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29-555: Zafir or al-Zafir may refer to: Al-Zafir , a Fatimid caliph from 1149 to 1154 Al-Ẓafīr , an ancient Arabian tribe Az Zafir , a village in western central Yemen Al-Zafir (missile) , a short-range ballistic missile People with the name [ edit ] Zafir Patel (born 1992), Indian cricketer Zafir Premčević (1872—1937), Serbian Chetnik commander See also [ edit ] Safir (disambiguation) Zafira , an Opel multi-purpose vehicle Topics referred to by

58-560: A group of jurists ( faqihs ) were attached to it for that purpose. Salim ibn Masal His nisbah (al-Maghribī) and the name Maṣāl suggest a Berber origin. He was born in the town of Lukk in the Cyrenaica . From his father, he learned falconry and veterinary science , which enabled him to assume a military post in the Fatimid capital Cairo . Details of his military career are not known, but by 1144/45 he had risen to

87-611: A token of victory. Unsurprisingly, the relationship between caliph and vizier remained extremely hostile: according to Usama ibn Munqidh , the two despised each other, with the Caliph conspiring to kill Ibn al-Sallar, and the latter seeking to depose the Caliph. The mutual hatred of both men was only kept in check by the grave external threats faced by the empire from the Crusades of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Ibn al-Sallar's vizierate

116-489: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Al-Zafir States People Centers Other Abū Manṣūr Ismāʿīl ibn al-Ḥāfiẓ ( Arabic : أبو منصور إسماعيل بن الحافظ , February 1133 – April 1154), better known by his regnal name al-Ẓāfir bi-Aʿdāʾ Allāh ( الظافر بأعداء الله , lit.   ' Victor over God's Enemies ' ) or al-Ẓāfir bi-Amr Allāh ( الظافر بأمر الله , lit.   ' Victorious by

145-505: The Caliph's murder. In his stead, al-Zafir's five-year-old son, Isa, was proclaimed caliph as al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah . The young caliph was so shocked by the sight of the bloody corpses of his uncles and the loud acclamations of the court officials, that he became insane. Al-Zafir's rule marks the beginning of the end for the Fatimid state: from then on the caliphs were underage youths, sidelined from government affairs and mere puppets at

174-507: The Caliph. Abbas sent his son Nasr, a favourite of the Caliph, back to in Cairo to stay with his grandmother in the palace of Ibn al-Sallar, ostensibly to spare him from the dangers of war. During the night Nasr entered the chamber of Ibn al-Sallar and murdered him in his sleep. He then sent a message by carrier pigeon to his father, who quickly returned to Cairo to claim the vizierate for himself (9 April), showing Ibn al-Sallar's severed head to

203-640: The Command of God ' ), was the twelfth Fatimid caliph , reigning in Egypt from 1149 to 1154, and the 22nd imam of the Hafizi Ismaili sect. The future al-Zafir was born on 23 February 1133, as the fifth son of the eleventh Fatimid imam - caliph , al-Hafiz li-Din Allah ( r.  1132–1149 ). As all his older brothers predeceased their father, al-Zafir was appointed heir-apparent . Al-Zafir

232-432: The al-Zafir for the punishment of Ibn Mandiqh, whom they held responsible for the murder. Ibn Mandiqh, afraid for his life, turned to Abbas, inciting him against al-Zafir with the rumour of a sexual relationship between al-Zafir and Nasr; Ibn Munqidh in his own memoirs claims that the Caliph wanted to use Nasr to eliminate Abbas, but was informed of the plot by Nasr. Abbas became enraged, and persuaded his son to assassinate

261-453: The caliph. Nasr invited al-Zafir to spend the night together at the vizieral palace of Dar al-Ma'mun. On arrival, the Caliph and his small escort were killed, with their bodies thrown into a pit close by. This was on 1 or 15 April 1154. On the next day, Abbas rode to the palace gates, ostensibly looking for al-Zafir. A search ensued, but eventually the truth became known when a servant of the caliph's escort, who had managed to hide and escape

290-405: The city under his stepson Abbas and Usama ibn Munqidh. According to the historian al-Maqrizi , this mission displeased Abbas, who would much rather have continued to spend his time savouring the pleasures of Cairo. His ambition inflamed by Usama, who suggested that he could become sultan of Egypt if only he so desired, Abbas decided to kill his stepfather. The plot was hatched with the agreement of

319-469: The city. Al-Zafir was unreconciled to the new situation, and conspired to have Ibn al-Sallar killed. In retaliation, in January 1150 Ibn al-Sallar gathered the caliphal guard ( sibyan al-khass ), an elite corps of cadets comprising the sons of high dignitaries and officials, and executed most of them, sending the rest to serve on the empire's frontiers. After that, he executed the chief supervisor of

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348-698: The enormous sum of 300,000 gold dinars , so that the treasury had to curtail expenses, such as the free distribution of clothing in Cairo. It also failed to elicit any response from the Muslim rulers of Syria, Nur al-Din Zengi of Aleppo and Mujir al-Din Abaq of Damascus , who were preoccupied with their own rivalries. In contrast, in early 1153 the Crusaders launched an attack on the Fatimid outpost of Ascalon . In March 1153, Ibn al-Sallar sent reinforcements to

377-436: The faction leaders. Ibn Masal lasted between 40 and 50 days in office, being overthrown by the governor of Alexandria , Ibn al-Sallar , who had previously entertained hopes of becoming vizier himself. Following the appointment of Ibn Masal, together with his stepson Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh , Ibn al-Sallar marched on Cairo to seize the vizierate. When al-Zafir learned of Ibn Sallar's intentions, he called upon assistance from

406-606: The field, he was soon forced to leave Cairo in December 1149 for Upper Egypt, to recruit more men, while Ibn al-Sallar took over the city. Ibn al-Sallar sent his stepson Abbas with an army against Ibn Masal and his ally, Badr ibn Rafi, who had tried unsuccessfully to rally resistance among the Arab tribes of the Nile Delta . The two armies met in battle at Dalas in the province of al-Bahnasa on 19 February 1150, in which Ibn Masal

435-425: The government departments ( nazir fi'l-dawawin ), Abu'l-Karam Muhammad ibn Ma'sum al-Tinnisi . After securing Cairo, an army under his stepson Abbas, along with Tala'i ibn Ruzzik , was sent to confront Ibn Masal and his ally, Badr ibn Rafi. The two armies met in battle at Dalas in the province of Bahnasa on 19 February 1150, in which Ibn Masal was defeated and killed. Abbas brought his severed head back to Cairo as

464-511: The grandees of the realm in support of Ibn Masal, but they proved unwilling to. In the end, the Caliph provided Ibn Masal with funds to raise an army for action against Ibn al-Sallar. Ibn Masal assembled a force of Lawata Berbers, of Black Africans, of Bedouin Arabs and of native Egyptians, but despite a first success in the field, he was soon forced to leave Cairo in December 1149 for Lower Egypt , to recruit more men, while Ibn al-Sallar took over

493-460: The hands of the strongmen who vied for the vizierate. The power struggle between generals and viziers dominated the last decades of the Fatimid state, until its takeover by Saladin in 1171. In 1148/49, al-Zafir built a mosque in Cairo, near the Bab Zuwayla gate, and attached several properties as an endowment towards its upkeep. The Zafiri Mosque also served for teaching Islamic law, and

522-436: The massacre of the previous night, informed the palace. While the palace women began mourning, Abbas and his own escort forced their way into the palace and installed himself in the grand audience chamber. When al-Zafir's two younger brothers, Jibril and Yusuf, demanded that Nasr be questioned on the whereabouts of the Caliph, Abbas ordered them executed, and announced to the public that they had confessed to being responsible for

551-503: The point where he was entrusted with the leadership of the government by Caliph al-Hafiz . He was not given the title of vizier , however, which had been vacant since the ouster of Ridwan ibn Walakhshi in 1139, but instead was titled "supervisor of affairs" ( nāẓir fi'l-umūr ) and "supervisor of the public interests" ( nāẓir fi'l-maṣāliḥ ). When al-Hafiz died in October 1149, his 16-year-old son al-Zafir succeeded him. Al-Zafir, who

580-667: The populace assembled before the Bab al-Dhahab gate. Abandoned to its fate, Ascalon, the last Fatimid outpost in the Levant, fell to the Crusaders in August 1153. Ibn al-Sallar had been generally resented due to his greed and cruelty, but had apparently favoured the Sunni cause in Egypt, and was likely behind the appointment of a Sunni chief qāḍī . As a result, his Sunni supporters appealed

609-482: The quarrels between the Turkish cavalry ( Rayḥānī ) and the black military slaves by distributing money and promising to take care of their future welfare. He was soon after confronted with the rebellion of the governor of Alexandria , Ibn al-Sallar , who had entertained hopes of becoming vizier himself. Following the appointment of Ibn Masal, together with his stepson Abbas , Ibn al-Sallar marched on Cairo to seize

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638-516: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Zafir . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zafir&oldid=1042400697 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

667-547: The underage caliph, more interested in the pleasures of the palace than governing, appointed Ibn Masal to the vacant vizierate, with full and plenipotentiary powers. To calm the rival military factions of the Turks and Black Africans, who were clashing in the streets of Cairo , a generous donative was distributed and promises were made to look after them. The situation was brought under control in November, when Ibn Masal executed

696-416: The vizierate. When al-Zafir learned of Ibn Sallar's intentions, he called upon assistance from the grandees of the realm in support of Ibn Masal, but they proved unwilling to. In the end, the Caliph provided Ibn Masal with funds to raise an army for action against Ibn al-Sallar. Ibn Masal assembled a force of Lawata Berbers, of blacks, of Bedouin Arabs and of native Egyptians, but despite a first success in

725-399: Was defeated and killed. Abbas brought his severed head back to Cairo as a token of victory. His vizierate had lasted only about 50 days. This was the last time a Fatimid caliph would exercise that right, as with Ibn al-Sallar's coup the vizierate became the object of fierce contest between rival strongmen, and the last Fatimid caliphs were reduced to mere figureheads. A son of Ibn Masal

754-743: Was dominated by the war with the Crusader principalities of the Levant . After the Crusaders sacked the Mediterranean port town of al-Farama in October/November 1150, Ibn al-Sallar organized a large-scale naval expedition that raided the Levant coast, attacking the ports of Jaffa , Acre , Beirut , and Tripoli to devastating effect. The raid, though successful, was a hollow victory, as the Fatimids failed to follow it up; it also cost

783-418: Was more interested in the pleasures of the court than exercising governance, appointed Ibn Masal, despite the latter's advanced age, as his vizier. Ibn Masal received the customary titles of the Fatimid viziers, al-Sayyid al-ʿAjal ("most noble master"), Amīr al-Juyūsh ("commander of the armies"), and al-Mufaḍḍal ("the preferred one") or al-Afḍal ("most superior one"). He was quickly successful in calming

812-432: Was proclaimed caliph immediately after his father's death, on 10 October 1149. By this time, the Fatimid dynasty was in decline. The official sect of Isma'ili Shi'ism had lost its appeal and was weakened by disputes and schisms, and the dynasty's legitimacy was increasingly challenged by a Sunni resurgence in Egypt. The Fatimid caliphs themselves had become virtual puppets in the hands of their viziers , whose power

841-482: Was such that chroniclers often attributed to them the royal title of sultan . Al-Zafir's father had tried to curtail the power of his viziers, and for the last decade of his reign, did not appoint anyone to that office, instead relying on high-ranking clerks as ad hoc directors of government affairs. The accession of al-Zafir undid these efforts. Salim ibn Masal , who had served as al-Hafiz' leading minister since 1139/40, ensured al-Zafir's quick accession. In return,

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