party, The Mongolian National Progressive Party and the Green Party (4), The Mongolian Social Democratic Party (1) and one independent politician won seats. The elected chairman was Natsag Bagabandi , and the Chairman of the Secretariat was Namsrai Rechnindorj. The State Great Khural adopted 137 laws, made amendments to 142 laws, and repealed 46 laws. The parliament also ratified 40 international treaties and conventions during its term. The State Great Khural had 5 standing committees in 1996–1997. This increased to 7 standing committees in 1997–2000. The Democratic Union Coalition (50), The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (25), The Mongolian Conservative United Party (1) won seats in

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480-477: The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party – The Mongolian National Democratic Party (11), The Civil Will Party – The Green Party (2), and 3 independents won seats in the parliament. For the first time, the legislative election was held on the mixed election system by the new law. 48 seats were elected directly from 26 constituencies and 28 seats were proportionally allocated based on the number votes which

520-596: The Mongolian Politburo resigned and one-party rule in Mongolia ended. In June 1990, Zorig was elected into the People's Great Khural . In August 1991, he was the only prominent Mongolian politician to immediately denounce the coup attempt by Soviet hardliners against Mikhail Gorbachev . He was elected into the State Great Khural both in 1992 and 1996, the first time as a minority member and

560-537: The State Great Khural shall begin with an oath taken before the State Emblem and expire when newly elected members of the State Great Khural are sworn in. The Chairman is the presiding officer of the State Great Khural. The vice-chairman is elected by each caucus formed by the result of an election. They serve a four-year term, but may be relieved or removed of the position, on grounds defined by law, before their term expiration. The Chairman's Council consists of

600-425: The State Great Khural, and adopting, passing and resolving processes. The State Great Khural implements its oversight powers by: Elections are held every four years to elect all members of the State Great Khural. Before 2023 the election used plurality-at-large voting in all 26 multi-member constituencies to elect 76 members . On May 31, 2023, Mongolia’s parliament approved a constitutional amendment that increased

640-697: The Young Leadership Program (YLP) and the Environmental Fellowship Program (EFP). The Zorig Foundation provides scholarships to Mongolian students studying domestically. Each scholarship is provided through a partnership with the Foundation and various organizations and companies, such as the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation , Rio Tinto , and The Asia Foundation . The head of the foundation

680-419: The appeal of the 3 defendants after confirming that the testimony by the convicts D. Sodnomdarjaa and Ts. Amgalanbaatar given during the investigation regarding the case and the facts, as well as the hand-written testament by B. Sodnomdarjaa correspond to the testimonies of the relevant witnesses, material evidences from the site of the case, notes taken during the investigation at the site of the crime, as well as

720-752: The chairman of the State Great Khural in February 1914, and served until his death in April 1919. The first Ulsyn Ikh Khural was called to session in November 1924. This body was the legislature of the Mongolian People's Republic . It delegated much of its powers to an executive committee, the Ulsyn Baga Khural ( Little Khural ). The Great Khural held nine sessions between November 1924 and February 1949. Following electoral reforms in 1951,

760-533: The conclusions of the experts regarding bodily injuries of the victim. Then deputy prime minister Tsendiin Nyamdorj , some other politicians and victim's family members questioned the decision to hold the trial behind closed doors. In December 2017, the Cabinet of Mongolia permitted to declassify the majority of this murder case file consisting of 14,926 pages while 74 pages of materials were to be kept classified. The declassified documents had been transferred from

800-490: The crowds swelled and the Communist government debated crushing them with force. At one point when protesters were scuffling with soldiers and an outbreak of violence seemed likely, Zorig took a megaphone, sat atop a friend's shoulders to make himself visible to the crowd, and called for calm. Violence was averted. The picture of Zorig addressing the protesters became a famous symbol of Mongolia's peaceful revolution. In March,

840-503: The district court in a closed hearing has convicted three individuals Ts. Amgalanbaatar, D. Sodnomdarjaa and T. Chimgee of the 1998 murder. The panel of judges issued a guilty verdict after the hearing that was held over a period of 6 weeks. The defendants were each given prison sentences of between 24 and 25 years to be carried in a strict regime prison. In March 2017, the Criminal Appeals Court of Ulaanbaatar has rejected

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880-599: The first Chairman of the Secretariat, Byaraa Chimed. The State Baga Khural had 5 standing committees. The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (33), The Mongolian Democratic Party (13), The Mongolian Social Democratic Party (4), The Mongolian National Progressive Party (3) won seats in the parliament. The State Baga Khural adopted 27 new laws, ratified 17 international treaties and conventions as well as made amendments to 19 laws. The State Great Khural had 10 standing committees (reduced to 6 in 1995). The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (70), The Democratic Union Coalition of

920-476: The heart. They stole a bottle of vinegar and a bottle of soy sauce from the refrigerator before fleeing the apartment. Four days after the murder, mourners crowded Sukhbaatar Square, holding candlelight vigils. His body lay in the Government House before his burial on Wednesday, 7 October. The government crisis lingered for another two months until Janlavyn Narantsatsralt , the mayor of Ulaanbaatar,

960-514: The number of seats from 76 to 126. The method of election was also changed to parallel voting with 78 seats elected by multiple non-transferable vote in 13 multi-member constituencies and 48 by closed list proportional representation at the national level with an electoral threshold of 4% for individual parties, 5% for a two-party coalition and 7% for coalitions of three or more parties. To qualify for proportional seats, parties and coalitions must also have candidates running in at least half of

1000-537: The numbering of its sessions began again. The first was held in July 1951 and the third in July 1957. In 1960 a new constitution was adopted and the body was renamed the "People's Great Khural" ( Mongolian : Ардын Их Хурал , Ardyn Ikh Khural ), but the sessions were not renumbered. The fourth took place in July 1960 and the last in September 1992. In Russian and Mongolian historiography, the term "People's Great Khural"

1040-467: The parliament. The State Great Khural is unicameral, and consists of 126 members. With mandate of no less than 57 of total members of the State Great Khural, the parliament shall be considered in existence of its powers. A member of the State Great Hural shall be an envoy of the people and shall represent and uphold the interests of all the citizens and the people. The mandate of a member of

1080-664: The parliament. The elected chairman was Radnaasümbereliyn Gonchigdorj (for the second time), and the Chairman of the Secretariat was Log Tsog until 1999. The next Chairman of the Secretariat was Baasanganobo Enebish. The State Great Khural adopted 173 new laws, made amendments to 255 laws and repealed 32 laws. The parliament also ratified 71 international treaties and conventions. The State Great Khural had 7 standing committees. The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (72), The Democratic Union Coalition (1), The Civil Will Party – The Mongolian Green Party (1), The Motherland – The Mongolian Democratic New Socialist Party (1), one independent won

1120-411: The political parties won. The elected chairman was Zandaakhuu Enkhbold , and the Chairman of the Secretariat was Byambadorj Boldbaatar. For the first time in Mongolia, electronic voting machines were used for voter registration, vote counting and monitoring purposes. The Mongolian People's Party (65), The Democratic Party (9), The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (1), and 1 independent won seats in

1160-444: The seats in each constituency. Party lists must adhere to the zipper system , while the overall gender ratio of candidates for a party must not be greater than 70:30 or less than 30:70. A voter turnout of 50% is required for the result in a constituency to be considered valid, or another round of voting must be held for that constituency. To vote, a Mongolian citizen must be 18 years or older, and live in Mongolia. Any person over 25

1200-577: The seats in the parliament. For 5 months (May to September, 2008), Danzan Sandang-Ochir was the Chairman of the Secretariat. The elected chairman was Damdiny Demberel , and the second Chairman of the Secretariat was Tserenkhuu Sharavdorj. The State Great Khural adopted 111 new laws and made amendments to 485 laws. The parliament also ratified 59 international treaties and conventions as well as repealed 70 laws. The State Great Khural had 8 standing committees and 10 subcommittees. The Democratic Party (34), The Mongolian People's Party (26), The Justice Coalition of

1240-547: The second time as a member of the Democratic Union that swept into power as Mongolia's first non-Communist government since the 1921 Communist revolution. Zorig questioned the pace of free-market reforms in Mongolia after the Democrats came to power, believing the reforms weren't fair and would push too many Mongolians below the poverty line. In 1998 he became Mongolia's Minister for Infrastructure. The year 1998

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1280-420: The vice-chairman of the State Great Khural, Chairmen of the caucuses, leaders of parliamentary parties, and Chairmen of standing/temporary committees. The State Great Khural has both legislative and oversight power in Mongolia. The State Great Kural's principal legislative functions include preparing and carrying-out plenary sessions or standing-committee sittings, discussing drafts of laws or other decisions of

1320-567: Was Tsendiin Nyamdorj until 2007. The third and final chairman during this term was Danzangiin Lundeejantsan . The State Great Khural adopted 89 new laws, made amendments to 336 laws. The parliament also ratified 38 international treaties and conventions as well as repealed 50 laws. The State Great Khural had 7 standing committees and 11 subcommittees. The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (46), The Democratic Party (27), The Civil Will Party (1) 8 The Green Party (1) and 1 independent won

1360-588: Was a Mongolian politician who played a prominent role in leading the country's 1990 democratic revolution . His supporters called him the "Golden Swallow of Democracy" ( Mongolian : Ардчиллын алтан хараацай , ardchillyn altan kharaatsai ). After his assassination, his sister Oyuun entered politics and founded the Civic Will Party . Zorig's grandfather was Russian geographer and ethnographer A. D. Simukov who had come to Mongolia as part of an expedition headed by Pyotr Kozlov . Zorig's grandfather

1400-607: Was a victim of Marshal Choibalsan's purges , leaving his daughter Dorjpalam, Zorig's mother, an orphan. Dorjpalam starred in a popular Mongolian movie before marrying Sanjaasüren, a Mongolian State University professor and a Buryat (a Mongolian ethnic minority). Zorig was the second of their three children. From 1970 on, Zorig attended middle school No. 23 in Ulaanbaatar , one of the city's Russian-language schools. From 1980 to 1985 he studied philosophy at Moscow 's Lomonosov Moscow State University . Afterwards, he worked for

1440-526: Was a year of political crisis in Mongolia. Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj became the new Prime Minister of Mongolia in April 1998, and in one of his first decisions he sold the state-owned Reconstruction Bank to the private Golomt Bank , which was owned by Mongolian Democrats. Members of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party walked out in protest, and, without a working majority in Parliament, Elbegdorj

1480-615: Was elected to his seat in the Mongolian parliament soon after his assassination. She later served as Mongolia's Minister of Foreign Affairs. The political party founded by Oyuun, the Irgenii Zorig Nam ( Mongolian : "Иргэний зориг" нам ) or Civic Will Party , bears a reference to his name. A statue for him has been erected in Ulaanbaatar, across the street from the Central Post Office. The statue faces toward

1520-475: Was forced to resign. The parties conferred and in closed meetings agreed on Infrastructure Minister S. Zorig as a compromise candidate to be the new prime minister. The announcement was scheduled for Monday, 5 October. Zorig was murdered on Friday, 2 October 1998. Two assailants entered his apartment, tied up his girlfriend Bulgan, and waited. As soon as Zorig stepped through the door, they jumped on him and stabbed him sixteen times, including three stab wounds to

1560-467: Was named the new prime minister in December 1998. His murder remained unsolved for 19 years until December 2016, leading to speculation that someone with insider knowledge of Zorig's impending elevation to the post of prime minister took action to prevent it. Zorig's wife Bulgan came under suspicion and was briefly held by police, but no charges were ever brought. Zorig's sister Sanjaasürengiin Oyuun

1600-486: Was reduced to 7 in 2006. The seven political parties and a coalition of three parties participated in the election. The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (37), the Motherland and Democracy Union (35), The Republican Party (1) and 3 independents won seats in the parliament. The elected chairman was Nambar Enkhbayar until 2005, and the Chairman of the Secretariat continued to be Namsraijav Luvsanjav. The next chairman

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